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1 1 Enceladus This image, acquired by the Cassini spacecraft, captures Saturn, its rings (edge on), and the moon Enceladus. It was discovered that this moon emits jets of ice from possible underground seas. It appears white because its surface is covered with relatively clean water-ice.

2 Image: solarsystem.nasa.gov Orbital trajectory of Cassini spacecraft ( ).

3 Overview 1. Major Surface Features & Structure 2. Geysers: composition 3. Geysers: origin

4 Enceladus as seen by Voyager 2 (August 1981)

5 Enceladus 5 Voyager 2 image of Enceladus Cassini Image

6 Enceladus 6 6th largest moon of Saturn Discovered in August 1789 by William Herschel. Only ~500 km in diameter. Geysers observed in south polar region...what is heat source??

7 Enceladus 7 Enceladus contributes ice to Saturn s E ring (see image to right). High velocity material leads the moon, lower velocity material trails.

8 Enceladus 8 Enceladus preserves a surprising record of geologic activity. The smooth, uncratered terrain is geologically young, suggesting that Enceladus has recently experienced internal melting and resurfacing by an exotic form of volcanic activity in which water and icy slush were extruded. Linear sets of grooves tens of kilometers long are probably faults resulting from crustal deformation.

9 Enceladus 9

10 Enceladus 10

11 Enceladus: Internal Structure 11 Voyager data indicated body was mostly ice, but Cassini showed higher density that implies more silicate. No evidence for Fe-rich (metal) core, but there is a silicate core /mantle that likely still contains some water. Differentiation between silicate and water ice caused by fast formation and decay of 26 Al and 60 Fe. NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute Aqueous alteration of carbonaceous-chondrite like material?

12 12 These spectacular plumes, both large and small, spray water ice out from many locations along the "tiger stripes" near the south pole of Enceladus. The tiger stripes are fissures that spray icy particles, water vapor and organic compounds, showing that Enceladus is geologically active today.

13 13 The tiger stripes are also associated with thermal anomalies. They appear warmer than surrounding regions, which helps to explain why they are so geologically active. The visible images can be used to locate the positions of the jets, which can in turn be combined with the thermal images to see if there are any clear associations. 101 jets have been identified and they seem to vary in strength over time.

14 14 This thermal map of the south polar region reveals never-before-seen details of warm fractures that branch off like split ends from the ends of the main trenches of two "tiger stripes." The features nicknamed "tiger stripes" are long fissures that spray water vapor and icy particles. These two fissures, Cairo Sulcus (left) and Alexandria Sulcus (right), extend to the lower right, off the bottom of the image. The map also shows an intriguing isolated warm spot, shown in purple-red in the upper left of the image, that is separated from other active fissures. The pale blue color indicates regions that were mapped but that were too cold to emit significant radiation. The map shows a region approximately 130 km (80 miles) across. Away from the warm tiger stripes, which reach temperatures up to 190 K (-120 F), Cassini measured surface temperatures near the south pole as low as 52 K (-365 F), and colder temperatures are achieved during winter.

15 15 This region, called Damascus Sulcus, is one of several tiger stripe regions within the geologically active south polar region of Enceladus. It consists of two large parallel ridges separated by a deep V-shaped trough. The ridges are each m high, while the entire width of Damascus Sulcus is 5 km. The medial trough between the ridges is 200 to 250 m deep and may have formed by daily shear (sliding) faulting triggered by tidal forces. These medial troughs may be the primary source of numerous jets making up the large active water vapor plume over the south pole of Enceladus. Small ridges along the floor could be blocks of crust that have slid down the walls of the trough or fractured blocks pushed up from below. Flanking Damascus Sulcus are repeating sets of broken and disrupted parallel ridges a few tens of meters high. These are typical of the plains that lie between the tiger stripe structures and resemble crumpled or folded rock patterns seen on Earth. Relief has been exaggerated by a factor of ~10 to enhance clarity.

16 16

17 17 Geophysical data indicates Enceladus contains an ocean above a rocky interior. This may provide water-rock interaction, leading to enrichment of CHNOPS in fluids and potential energy gradients.

18 18 Important source of energy for this activity is tidal forcing. This produces internal friction which produces heat, and it also produces compression and extension in the crust. Gravity data suggest an ocean is present in at least the southern polar region, but a global ocean is not required to fit the data.

19 19 Large volcano-like explosions blast icy particles high above the surface of Enceladus. The right image is color enhanced to show the abundance of the icy ejecta. Some particles go into orbit around Saturn and form the E ring (stable since ongoing process!!).

20 20 Cassini thermal mapping at 1 km/pixel. Jet Tiger Stripe Baghdad Sulcus on the South Polar Terrain of Enceladus Jet

21 21 These figures show mass spectra that reveal the chemical constituents sampled in Enceladus' plume by Cassini's Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer during its fly-through of the plume on Mar. 12, Shown are the amounts, in atomic mass per elementary charge (unit of Daltons [Da]), of water vapor, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, simple organics and complex organics identified in the plume. In addition, measurements and models have estimated that there are ~3 g of salts per kg H2O. Data like these are critical for determining the chemical composition of the plumes, which in turn provides information about the composition of the water and interior of Enceladus.

22 22 In addition to ice being ejected from the plumes, the infrared spectrometer on Cassini has also detected faint signatures of organic material, as shown in the image on the bottom and the reflectance spectra on the right. Organic material absorbs light at wavelengths near ~3.4 µm, and we can map the strength of this absorption to see if organics are present on a planetary surface.

23 Recent findings published in Science: % (by volume) of H % (by volume) of CO2. methanogenesis: CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O INSIGHTS Cassini finds molecular hydrogen in the Enceladus plume: Evidence for hydrothermal processes J. Hunter Waite, 1 * Christopher R. Glein, 1 * Rebecca S. Perryman, 1 Ben D. Teolis, 1 Brian A. Magee, 1 Greg Miller, 1 Jacob Grimes, 1 Mark E. Perry, 2 Kelly E. Miller, 1 Alexis Bouquet, 1 Jonathan I. Lunine, 3 Tim Brockwell, 1 Scott J. Bolton 1 PERSPECTIVES PLANETARY SCIENCE Detecting molecular hydrogen on Enceladus Cassini spacecraft detects molecular hydrogen on one of Saturn s moons Potential pathway for microbial metabolism (i.e., methanogens), but reaction may proceed in absence of biology.

24 Orientation of ~98 geysers based on triangulation. Hot spots are observed in these locations, but too small to be from tidal heating and they are on the walls of the fractures...the geysers cause the heat signature observed at the surface, not the other way around! (but tidal forcing still responsible for interior heating and extension) 24

25 25 However, it is now believed that the geysers are not simple point sources. Instead, they appear to be more like curtains that have supersonic jets at certain locations. Models need to be able to explain how the eruptions can occur along the entire length of a fissure and not just at local points.

26 26 A possible model suggests underground reservoirs of pressurized liquid water above 273 degrees Kelvin could fuel geysers that send jets of icy material into the air above the moon's south pole. A vent to the surface pierces one of the "tiger stripe" fractures seen in the southern polar terrain. Some combination of internal radioactive decay, salts, and flexing -- perhaps concentrated within the tiger stripe fractures and brought about by the particular characteristics of Enceladus' orbit--is implicated as the source of the heat creating the liquid reservoirs. However, it is not yet clear how the deep interior of Enceladus functions, nor whether the moon is fully differentiated.

27 27

28 Why Don t the Cracks Freeze Over? 28 Tiger stripes could represent slots that connect the surface to the underlying ocean. Turbulent flow in the water dissipates and releases heat, preventing freeze-over. Condensation of vapor onto slot walls releases heat (to explain observed thermal signature). Is this model more consistent with curtain plumes than crack models? [Kite & Rubin, 2016]

29 Ocean Worlds 29 Moon Name, Planet Geophysically & Geochemically Plausible? Significant tidal energy to help maintain ocean? Induced Magnetic Field? Activity Observed? Ocean in contact with rock? Europa, Jupiter Yes Yes Yes No Yes Ganymede, Jupiter Yes ~Yes No No No Callisto, Jupiter Yes No Yes No No Enceladus, Saturn????????? Yes! Yes? Titan, Saturn Yes No?????? No Triton, Neptune Yes? No??? Yes No

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