Earth Science Ch. 14 Geologic Time. What is geologic time?

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1 Earth Science Ch. 14 Geologic Time What is geologic time? The division of Earth s history into time units back to 4.6 b.y.a. Usually based on the life-forms that lived during certain periods May be based on other criteria such as geologic events. 1

2 4 Major Subdivisions of Geologic Time Eon Eras Periods Epochs Eons Longest subdivision of time Based on the abundance of certain fossils. Divided into eras 2

3 Eras Based on worldwide changes in types of fossils present. For example, the end of the Mesozoic Era many kinds of invertebrates, birds, mammals, and reptiles became extinct. Subdivided into periods. Periods Units of geologic time characterized by types of life existing worldwide at the time and geologic events (e.g. plate tectonics & mountains). May be divided into smaller time periods called epochs (Only Cenozoic Era) 3

4 Epochs Also characterized by differences in life-forms. Some differences can vary from continent to continent. Used only for Cenozoic Era, otherwise, they are simply referred to as early, middle, late. Why are we able to subdivide the Cenozoic Era and generally, not the others. What about your life? Could you subdivide your life into Eons, Eras, Periods, and Epochs? 4

5 Organic Evolution Changes in species over time. Pepper Moths Napoleon Dynamite!!!!!! poleon_dynamite_video_liger.php 5

6 What is a species? A group of organisms that normally reproduce among themselves and produce fertile offspring. Ex. Dogs reproduce with dogs Some organisms of different species can breed, but the offspring are infertile. Ex. Lion and Tiger They produce a Tigon, Liger, or Tiglon Typically, they would never breed in the wild. LIGER VIDEO LIGER VIDEO 2 6

7 Other Examples Natural Selection Charles Darwin Sailed around the world in the HMS Beagle He proposed survival of the fittest As species breed, those with traits necessary will reproduce and survive, AND those without the traits needed would die off. Eventually, you re only left with those traits necessary. A new species may be formed. 7

8 Earth s Early History PRECAMBRIAN TIME (4.6 byo-544 myo) The longest part of Earth s history It includes three Eons Hadean Eon Archean Eon Proterozoic Eon Some Facts: The oldest rocks are about 4 byo. Why so little is known about Precambrian Time Precambrian rocks have been deeply buried. Rocks have been altered by heat/pressure. Most Precambrian organisms lacked hard parts. 8

9 Precambrian Time early life Cyanobacteria blue-green algae thought to be one of the earliest life forms on Earth. Early Life Scientists study ancient Stromatolites (layered mats formed by cyanobacteria) They appeared 3.5 byo They contained chlorophyll which they used for photosynthesis. They were crucial in forming our oxygen rich atmosphere. 9

10 Precambrian Time early life The ozone layer began to develop (Blocking UV rays) It was needed to protect organisms The first invertebrates appeared towards the end of Precambrian Time. Precambrian Time Edicara Hills southern Australia Scientists discovered animals similar to today s jellyfish, worms, & soft corals. They became known as the Edicaran Fauna: Rangea Spriggina Cyclomedusa Dickensonia Edicaran animals were bottom dwellers 10

11 Phanerozoic Eon Following Precambrian Time is the Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era The Paleozoic Era Era of Ancient Life mya Organisms began to develop hard parts. Ex. Shells Warm shallow seas covered most of the Earth. Most life was marine Brachiopods & crinoids were common Vertebrates (animals with backbones) evolved. 11

12 Paleozoic Era First vertebrates fishlike creatures without jaws. The Paleozoic Era is broken into 7 periods Paleozoic Era 7 Periods Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Trilobites Develop Marked by the beginning of the Appalachians First vertebrates (jawless fish) Silurian Period First land plants 12

13 Paleozoic Era Devonian Period Fish became dominant Plant life developed on land Animals began to move to land Who were the first land animals? Amphibians Paleozoic Era Mississippian Period Amphibians were dominant They had a dual life They returned to the water to lay their eggs First insect Pennsylvanian Period Shallow seas began to withdraw Reptiles evolved They had eggs with a membrane They laid their eggs on land They had skin with scales which helped prevent fluid loss. 13

14 Paleozoic Era Permian Period End of the Era Mass extinctions from changes in the environment or plate tectonics Pangea formed Mountain building caused the seas to dry out and deserts to form. Mass extinctions More than 90% of marine species went extinct. 70% of land species died off Paleozoic Era Other Hypotheses for mass extinction Volcanoes Large asteroid or comet colliding 248 mya. Multiple events 14

15 The Mesozoic Era Era of Middle Life Mesoszoic Era (3 Min) Began 248 mya Broken into three periods Triassic Period ( mya) Jurassic Period ( mya) Cretaceous Period ( mya) Mesozoic Era Pangaea broke apart into 2 masses Laurasia (North America, Europe, Asia) Gondwandaland (South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India) They broke apart further later. 15

16 Mesozoic Era Reptiles evolved into archosaurs ruling lizard Common ancestor of crocodiles, dinosaurs, & birds All have gone extinct except birds and crocodiles First dinosaurs appeared Dinosaurs So, what do we know about the dinosaurs? First small dinosaurs appeared in the triassic period Foot Prints They were far apart (they were fast) Some as fast as 65 mph Nurtured Young Ex. Maisaura good mother dinosaur Built nest Cared for young Bone Structure In exothermic (cold blooded), their bones are like rings In endothermic (warm blooded) their bones are not like rings Some dinosaurs don t have rings!!! 16

17 Mammals First mammals appeared in the Triassic period warm blooded (endothermic) hair females produce milk Note: some lay eggs What are some examples 17

18 Egg Layers Some mammals are egg layers All are monotremes Two species of spiny ant eaters Duck-Billed Platypus Birds appeared during Jurassic Period (After the dinosaurs) Archaeopteryx wings/feathers like bird teeth/claws like meat eater probably shared ancestor with birds 18

19 Gymnosperms First appeared in Cretaceous Period, but evolved now. Non flowering plants Ex. Ginko, Pines Angiosperms Flowering Plants Ex. Maple, Oak 19

20 End of the Mesozoic Era Ended 65 mya Major extinctions: land and marine species Including dinosaurs ABC NEWS CARNEGIE-- DINOSAURS (3 Min) Hypothesis include: meteor, comet, & volcanoes Plants died, resulting in animal death Not everything died All organisms around today are descendants of the survivors The Cenozoic Era Era of recent Life This era is broken into two periods: Tertiary Period (Began 65 mya) This was a time of mountain building Alps (Europe) Andes (South America) Himalaya (India collided with Asia) This may have triggered the ice ages 20

21 Cenozoic Era Mammals evolved further Expanding grasslands favored grazing eaters such as horses, camels, deer, and elephants Many mammals became larger Some mammals changed to live in the sea (whales and dolphins) Cenozoic Era Australia and South America separated from Antarctica Species became isolated & evolved separately Ex. Australia s marsupials Quarternary Period (Began 1.8 mya) Homo sapiens is estimated to have appeared 140,000 years ago. Evidence suggests early hominids were hunters. 21

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