2017 evaluation of MINRESI researchers for change of grade Summary of our research work

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1 2017 evaluation of MINRESI researchers for change of grade Summary of our research work Plan 1. Candidate information 2. List of documents presented for the evaluation 3. Contribution to functional life of the Institute 4. Presentation of research & research results 5. Importance of the research 6. Visibility of the research 7. Conclusion MINRESI /IRGM Yaoundé, 13 July 2017

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3 2 List of documents submitted

4 2 List of documents submitted (continued)

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6 2. Information in documents presented for the evaluation - Summary Certificates Licence: Yaoundé University I (1984) MSc: Leeds University, England (1991) Diploma: Volcanology & Sabo Engineering, Japan (1993) PhD: Okayama University, Japan (2000) Professional Certificate: Disaster Risk Management, Japan (2015) Career Research Technician (IRGM): Assistant Researcher (AR- IRGM): Researcher (CR IRGM): Senior Research Officer (MR - IRGM): 2009 Present Deputy Chief of Research Service IRGM: 2009 Present Chargé d Etude Assistant at DPSP/MINRESI: MINRESI representative on UB Board:

7 3. Contribution to the functional life of the institute 1. Coordinate research programs and activities of IRGM 2. Compile IRGM quarterly activity reports from SORs to D/IRGM 3. Compile end of year report for IRGM Administrative Council 4. Compile documents sent by IRGM researchers for change of grade 5. Member of Adhoc evaluation committee of IRGM researchers 6. Propose responses of administrative letters to the D/IRGM 7. Represent IRGM at MINRESI coordination meetings 8. Represent IRGM in meetings at the PM s, MINEE, MINATD, MINEPAT 9. Giving talks during scientific animation at the institute 10. General advice and orientation to young researchers of the institute 11. Receive/orientate companies seeking IRGM expertise (bridges, roads and dams) 12. Receive and advise students from universities on the role of IRGM 13. Supervise running of documentation service of IRGM As deputy Chief of IRGM Research Service SOR = Operatioal Research Structures

8 4. Presentation of Research work & results 4.1 Contextualization of our Research MINEPAT General Program 260 title Intensification of Research Development and Innovation objective Increase performance of scientific research, technology & innovation IRGM Research 2 sub-programs with many Actions/projects in the domains of geology, mining, disaster risks, evironment, hydrology & energy Growth & Employment Strategy Paper (GESP) Paragraphs ;

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16 4. Presentation of research work & results 4. 4 Contribution to the publications submitted Publication No 1 Title: Journal: Author position: Contribution: Deep to shallow crustal differentiation of within-plate alkaline magmatism at Mt. Bambouto volcano, Cameroon Line. Lithos : p (2015 by Elsevier) 2 nd Sample collection at Mt. Bambouto, data analysis, drafting of the article and review corrections Publication N o 2 Title: Journal: Author position : Contribution: A comparative review of petrogenetic processes beneath the Cameroon Volcanic Line: Geochemical constraints Geoscience Frontiers 6: p (2014 by Elsevier) 3 rd This is a review article done as part of the literature review for a PhD topic that I suggested to the 1 st author. I gave him compiled geochemical data on the Cameroon Volcanic Line up to 2007 to which he added more analyses. I gave him geochemical modeling templates, and read drafts of the article before submission. I was co-supervisor of the PhD of the 1 st author

17 4. Presentation of research work & results 4. 4 Contribution to the publications submitted (continued) Publication No 3 Title: Depth of melt segregation below the Nyos maar-diatreme volcano (Cameroon, West Africa): Major-trace element evidence and their bearing on the origin of CO 2 in Lake Nyos Journal: Book chapter in Rouwet D, Christenson BW, Tassi F, Author position: Contribution: Vandemeulebrouck J (eds) Volcanic Lakes, Springer- Heidelberg Series of Advances in Volcanology (2015 by Springer). 1st Analysis of Lake Nyos rocks, compilation of geochemical data of other Oku volcanoes, sample/data analysis, drafting and submission of article, review corrections Publication N o 4 Title: Journal: Author position: Contribution: Current status of the debate about the age of Lake Nyos dam (Cameroon) and its bearing on potential flood hazards Natural Hazards 65: p (2013 by Springer) 1 st Sample collection at Lake Nyos and Mt. Cameroon, compilation of data, sample/data analysis, drafting and submission of article, review corrections

18 4. Presentation of research work & results 4. 4 Contribution to the publications submitted (continued) Publication N o 5 Title: Journal: Author position : Contribution: Geochemistry of lavas from maar-bearing volcanoes in the Ok Volcanic Group of the Cameroon Volcanic Line Chemical Geology 406: p55-69 (2015 by Elsevier) 3 rd I suggested the PhD research topic to 1 st author (of which this article is one of the off-springs), gave him compiled geochemical data on Oku volcanoes to which he added more analyses participated in sample collection with the 1 st author on maar volcanoes of the Oku Volcanic Group, gave him geochemical modeling templates, and read drafts ofthe article before it was submitted. I was co-supervisor of the PhD of the 1 st author & sat at his PhD defense at TIT (Japan) Publication N o 6 Title: Journal: Author position : Contribution: Mineralogical and geochemical fingerprints of mantle metasomatism beneath Nyos volcano (Cameroon Volcanic Line). Geological Society ofamerica Special Papers 478, p (2011 by the Geological Society of America) 6 th Gave the 1 st author templates for geochemical modeling of mantle matasomatism, and read many initial drafts of the article before it was submitted. Contributed in the review corrections.

19 4. Presentation of research work & results 4. 4 Contribution to the publications submitted (continued) Publication N o 7 Title: Local governance in disaster risk reduction in Cameroon Journal: Jamba Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 4(1) doi.org/ /jamba.v4i1.56. (2012 by the South African Society for Disaster Reduction) Author position : 2 nd Contribution: Data collection in 7/10 Regions of Cameroon, data analysis, drafting of article, review corrections Publication N o 8 Title: Environmental pollution by metals in the oil-bearing Bakassi peninsula, Cameroon Journal: Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 11(2): Author position : 4 th Contribution: The work was carried out in Bakassi peninsular and falls within the environmental monitoring project. I corrected (structure, diagrams, tables) the manuscript before submission, and also assisted in the review corrections.

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21 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications Background Lakes on the Cameroon Line Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) Ca 40 lakes, most maars Mts. Cameroon & Bambouto Lakes Monoun/Nyos disasters (see ahead) Lake Barombi-mbo often overturns Other lakes on the OVG Adamaoua lakes a worry Age/composition/formation mechanism/plumbing/stability of Cameroon lakes

22 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications Age & plumbing system of Mt Bambouto (publication No 1) Mt Bambouto Big caldera volcanoe of the CVL Heavy agricultural zone of Cameroon suppling Gabon, EG etc Age and its plumbing need to be known to evaluate volcanic hazards Bambouto volcanics are among the oldest on the CVL (52 Ma) Magma supply rate was low c/o OIBs Caldera collapse occurred from Ma ago & had higer magma production rates Magma chamber s occurred at different depths in the crust Mx + WR chemistry

23 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications submitted Age & lithostratigraphy of Lake Barombi-mbo Chako et al 2015) Largest of CVL maars Hanging over city of Kba ( people) Age & machanism needed to evaluate hazard PhD Tchamabe

24 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications Perculiar nature of the OVG mantle Cameroon Line dataset (publication No 2) Sr Nd Pb AN ST PP BK ET MC MB BT Oku ND Biu CVL volcanic center OVG Lakes Oku Enep Elum Wum Nyi Nyos Least studied of all CVL centers PhD Asobo TIT Japan 6:

25 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications Problems with Lake Nyos & other maars of the OVG (publications Nos 3, 4, 5, & 6 ) Gas hazard Problems with Lake Nyos Dam hazard Origin of CO2 in lake Nyos Gas isotopes 13/14 C & 3/4 He suggest it is from the mantle But Therefore Natural CO2 Why so much CO2 in Nyos mantle? Can Lake Nyos ROCKS give an anwser? What are the implications on degassing? Basalts ME/TE/Isotopes - Asobo et al (pub No. 5) Xenolith ME/TEs Teitchou et al (pub. No. 6) Basalts ME/TEs Aka et al (pub No. 3) Weak pyroclastic dam backeroding Flood if dam breaks How to evaluate hazard? Dam (lake) age Know Calculate erosion rate Americans: 400 yrs Alarming British: 1 Ma NOT Alarming Independent evaluation needed Conventional 14C and K/Ar methods No good U-Th-Ra method of Nyos rocks (Aka et al. 2008) U-Th-Ra and TEs of Nyos + Mt Cameroon rocks Aka and Yokoyama (pub. No. 4)

26 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications Geochemistry of maars on the Oku Volcanic group (publication No 4) ME/TE/Isotopes for OVG Increased by more than 70% Enrichement of the OVG younger than that of the OCB

27 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications Geochemistry of Lake Nyos mantle xenoliths (publication No 5) Nyos xenoliths Iherzolites Wehrlites Harzburgites LREE enriched & depleted cpx Amphibole & phlogopite Metasomatism of Nyos mantle

28 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications submitted Origin of CO2 in Lake Nyos (publication No 3) (1) Metazomatic wehrlitization and carbonization of mantle 2Mg 2 Si 2 O 6 + CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 = 2Ma 2 SiO 4 + CaMgSi 2 O 6 + 2CO 2 Opx + melt = Ol + Cpx + fluid dolomite (2) Partial melting of the carbonate-bearing wehrlitic mantle releases CO 2 that seeps into the lake and via springs 3CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 + CaMgSi 2 O 6 = 4CaCO 3 + 2Mg 2 SiO 4 + CO 2 Melt + Cpx = Melt + Ol + fluid Mantle CO2 continuosly seeps into Lake Nyos Constant monitoring needed to mitigate disaster

29 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications Age of Lake Nyos dam and flood hazard implications (publication No 4) Nyos Sample Age (Ka) Erosion rate (mm/y) Hazard Charcoal 0.4 ( 14 C) 150 Geologically alarming Lockwood et al Basalt 100 (K/Ar) 0.69 Geologically realistic Freeth (1988); Freeth & Rex (2000) One (or both) of the suggested ages needs review, so independent evaluation done Basalt > 5 (U-series) 40 Not alarming Aka et al. (2008) Basalt 8.75 ± 0.49 (Useries + TE of Nyos and Mt. Cameroon 27 Not alarming but reinforment needed considering EQs, volcanic eruptions, epirogeny etc Ref Aka et al (2012) (publication No 4) Jan 2011 Prof Schmidt of Bayreuth Univ in Germany & Prof Tchouankoue s group of UniYao-1 have recently found a TL age of 12.3 ± 1.5 ka for the dam. This is within our error window (Schmidt et al PLOS 2017) Nov 2012

30 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications submitted Local governance in DRR in Cameroon (publication No 7) 7 regions of Cameroon Disasters affect mostly Frontliners, People in atrisk zones How involved are the local communities in DRR in Cameroon? To become an emerging economy by 2035, DRR is an urgent development need, with more involvment of grassroots/frontliners in DRR decision making 20 DRR Local governance survey indicators

31 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results - Problems tackled in the publications Environmental monitoring (publication No 8 and Mimba et al 2017) The GESP (pr ) requires mining as one of the pilars to uplift Cameroon s economy to become an emerging nation by 2035 Mining releases heaby metals (Pb, Fe, Hg, Mn, Cu, Zn etc) to the environnements and thus pollutes it. We evaluate pre-industrial mining baseline heavy metal concentrations in Bakassi (Soutwest Cameroon) and the mining district of Betaré Oya (East Cameroon) Bakassi Betaré Oya Heavy metals measured in 3 media soil, water & foodstuff. Water had Cd concentrations higher than mermitted. Soil had elevated Pb and Zn. These serve as baseline values in case of Extreneous inputs (e.g., dumping) or industrial activity (NO 3 ) - and (Cl) - contolled by anthropogenic inputs. (SO 4 ) 2- linked to sulphide minerals

32 4. 5 Presentation of Research work & results Scientific reports in the grade of MR June 2016 (08p) March 2016 (28p) Oct 2015 (23p) Aug 2015 (58p) Aug 2012 (15p) Aug 2014 (15p) Aug 2013 (32p) March 2013 (79p) Sept 2012 (12p) March 2012 (18p) Jan 2011 (20p) Jan 2011 (19p) 12 technical reports (327 pages in all) from 2011 to 2017 in areas of community disaster management, geology, geochemisty of lakes, degassing of lakes Nyos & Monoun, and stability of Lake Nyos dam

33 5. What is the importance of our Research? The DRM system in Cameroon Of the 8 MGDs (now SDGs), eradicating extreme poverty and hunger (No 1) and Enduring environmental sustainability (No 7) are important entry points for DRR Extreme poverty cannot be erridicated, and sustainable development cannot be attained unless DRR is mainstremed into the development process Disasters undermine the results of development and impoverish the community and the state Rehabilitation Pre-disaster Emergency Response 4 phases of the DRM cycle Disaster Prevention/mitigation Post-disaster Prepardness DR = H x V Cp Prevention based on identification & assessement of Hazard DR = Disaster Risk; H = Hazard, V = Vulnerability, Cp = Copping capacity, DRM = Disaster Risk Management, DRR = Disaster Risk Reduction (1) Myths & legends (2) Historical records (3) Research data

34 5. What is the importance of our Research? DRM system in Cameroon the Cameroon DR profile DEM of Cameroon disaster risk profile Gassy lakes Lake Nyos dam Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes Floods Landslides Sea level rise Advise Policy on DRM Our research can be used to break the link between hazard and disaster, and to argue for a revision of the Cameroon DRM system

35 5. What is the importance of our Research & expertise? 5.1 Hazard assessment on volcanoes and lakes Mt. Cameroon plumbing system Mt. Bambouto age & plumbing system Lake Barombi mbo formation history & lithostratigraphy Protection of people services, & goods Origin of CO2 in Lake Nyos Scientific prove that monitoring needed after degassing Installation of post-degassing gas removal system in lakes e.g., Lake Monoun Mitigation of gas hazard in other lakes Age of Lake Nyos dam Dam not 400, not , but 8000 years Dam collapse not as alarming, no need to break dam artificially Preserve fresh water of Lake Nyos for future generations & electric power, fishing, irrigation.. The USD 130 million used for a retention dam in Kashimbilla/ Gamovo (Nigeria) could be deployed for other development needs

36 5. What is the importance of our Research & expertise? 5.2 Revison of the Cameroon Disaster Risk management system Zone I Cameroon DRRM system is pro-active Needs revision to meet targets of SDG Propose creation of National Disaster RIsk Management Agency (NADRIMA) 3 DRM zones (I, II & III) In concertation with DPC Current Cameroon DRRM laws Zone III Zone II We propose a shift from the current pro-active to a decentralised reactive DRM system Proposed 3 zones of DRM in Cameroon

37 Co-supervision/examiner 5. What is the importance of our Research & expertise? 5.3 Capacity development via knowledge creation and transfer Teaching Universities of Buea & Bamenda ( Present) Level Course assigment 200-undergraduate Geochemistry & Mineral Chemistry (GLY 210) 300-undergraduate Volcanology & Igneous Geology (GLY 315) 400-undergraduate Applied Geochemistry (GLY 411) 500-postgraduate Lithospheric Geodynamics (EENS5105) 600-postgraduate Advanced Petrology (GLY 607) 600-postgraduate Environmental Geochemistry (GLY 610) Research is an everyday learning process. We share our knowledge by developing capacity in the universities, thus also contributing to social development. Some of the young researchers now under our tutelage in the institute were our students in the university. Co-supervision of running PhDs Chezie Dannou Univ Dschang Nche Linus Ibaraki Uni Japan Mimba E Tokai Univ Japan Student Level Theme University Role/year Nguihdama Dagwai PhD Adamaoua xenoliths Yaounde I Exerminer (2016) Asobo Asaaha Elvis PhD Oku maar lakes TIT Japan Co-supervisor (2015) Tchamabe Boris Chako PhD Lake Barombi mbo Tokai Japan Co-supervisor (2015) Babila Doh Franclin MS-II New Tech in DRRM Yde II Co-supervisor (2014) Mbazoa Zang Sophie MS-II Sea level rise in Kribi Yde II Co-supervisor (2013) Abesolo Messi Gérard DIPET-II Geothermal energy Douala Co-supervisor (2012) Nongboh Belik D. DIPET-II Geothermal energy Douala Co-supervisor (2012)

38 6. Visibility of our research 6.1 Our work viewed, read & cited by other world scientists Data from ResearchGate. Facebook for Science

39 6. Visibility of our research 6.2 Scientific awards Our work on Lake Nyos Research in Geology & Mineral Resources JERSIC 2009 Best Senior IRGM Scientist

40 7. Conclusion Saved in IRGM since recruitement in 1985, with: 07 years as Research Technician (TR) 12 years as Research Assistant (AR) 05 years as Researcher (CR) 07 years as Senior Research Officer (MR) Research covers themes within the Research Programs of IRGM: Geology and Geophysics Prevention and management of natural disasters in Cameroon Environmental monitoring Scientific productivity includes: 32 peer review articles (19 in the grade of MR, with 02 book chapters) 22 published abstracts (14 in the grade of MR) 10 posters at international meetings (05 in grade of MR) 04 oral presentations at international meetings (grade of MR, with 01 invited) 21Technical Reports from 2000 (12 in grade of MR) Research results used in the areas of: Hazard evaluation on volcanoes and lakes, to protect people, services and goods Suggest a revision of the Cameroon Disaster Risk management system Develope capacity in the Universities of Yaoundé I, Buea, Bamenda & Douala Administrative functions from 2009 (IRGM, DPSP/MINRESI, MINRESI representative in UB Council

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