Mineral Identification

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1 Mineral Identification! Mineral identification is a skill. " Requires learning diagnostic properties #Some properties are easily seen. $Color $Crystal shape #Some properties require handling or testing. $Hardness $Magnetization $Specific gravity

2 ! Common Properties " Color " Streak " Luster " Hardness " Specific gravity " Crystal habit " Fracture or cleavage Physical Properties

3 Color! The part of visible light that is not absorbed by a mineral! Diagnostic for some minerals " Malachite is a distinctive green.! Some minerals exhibit a broad color range. " Quartz (clear, white, yellow, pink, purple, gray, etc.)! Color varieties often reflect trace impurities. Fig. 3.7a Malachite

4 Streak! Color of a powder produced by crushing a mineral! Obtained by scraping a mineral on unglazed porcelain " Streak color is less variable than crystal color. Fig. 3.7b

5 Luster! The way a mineral surface scatters light! Two subdivisions: " Metallic looks like a metal " Nonmetallic #Silky #Glassy #Satiny #Resinous #Pearly #Earthy Fig. 3.7c, d

6 Hardness! Scratching resistance of a mineral! Derives from the strength of atomic bonds! Hardness compared to the Mohs scale for hardness. 1. Talc, graphite 2. Gypsum 3. Calcite 4. Fluorite 5. Apatite 6. Orthoclase 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundum 10. Diamond Fingernail 2.5 Copper Penny 3.5 Glass - Steel 5.5 Steel File 6.5 Table 3.1

7 Specific Gravity! Represents the density of a mineral! Mineral weight over the weight of an equal water volume! Specific gravity is heft how heavy it feels. " Galena heavy (SG 7.60) " Quartz light (SG 2.65)! Galena feels heavier than quartz.

8 Crystal Habit (shape characteristic)! A single crystal with well-formed faces, or! An aggregate of many well-formed crystals! Arrangement of faces reflects internal atomic structure! Records variation in directional growth rates " Blocky or equant equal growth rate in three dimensions " Bladed shaped like a knife blade " Needle-like rapid growth in one dimension, slow in others

9 Special Physical Properties! Special physical properties " Effervescence reactivity with acid (e.g., Calcite) " Magnetism magnetic attraction (e.g., Magnetite) " Taste self-explanatory (e.g., Halite) Fig. 3.7 f, g

10 Fracture! Minerals break in ways that reflect atomic bonding.! Fracturing implies equal bond strength in all directions. " Example: quartz displays conchoidal fracture. #Breaks like glass along smooth curved surfaces. #Produces extremely sharp edges. #Volcanic glass was used by native cultures to make tools.

11 Cleavage! Tendency to break along planes of weaker atomic bonds.! Cleavage produces flat, shiny surfaces! Described by the number of planes and their angles! Sometimes mistaken for crystal habit " Cleavage is throughgoing; it often forms parallel steps. " Crystal faces only occur on external surfaces. Fig. 3.8g

12 ! Examples of cleavage Cleavage " One direction Muscovite mica " Two directions at 90º Pyroxene " Two directions NOT at 90º Fig. 3.8a, b, c Amphibole

13 Cleavage! Examples of cleavage " Three directions at 90º Halite " Three directions NOT at 90º Fig. 3.8d, e Calcite

14 Mineral Classification! Minerals can be separated into a few groups.! J. J. Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, noted similarities. " Minerals can be separated by: #The principal anion (negative ion), or #Anionic group (negative molecule) " Example: sulfides (S - ) or carbonates (CO 3 2- )! The most abundant mineral class is the silicates (SiO 4 4- ).

15 The Mineral Classes! Minerals are classified by their dominant anion. " Silicates (SiO 4-2 ) are called the rock-forming minerals. " Constitute almost the entire crust and mantle of Earth " They are the most common minerals. " Example: quartz (SiO 2 )

16 Mineral Classes! Oxides (O 2- )! Metal cations (Fe 2+, Fe 3+, Ti 2+ ) bonded to oxygen.! Examples: " Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) " Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) " Rutile (TiO 2 )

17 Mineral Classes! Sulfides (S - )! Metal cations bonded to a sulfide anion! Examples: " Pyrite (FeS 2 ) " Galena (PbS) " Sphalerite (ZnS)

18 Mineral Classes! Sulfates (SO 2-4 )! Metal cation bonded to a sulfate anionic group! Many sulfates form by evaporation of seawater! Examples: " Gypsum (CaSO 4!2H 2 O) " Anhydrite (CaSO 4 )

19 Mineral Classes! Minerals are classified by their dominant anion. " Halides (Cl - or F - ) " Examples: #Halite (NaCl) #Fluorite (CaF 2 )

20 Mineral Classes! Minerals are classified by their dominant anion. " Carbonates (CO 2-3 ) " Examples: #Calcite (CaCO 3 ) #Dolomite ((Ca,Mg)CO 3 )

21 Mineral Classes! Minerals are classified by their dominant anion. " Native metals (Cu, Au, Ag) " Pure masses of a single metal " Examples: #Copper (Cu) #Gold (Au) #Silver (Ag)

22 Silicate Minerals! Silicates are the most common minerals on Earth.! They dominate Earth s crust and mantle. " Made of oxygen and silicon with other atoms

23 ! The SiO 4 4- anionic unit: the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron " Four O atoms are bonded to a central Si atom. " Define the corners of a four-sided geometric figure " The silica tetrahedron is the building block of silicates. " The silica tetrahedron can be portrayed in different ways: #Spheres #Ball-and-stick model #Geometric sketch Silicate Minerals Fig. 3.9a

24 Silicate Minerals! Silicates are divided into several groups. " Based on how silica tetrahedra are arranged " The groups vary by how silica tetrahedra share oxygen. " The amount of shared oxygen determines the Si:O ratio.

25 ! Independent Tetrahedra Silicate Minerals " Silica tetrahedra share no oxygens. " They are linked by cations. " Examples: #Olivine a glassy green mineral, typically (Mg,Fe)SiO 4 #Garnet forms equant, 12-sided crystals Fig. 3.9b

26 Silicate Minerals! Single Chains " Silica tetrahedra link to share two oxygens " Example: #Pyroxenes $Dark, long crystals $Two cleavages near 90 Fig. 3.8b Fig. 3.9b

27 Silicate Minerals! Double chains " Silica tetrahedra alternate sharing two and three oxygens. " Example: #Amphiboles $Dark, long crystals $Two cleavages at 60 o and 120 o Fig. 3.9b

28 Silicate Minerals! Sheet silicates " Silica tetrahedra share three oxygens. " Create two-dimensional flat sheets of linked tetrahedra " Characterized by one direction of perfect cleavage " Examples: Micas, clays Fig. 3.8a Fig. 3.9b

29 ! Framework silicates Silicate Minerals " All four oxygens in each silica tetrahedron are shared. " Examples: #Feldspars plagioclase and potassium feldspar #Silica (quartz) group contains only Si and O Fig. 3.7d Fig. 3.9b

30 Gems! Gemstones a mineral with special value " Rare formed by unusual geological processes " Beautiful strikingly unique color, clarity, and luster! Gem a cut and polished stone created for jewelry " Precious stones that are particularly rare and expensive #Diamond #Ruby #Sapphire #Emerald " Semiprecious less rare #Topaz #Aquamarine #Garnet Fig. 3.10

31 Gems! Gems are cut and polished stones used in jewelry. " Facets are ground onto a gem by a lapidary machine. " Faceting a gemstone takes a lot of time and effort. " Facets are not natural crystal faces. Fig. 3.11b, c

32 Whence Diamonds?! Diamonds originate under extremely high pressure. " ~150 km deep in the upper mantle " Pure carbon is compressed into the diamond structure.! Rifting causes deep-mantle rock to move upward.! Diamonds are found in kimberlite pipes. Box 3.2

33 Useful Web Resources! The Mineralogical Society of America " USGS Mineral Resources Program " USGS Mineral Resources On-Line Spatial Data " David Barthelmy s Mineralogy Database " The Mineralogical Record " Mindat.org the Largest Mineral Database on the Internet "

34 Photo Credits! Ronald L. Parker, slides 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 31, 36, 37, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56.

35 W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned This concludes the Norton Media Library PowerPoint Slide Set for Chapter 3 Essentials of Geology 4th Edition (2013) by Stephen Marshak PowerPoint slides edited by Rick Oches Associate Professor of Geology & Environmental Sciences Bentley University Waltham, Massachusetts

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