Learning Guide 12 Macroevolution: The Fossil Record
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1 Learning Guide 12 Macroevolution: The Fossil Record Darwinian Evolution descent with modification mechanism natural selection Macroevolution..element of time Geologic Time Scale Fossil record Extinctions and Adaptative Radiations
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5 A homologous trait is any characteristic of organisms that is derived from a common ancestor. Forelimbs in mammals
6 Homologous Sequence
7 The Fossil Record Sedimentary rocks Are the richest source of fossils Are deposited 1 Rivers carry sediment into the layers called strata ocean. Sedimentary rock layers containing fossils form on the ocean floor. 2 Over time, new strata are deposited, containing fossils from each time period. 3 As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion reveals strata and fossils. Younger stratum with more recent fossils Figure 25.3 Older stratum with older fossils
8 Fossils are the preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past. In essence, they are the historical documents of biology. The fossil record is the ordered array in which fossils appear within sedimentary rocks. These rocks record the passing of geological time. Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9 The half-life of U-235 decaying to Pb-207 is 713 million years. Note that this half-life can be obtained from the graph at the point where the decay and growth curves cross.
10 The radiocarbon dating method was developed in the 1940's by Willard F. Libby and a team of scientists at the University of Chicago. It subsequently evolved into the most powerful method of dating late Pleistocene and Holocene artifacts and geologic events up to about 50,000 years in age.
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12 Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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15 Convergent Evolution Describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages. Although their last common ancestor did not have wings, birds and bats do, and are capable of powered flight
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17 Exaptation or Preadaptation Refer to shifts in the function of a trait during evolution. For example, a trait can evolve because it served one particular function, but subsequently it may come to serve another. Exaptations are common in both anatomy and behavior. Bird feathers are a classic example: initially these evolved for temperature regulation, but later were adapted for flight
18 Paedomorphosis (also spelled Pedomorphosis) A phenotypic and/or genotypic change in which the adults of a species retain traits previously seen only in juveniles.
19 Pedomorphosis is common in many animal species domesticated by humans, including dogs, chickens, pigs and cattle. It is believed to be a side effect of the selective pressure of human-directed breeding for juvenile behavioral characteristics such as docility.
20 3. The punctuated equilibrium model has stimulated research on the tempo of speciation Traditional evolutionary trees diagram the diversification of species as a gradual divergence over long spans of time. These trees assume that big changes occur as the accumulation of many small one, the gradualism model. Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21 In the punctuated equilibrium model, the tempo of speciation is not constant. Species undergo most morphological modifications when they first bud from their parent population. After establishing themselves as separate species, they remain static for the vast majority of their existence. Fig b Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22 During crises in the history of life, global conditions have changed so rapidly and disruptively that a majority of species have been swept away. The fossil record records five to seven severe mass extinctions. Fig Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23 Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 25.6
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