Extinction Over Time

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Abner Stafford
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Until the early 1800s, billions of passenger pigeons darkened he skies of the United States in spectacular migratory flocks. Easy to trap or shoot, passenger pigeons became a popular, cheap food.

1 Extinction of Plants and Animals Extinction Over Time Extinction is the death of all members of a species of plants, animals, or other organisms. One of the most dramatic examples of a modern extinction is the passenger pigeon. Until the early 1800s, billions of passenger pigeons darkened he skies of the United States in spectacular migratory flocks. Easy to trap or shoot, passenger pigeons became a popular, cheap food. Commercial hunters killed them in vast numbers, eventually decimating the population. The last passenger pigeon, named Martha, died in the Cincinnati Zoological Garden in 1914, and was donated to the Smithsonian Institution. Extinct Species List The passenger pigeon is one of many hundreds of extinctions that have been caused by human activities in the past few centuries, such as: 1690 Dodo bird -- extinct from predation by introduced pigs and cats 1768 Stellar s sea cow -- extinct from hunting for fur and oil 1870 Labrador duck -- extinct from human competition for mussels and other shellfish 1900 Rocky mountain locust -- extinct from habitat conversion to farmland 1936 Tasmanian wolf -- extinct from hunting, habitat loss, and competition with dogs 1952 Deepwater cisco fish --extinct from competition and predation by introduced fishes 1962 Hawaii chaff flower -- extinct from habitat conversion to military installations 1989 Golden toad -- extinct from climate change or other impacts 2004 St. Helena olive tree -- extinct from logging and plantations Extinction Rates Recent studies estimate about eight million species on Earth, of which at least 15,000 are threatened with extinction. It s hard to pinpoint the exact extinction rate because many endangered species have not been identified or studied yet. Smithsonian scientist Dr. Steven Hubbell and others grapple with improving methods for estimating extinction rates.

2 Regardless, scientists agree that today s extinction rate is hundreds, or even thousands, of times higher than the natural baseline rate. Judging from the fossil record, the baseline extinction rate is about one species per every one million species per year. Scientists are racing to catalogue the biodiversity on Earth, working against the clock as extinctions continue to occur Five Mass Extinctions At five other times in the past, rates of extinction have soared. These are called mass extinctions, when huge numbers of species disappear in a relatively short period of time. Paleontologists know about these extinctions from remains of organisms with durable skeletons that fossilized. 1. End of the Cretaceous (66 million years ago): Extinction of many species in both marine and terrestrial habitats including pterosaurs, mosasaurs and other marine reptiles, many insects, and all non-avian dinosaurs. The scientific consensus is that this mass extinction was caused by environmental consequences from the impact of a large asteroid hitting Earth in the vicinity of what is now Mexico. 2. Late Triassic (199 million years ago): Extinction of many marine sponges, gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, brachiopods, as well as some terrestrial insects and vertebrates. The extinction coincides with massive volcanic eruptions along the margins of what is now the Atlantic Ocean. 3. End Permian (252 million years ago): Earth s largest extinction event, decimating most marine species such as all trilobites, plus insects and other terrestrial animals. Most scientific evidence suggests the causes were global warming and atmospheric changes associated with huge volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia. 4. Late Devonian (378 million years ago): Extinction of many marine species, including corals, brachiopods, and single-celled foraminiferans, from causes that are not well understood yet. 5. Late Ordovician (447 million years ago): Extinction of marine organisms such as some bryozoans, reefbuilding brachiopods, trilobites, graptolites, and conodonts as a result of global cooling, glaciation, and lower sea levels. For years, paleontologists did not know what to make of this fossil from the ancient shark Helicoprion that lived 290 million years ago. It was proposed to be a weapon at the tip of the nose, an unusual dorsal fin, or a defensive tail adornment. Research revealed that it is actually a spiral of teeth (tooth whorl) that was used like a buzzsaw to grab and chop food. Smithsonian photo helicoprion-shark by Chip Clark. Smithsonian paleobiologists continue to study the role that past extinctions had on plants, animals, and other species. Dr. Gene Hunt studies how the relatedness and diversity of organisms relates to what happens to them in an extinction event. Dr. Peter Wagner looks at what the abundance distributions of gastropod fossils tell you about mass extinctions. Dr. Richard Bambach conducts research on variation in marine biodiversity in relation to different extinction events. By studying the evolution and extinction of tiny organisms called foraminifera, Dr. Brian Huber assesses how Earth's conditions have changed over time.

12.1 Are We Part of a Sixth Mass Extinction? At the end of the last ice age, 10,000 years ago, many North American animals went extinct, including mammoths, mastodons, and glyptodonts.

3 12.1 Are We Part of a Sixth Mass Extinction? At the end of the last ice age, 10,000 years ago, many North American animals went extinct, including mammoths, mastodons, and glyptodonts. While climate changes were a factor, paleontologists have evidence that overhunting by humans was also to blame. Early humans worked cooperatively to trap and slaughter large animals in pits. About the same time, humans began farming, settling down and making drastic changes in the habitats of other species. Starting in the 1800s, industrialization drove up extinction rates and has continued to do so. For example, Chinese river dolphins, foothill yellow-legged frogs, and sockeye salmon are among the many species currently endangered by water pollution, dams, and other industrial pressures on rivers. Smithsonian anthropologist Dr. Torben Rick leads an effort to understand how human activities affect biodiversity by studying interactions between humans and other species in the Channel Islands from ancient to modern times. Preventing Extinction The science of conservation biology focuses on managing ecosystems to prevent species from going extinct. Because we can t protect everything, conservation efforts target particular species or habitats. Smithsonian scientist Dr. Brian Gratwicke is the amphibian avenger for his work to save populations of frogs from extinction. The Smithsonian is part of an alliance of institutions (Global Tiger Initiative) working to save wild tigers from extinction. The value of a species may be judged by various criteria, depending on who is making decisions about what to conserve. For example, cultural value is important in efforts to conserve populations of Pacific salmon. A Smithsonian exhibit in the Sant Ocean Hall shows how salmon for centuries have shaped a way of life for Native Americans living in the Pacific Northwest. Reversing Extinction Recent improvements in genetic engineering have raised questions about bringing extinct species back to life. Since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996, scientists know it is possible to create an organism from the DNA in a single cell. Stored in museum collections throughout the world are specimens of extinct animals containing DNA. The idea of using DNA to revive extinct species and repopulating them is controversial. How would we choose which ones? How would they impact species still on Earth? Article from:

4 Name Period Reading in Science Read and annotate the informational text, Extinction Over Time. After reading the text, answer the questions below. Be sure your responses are complete and thorough. 1. In the first paragraph the author states that, One of the most dramatic examples of a modern extinction is the passenger pigeon. Define extinction, according to the author. 2. Many species have become extinct due to human activities. Compare and contrast how three of the organisms on the article s list became extinct. 3. What is mass extension? Cite text evidence to support your explanation.

5 4. Why is it difficult to determine extinction rates? 5. Is today s extinction rate higher or lower than the natural baseline rate? Why do you think this is? 6. Choose one mass extinction. When and why did it happen? What types of organisms were affected? 7. Do you believe we are part of the Sixth Mass Extinction? Use at least three pieces of evidence from the article to support your claim.

6 Name Key Period 12.1 Reading in Science Read and annotate the informational text, Extinction Over Time. After reading the text, answer the questions below. Be sure your responses are complete and thorough. 1. In the first paragraph the author states that, One of the most dramatic examples of a modern extinction is the passenger pigeon. Define extinction, according to the author. According to the author, extinction means when the last of a species dies. 2. Many species have become extinct due to human activities. Compare and contrast how three of the organisms on the article s list became extinct. Predation by introduced organisms Deepwater cisco fish Dodo bird Passenger Pigeon Stellar s sea cow Competition with other organisms Labrador duck Tasmanian Wolf St Helena Olive tree Extinction - by changes in to environment and food sources. Hawaii chaff flower Habitat lossdue to human activities Rocky mountain locust 3. What is mass extension? Cite text evidence to support your explanation.

7 _Mass extinction is a time when a large number of species die in a relatively short period of time. According to the author, paleontologist have found evidence of 5 mass extinctions in the fossil record. These are period of time (end of Cretaceous, late Triassic, end of Permian, late Devonian, and late Ordovician where a large number of species were no longer found in the fossil record in the following era. 4. Why is it difficult to determine extinction rates? _It is difficult to determine extinction rates because there are many species that have yet to be identified or studied. 5. Is today s extinction rate higher or lower than the natural baseline rate? Why do you think this is? Today s extinction rate is thought to be 100 s or 1000 s times higher than the baseline rate of 1 species per every 1 million species per year. It is estimated that there are 8 million species on Earth. So we would expect there to be 8 species going extinct each year. Scientists believe it is much higher because there is at least threatened with extinction species now. 6. Choose one mass extinction. When and why did it happen? What types of organisms were affected? Creatceous- dinosaurs- asteroid hitting Earth Triassic- marine sponges,etc volcanic eruptions Permian- trilobites, etc- global warming and atmospheric changes- volcanic eruptions Devonian- corals, etc not known Ordovician- reef-building brachiopods, etc global cooling, glaciation, lower sealevels.

8 7. Do you believe we are part of the Sixth Mass Extinction? Use at least three pieces of evidence from the article to support your claim. Answers will vary: When I think of a mass extinction, I think of a natural cause (volcanos, asteroids, etc). Although it is obvious that the Earth is losing a lot of species due to human activities like hunting, habitat loss, pollution, dams, etc.), with some effort, humans can change their behavior to minimize their effect on other species.

Spring th Grade

Spring th Grade Spring 2015 8 th Grade The geologic time scale is a record of the major events and diversity of life forms present in Earth s history. The geologic time scale began when Earth was formed and goes on until