Brita Horlings
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2 Knut Christianson
3 Brita Horlings
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10 Natural Occurrences of Ice: Distribution and environmental factors of seasonal snow, sea ice, glaciers and permafrost ESS431: Principles of Glaciology ESS505: The Cryosphere Wednesday, September 26, 2018 Knut Christianson
11 Today s focus - What are the components of the cryosphere? What are their extents in both time and space? How does society interact with the cryosphere?
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13 The components of the cryosphere: 510 [145] Seasonal Snow Mountain Glaciers Permafrost The Ice Sheets Sea Ice
14 Areas Covered 10 6 km 2 Earth Total: ~510 (145 is land)
15 The components of the cryosphere: 510 [145] Seasonal Snow Mountain Glaciers Permafrost The Ice Sheets Sea Ice
16 January 2004
17 February 2004
18 March 2004
19 April 2004
20 May 2004
21 June 2004
22 July 2004
23 August 2004
24 September 2004
25 October 2004
26 November 2004
27 December 2004
28 The components of the cryosphere: 510 [145] Seasonal Snow 45 Mountain Glaciers Permafrost The Ice Sheets Sea Ice
29 Coastal Alaska
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31 Yamal Crater, Siberia
32 The components of the cryosphere: 510 [145] Seasonal Snow 45 Mountain Glaciers Permafrost 23 (0 1400m) The Ice Sheets Sea Ice
33 August 2004
34 Alaskan Ice
35 Ice in Western USA
36 Wheeler Peak, Nevada. September 2007
37 Cotopaxi volcano, 1 deg. South, Ecuador
38 Elevation 4800 m on Cotopaxi volcano
39 At 2000 m on Blue Glacier, 48 N
40 Equatorial glaciers of New Guinea Hastenrath 2008
41 The components of the cryosphere: 510 [145] Seasonal Snow 45 Permafrost 23 (0 1400m) Mountain Glaciers 1.1 The Ice Sheets Sea Ice
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43 Depth of ice: average 1.5 km (max 3462m) Mean annual temperature: from -34 C (north-central) to 0 C (southwest coast) Snow accumulation average 30 g cm -2 yr -1 North-central 10 g cm -2 yr -1
44 Greenland is 18% dry land, 82% ice-covered. As of 1960 Of the ice sheet area: 30% is dry snow (no melting) 55% is wet snow (some of the winter snow melts in summer, but not all) - Percolation zone - Wet-snow zone - Slush zone 15% is the Ablation zone ( ablation meaning net loss : all the winter snow melts in summer, and some ice as well). So some melting occurs on 70% of the ice sheet. (Carl Benson, 1960).
45 Greenland is 18% dry land, 82% ice-covered. As of 1960 Of the ice sheet area: 30% is dry snow (no melting) 55% is wet snow (some of the winter snow melts in summer, but not all) - Percolation zone - Wet-snow zone - Slush zone 15% is the Ablation zone ( ablation meaning net loss : all the winter snow melts in summer, and some ice as well). So some melting occurs on 70% of the ice sheet. (Carl Benson, 1960).
46 Meltwater streams on northeast Greenland in August
47 Debris-covered ice, meltwater stream (Northeast Greenland)
48 Ice Cliffs in Greenland: Helheim Glacier 48
49 Depth of ice: average 2.2 km, maximum 4.8 km About 86% of the ice is in East Antarctica Mean annual temperature from -60 C on East Antarctic Plateau (Vostok, Dome C, Plateau Station) to -3 C on Antarctic Peninsula Snow accumulation average g cm -2 yr -1 on Plateau 5 g cm -2 yr -1 Temperature extremes at surface World record low temperature: -89 C (at Vostok) Record high temperature at South Pole: -14 C
50 Lower Portions of the Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers
51 Snow surface of East Antarctic Plateau (Dome C)
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53 Geophysical Research Letters Volume 39, Issue 4, L04501, 21 FEB 2012 DOI: /2011GL A new, high-resolution surface mass balance map of Antarctica ( ) based on regional atmospheric climate modeling
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57 Glacier contrasts Latitude vs Altitude Latitude Terminus Annual of terminus elevation precipitation Antarctic Ice Sheet 66 S 0 17 cm Blue Glacier WA 48 N 1300 m 500 cm Cotopaxi 1 S 4800 m 500 cm
58 Glacier contrasts Residence times of water Ice Accumulation Residence thickness H rate b time t=h/b Blue Glacier WA: 100 m 5 m yr yr Greenland summit : 3000 m 0.3 m yr -1 10,000 yr
59 The components of the cryosphere: 510 [145] Seasonal Snow 45 Permafrost 23 (0 1400m) Mountain Glaciers 1.1 The Ice Sheets Sea Ice Antarctica 13.3 (2160m) Greenland 1.7 (1500m)
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61 Nilas
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65 Brown color is algae in brine-pockets
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70 The components of the cryosphere: 510 [145] Seasonal Snow 45 Permafrost 23 (0 1400m) Mountain Glaciers 1.1 The Ice Sheets Antarctica 13.3 (2160m) Greenland 1.7 (1500m) Sea Ice Arctic 8.4 / 15 (1-3m) Antarctic 3.0 / 19 (1-2m) (in 2012, Arctic was 3.4!)
71 The components of the cryosphere: Permafrost The Ice Sheets Antarctica Greenland Mountain Glaciers Sea Ice Arctic Antarctic Seasonal Snow Coverage Area / / Reservoir Size (m sle)
72 The components of the cryosphere: Permafrost The Ice Sheets Antarctica Greenland Mountain Glaciers Sea Ice Arctic Antarctic Seasonal Snow Coverage Area / / Reservoir Size (m sle) Average Ocean Depth: ~3500m All ice on earth ~ 2%
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74 The components of the cryosphere: Seasonal Snow Mountain Glaciers Permafrost The Ice Sheets Sea Ice
75 The components of the cryosphere: Seasonal Snow - Recreation / Hazard / Seasonal Water Permafrost - Engineering Challenge / Carbon Sink Mountain Glaciers - Short term sea-level rise - Seasonal water storage - Record regional climate (if you can account for internal dynamics) The Ice Sheets - Eustatic sea level rise - Albedo feedback - Orographic effects on atmosphere - Freshwater injection into the oceans - Relative sea level changes Sea Ice - Change momentum balance of the ocean / atmosphere system - Control shipping and navigation in the Northern Hemisphere - Ecosystem (and native) significance
ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 19 (Chp 6) Objectives of Today s Class: The Cryosphere [1] Components, time scales; [2] Seasonal snow
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ATOC 1060-002 OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 19 (Chp 6) Objectives of Today s Class: The Cryosphere [1] Components, time scales; [2] Seasonal snow cover, permafrost, river and lake ice, ; [3]Glaciers and
Today s Lecture: Land, biosphere, cryosphere (All that stuff we don t have equations for... )
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