The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division

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1 NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences B Physics C Mathematical and Physical Sciences D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences G Ecological Sciences H Cell Biology Global Environmental Change PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies 2. Environment 3. High Technology 4. Science and Technology Policy 5. Computer Networking Plenum Publishing Corporation London and New York Dordrecht, Boston and London Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Springer-Verlag/Kluwer Acad. Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NA TO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. NATO-PCO DATABASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to about contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO DATABASE compiled by the NATO Publication Coordination Office is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCa DATABASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO Science & Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German ( WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1992). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series I: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 42

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3 The Mount Pinatubo Eruption Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate Edited by Giorgio Fiocco Dipartimento di Fisica Universita di Roma "La Sapienza" Pie A. Moro, Roma, Italy Daniele FUEl Dipartimento di Fisica Universita di Roma "La Sapienza" Pie A. Moro, Roma, Italy and Istituto di Fisica dell'atmosfera/cnr Pie l. Sturzo, Roma, Italy Guido Visconti Dipartimento di Fisica Universita de L'Aquila Coppito-L'Aquila, Italy Springer Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "The Effects of the Mount Pinatubo Eruption on the Atmosphere and Climate", held in Rome, Italy, September 26-30, 1994 L1brary of Congress Catalog1ng-1n-PubI1cation Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Effects of the Mount Pinatubo Eruption on the Atmosphere and Climate (1994 : Rome. Italy) The Mount Pinatubo eruption: effects on the Atmosphere and climate / edited by Giorgio Fiocco. Daniele Fua. Guido Visconti. p. em. -- (NATO ASI series. Series I. Global environmental change ; v. 42) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop "The Effects of the Mount Pinatubo Eruption on the Atmosphere and Climate". held in Rome. Italy. September 26-30, 1994" -- T.p. verso. Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Divison. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: Weather--Effect of volcanic eruptions on--congresses. 2. Volcanic ash. tuff. etc. -Congrassilc. 3. Atmosphe;ric ozone -Congresses. 4. Pinatubo. Mount (Philippines)--Eruption Environmental aspects--congresses. 5. Climatic changes- -Congresses. I. Fiocco. Giorgio. II. Fua, Daniele III. Visconti. Guido. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. V. Title. VI. Series. ac981.8.v65n dc CIP ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights oftranslation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1996 Typesetting: Camera ready by the editors Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: /

5 PREFACE The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "The Effects of the Mt. Pinatubo Eruption on the Atmosphere and Climate" was held in Rome, September 26-30, In addition to NATO, the workshop was supported by Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. The Organizing Committee was fortunate to enlist the participation of many of the experts in the field, and this book is an account of their contributions. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in June 1991 was readily recognized as one of the major eruptions of the century. In a sense it was the global experiment the atmospheric scientific community was waiting for to assess theories developed on ozone depletion and greenhouse warming. In September of that same year the launching of the UARS satellite added a new tool for observers all around the world. Three years later was a good time to convene a NATO Workshop to sum up what had been measured and theorized about the effects of the eruption. This book is divided in four chapters which cover respectively: the characterization of the aerosol cloud, the measured or simulated effects on temperature, on ozone and on climate. The characterization of the aerosol cloud includes a report by J.C. Antuna on a new lidar observing site in Cuba that monitored the aerosol cloud at a low latitude. Evolution of the optical thickness for almost two years from January 1992 show a decrease roughly of a factor of 3 in the first year. The results from the AASE II airborne measurements are reported by S. Borrmann. The research group led by G. Fiocco had the rare opportunity of having observing lidar stations at both poles at the time of the eruption and they report on the evolution of the aerosol cloud and its effects on ozone and polar stratospheric clouds. Several attempts to obtain the optical properties of the volcanic aerosol are reported in this book; G. Gobbi et al. report on lidar observations and R. G. Grainger et al. use results from the ISAMS experiment aboard UARS. A rather exceptional record, covering a three year period, is presented by H. Jager. As a prologue to the extensive modeling of climatic and ozone effects, P. Hamill et al., study the formation of a volcanic aerosol and its dispersal. In a similar fashion, L. Ricciardulli et al. couple a 2-Dimensional model with a microphysical code to obtain the time evolution of the aerosol cloud. The observation of the climatic effects of large eruptions relies on extensive ground and atmospheric temperature measurements. Stratospheric temperatures after the Pinatubo eruption are reported by J. K. Angell, adding more data to support the claimed warming effects. More emphasis on the interaction with dynamics and meteorology is found in the work by K. Labitzke and H. van Loon. P.D. Jones and P.M. Kelly present a rather complete comparison of ground temperatures following four volcanic eruptions. Their results confirm that cooling occurs after large eruptions while a slight warming is observed in winter only in some regions.

6 VI Observations on both temperature and ozone are reported by O. Uchino. S. Godin et al., attempt to obtain information about mixing and evolution of the aerosol cloud and ozone changes by analyzing lidar data. An extensive review of the ozone changes following the eruption is presented by W.B. Grant. He uses observations both from ground and from space. An attempt to interpret ozone changes in terms of heterogeneous processes is presented by D.J. Hofmann and S. Solomon. N. Larsen and B. Knudsen report on the observation of both ozone and aerosols carried out with balloonborne techniques. Another analysis of the ozone changes following the EI Chich6n and Pinatubo eruption is given by C.S. Zerefos et a1. Modeling of ozone changes is attempted by G. Pitari et a1. with a general circulation model of the stratosphere including chemistry. A comprehensive review of the climatic effect of volcanic eruptions is presented by K. Kondratyev, in much the same way as in his well known book "Climatic Catastrophes". J. Hansen et a1. report on a large collaborative effort related to a simulation of the climatic effect of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. A low resolution GCM is used also by H.-F. Graf et a1., to assess climatic changes. An interesting work is presented by T. Paolucci et a1., to study regional climatic changes following the eruption. To summarize the results of the meeting the global experiment of the eruption was a source of a large amount of useful data. The interpretation of these data helps to clarify the behavior of the climate system as well as ozone photochemistry and ozone meteorology. The organization of the meeting and the publication of the book required the efforts of many people. Marie Lise Chanin, Patrick McCormick and David Hoffman, members of the Organizing Committee, provided expert advice in the preparation of the program. The hospitality of the Societa Geografica Italiana is acknowledged and special thanks are due to its Vice President Prof. Mario Pinna. On the part of NATO the kindness and support of Luis Veiga da Cunha, Director of the Scientific Affairs Division, was essential. We are especially grateful to Francesca Capolunghi and Silvia Fiocco, whose help in the preparation of the book and the logistics of the meeting is appreciated. Roma, Italy March,1996 Giorgio Fiocco Daniele Fua Guido Visconti

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. THE CHARACTERIZATION OF VOLCANIC AEROSOL Mount Pinatubo Stratospheric Aerosol Decay During 1992 and 1993, as Seen by the Camaguey Lidar Station J. C. Antuna Stratospheric Aerosol After Pinatubo: Results from the 1991/92 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE II) S. Borrrnann The Evolution of the Pinatubo Stratospheric Aerosol Layer Observed by Lidar at South Pole, Rome, Thule: a Summary of Results G. Fiocco, M. Cacciani, A.G. di Sarra, D. Fua, P. Colagrande, G. De Benedetti, P. Di Girolamo, R. Viola Some Physical Properties of Mount Pinatubo Aerosols as Derived by Lidar G.P. Gobbi, P. Grotti, F. Congeduti, F. Cairo Properties of the Mt. Pinatubo Aerosol Cloud Determined from ISAMS Measurements at 12.1J.Lm R. G. Grainger, A. Lambert, C.D. Rodgers, F. W. Taylor 39 Microphysical Processes Affecting the Pinatubo Volcanic Plume P. Hamill, H. Houben, R. Young, R. Turco, J. Zhao Three Years of Remote Sensing of Pinatubo Aerosol Extinction, Mass, and Surface Area H. Jager Dimensional Modelling the Time Evolution of the Pinatubo Aerosol Cloud L. Ricciardulli, G. Pitari, G. Visconti THE EFFECTS ON TEMPERATURE Stratospheric Temperatures after Volcanic Eruptions J.K. Angell The Effect of Tropical Explosive Volcanic Eruptions on Surface Air Temperature P.D. Jones, P.M. Kelly.... The Effect on the Stratosphere of Three Tropical Volcanic Eruptions K. Labitzke, H. van Loon Scientific Results of the EPIC Projects O. Uchino

8 VIII 3. THE EFFECTS ON OZONE Evolution of the Mt. Pinatubo Volcanic Cloud and Analysis of Its Effect on the Ozone Amount as Observed from Ground-Based Measurements Performed in Northern and Southern Latitudes S. Godin, C. David, M. Guirlet Tropical Stratospheric Ozone Changes Following the Eruption of Mount Pinatubo W.B. Gmnt.... Observations and Interpretation of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone Following the Pinatubo Eruption D.J. Hofmann, S. Solomon Pinatubo Aerosols and Ozone Observed During Three Winters at Thule by Balloonborne Backscattersondes N. Larsen, B. Knudsen.... The Ozone Depletion During 1992 and 1993: A Three-Dimensional Study G. Pitari, L. Ricciardulli, G. Visconti Recent Volcanic Signals in the Ozone Layer C.S. Zerefos, K. Tourpali, A.F. Bais 4. THE CLIMATIC EFFECTS Modelling Mt. Pinatubo Climate Effects H.-F. Gmf, 1. Kirchner, I. Schult... A Pinatubo Climate Modelling Investigation J. Hansen, M. Sato, R. Ruedy, A. Lacis, K. Asamoah, S. Borenstein, E. Brown, B. Cairns, G. Caliri, M. Campbell, B. Curran, S. decastro, L. Druyan, M. Fox, C. Johnson, J. Lerner, M.P. McCormick, R. Miller, P. Minnis, A. Morrison, L. Pandolfo,/. Ramberran, F. Zaucker, M. Robinson, P. Russel, K. Shah, P. Stone, I. Tegen, L. Thomason, J. Wilder, H. Wilson.... Volcanic Eruptions and Climate Changes K. Ya. K ondmtyev Preliminary Results of the Short Term Regional Climatic Effects of the Eruption of Volcano Pinatubo: Aerosol Parameterization T. Paolucci, R. Ferretti, G. Visconti.... ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE AUTHORS SUBJECT INDEX