INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPROACH TO GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL DELINEATION IN THE DOON VALLEY, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

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1 INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPROACH TO GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL DELINEATION IN THE DOON VALLEY, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA 1 D. C. Jhariya, 2 Swati Shrivastava, 3 S. K. Nage and 4 R. S. Chatterjee 1 Department of Applied Geology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India 2 Department of Civil Engineering, IES, IPS Academy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 3 Department of Geology, Govt. Model Science Collage, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 4 Geosciences and Geohazards Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, India dcjhariya.geo@nitrr.ac.in ; swatishrivastava04@rediffmail.com Abstract- Groundwater is a precious resource of finite extent. In order to ensure the judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. The occurrence and movement of groundwater is mainly controlled by many factors viz. rock types, landforms, geological structures, soil, land use, rainfall etc. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) based groundwater study serves as a base for further exploration using hydrogeological and geophysical methods to locate potential well sites. Studies have shown that if Remote sensing data are used at first level to delineate prospective zones and further followed up by hydrogeological and geophysical surveys, higher success could be achieved besides savings in terms of cost, time and work. This study is carried out to delineate the groundwater potential zones in the Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Different thematic layers were prepared viz. geology, geomorphology, landuse/landcover, lineament and drainage with the help of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Suitable weightages were assigned for each thematic layer to get the groundwater potential zones. Finally, obtained groundwater potential zones are classified into five categories viz. Very low, low, Medium, High and Very high zones. Present study is helpful in better development and management planning of groundwater resources in the study area. Keywords: Groundwater, Groundwater Potential, Doon Valley. Remote sensing and GIS I. INTRODUCTION Water is one of the most valuable natural resources and supports human health, economic development and ecological diversity. Ever increasing demands of water for domestic, irrigation as well as industrial sectors have created water crisis worldwide. Urbanization, deforestation and industrialization are causing severe impacts on groundwater and affecting its quantity and quality (Todd et al., 2005). It has been observed that lowering of groundwater due to the over exploitation there by aggravating the water problem in different part of the study area. The concept of using modern techniques like remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) in groundwater assessment and management studies is comparatively new. As groundwater is a dynamic and interdisciplinary in nature and integrated approach of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques is a very useful in groundwater evaluation. Remote sensing is an effective tool for geological science, it gives synoptic view which is very helpful in geological studies. Remote sensing can provide diverse dataset over a large inaccessible area that Page 1

2 can be efficiently handled and analyzed in a GIS framework ( Al-Rawabdeh, et al., 2013). GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world (Burroughs, 1986). The objectives of GIS are maximize the efficiency of planning and decision making provide efficient means for data distribution and handling of redundant data base, minimize duplication capacity to integrate information from many sources, complex analysis/query involving geographical referenced data to generate new information. GIS is capable of developing information in different thematic layers and integrating them with sufficient accuracy within a short period of time. The application of these methods is indispensable for such analyses (Burroughs, 1986). Remote sensing and GIS has been widely used for the for the preparation of different types of thematic layers and integrating them for the different purposes (Saraf and Choudhary, 1998). Integrating of these two techniques has proved to be an efficient tool in groundwater potential and several other studied an d have been conducted in various parts of the world (Chaturvedi et al., 1983, Raj and Sinha, 1989, Baldev et al., 1991; Gustafsson, 1993; Krishnamurthy and Srinivas, 1995; Shahid et al..2000; Jasrotia et al., 2007a; Jasrotia et al., 2012b; Taylor et al., 2013). The main objective of the present study is to determine groundwater potential zone of the Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The present study is helpful in better development and management planning of groundwater resources. A. Study Area The study area covers the Western part of Doon valley and association with lesser Himalayas in the North, Siwalik Hills in the South, river Ganga in the Southeast and Dehradun town in the West. Doon valley covers an area of approximately 815 sq. km and is bounded by latitude to N and longitude to E. It falls in SOI Toposheet Nos. 53J/3, 4, 11 and 15. The study area enjoys a humid subtropical monsoon climate with seasonal rhythm of weather and receiving about 2205 mm. of rainfall annually. The area is characterized by luxuriant vegetation growth. Whereas major part of middle piedmont and planks of Siwalik Hills are covered by thick Sal forest. The central part of the study area lower piedmont plains and river terraces are under intense cultivation. Page 2

3 Fig. 1: Location map of the study area B. Data Used The different types of data have been used in the present study: Remotely sensed data viz. LISS-III and Cartosat DEM data. Existing maps, viz. Survey of India (SOI) Toposheets (53J/3, 53F/11, 53F/11 and 53F/15) pertaining to the area on 1:50000 scale and published geological map etc. II. METHODOLOGY reports and data from the different sources. Thematic maps were prepared from the IRS-1D, (LISS-III) data and Cartosat DEM using Arc GIS and Erdas Imagine along with topographic map and field data were used to prepare the basic thematic layers in the GIS environment. Evaluation of terrain and different thematic layers such as geology, geomorphology, structure, drainage and land use/land cover were prepared by visual analysis of satellite data in conjunction with the available ancillary data and previous works. The methodology adopted in the present study is given in flow chart (Figure 1) In order to delineate the groundwater potential zones different thematic maps were prepared from the remote sensing data, topographic maps, geological maps,. Satellite data Geometric Correction & Image Enhancement Interpretation & Classification Land use / Land cover Existing Maps, SOI Toposheet, DEM with Field works Geology, Geomorphology, Drainage, & Lineament Thematic maps Geology Geomorphology LULC Drainage Lineament Re-classification GIS Processing (Weighted overlay Analysis) Groundwater Potential Zone Page 3

4 Fig. 1 : Methodology flowchart for groundwater potential zonation A. Integrated analysis in GIS environment Geographic information system (GIS) can be defined as an automated tool for efficient storage, analysis and presentation of geographically referenced data. In a comprehensive sense, GIS means identifying data needs, acquisition of data, management, processing and decisionmaking. In the present study, following five thematic maps have been integrated in GIS environment in order to delineate the groundwater potential zones. B. Themes used for integration Themes which are important for characterizing the groundwater regime of the study area, have been digitized in different layers viz. geomorphology, geology, drainage, lineament, and land use/land cover. All the above themes have multiple classes and have been converted to raster form before doing the integrated analysis. i. Geomorphology The landform plays a vital role for the occurrence and distribution of groundwater. The Doon Valley is an asymmetrical longitudinal synclinal valley and lies between two major rivers of the Indian sub-continent, Yamuna in the west to Ganga in the east. Upper Siwalik water divides in the south to Main Boundary Fault (MBF) in the North (Thakur, 1981, 1995). Based on the study of the aerial photographs and satellite data, the area is divided into following physiographic units.( Nakata,1971; Nossin,1971; Patel,2003; Jarsotia et. al, 2012a; Jarsotia et. al, 2012b; Jarsotia et. al, 2012c). 1. Denudational structural Hill, 2. Structural Hill, 3. Residual Hill, 4. Piedmont Zone and 5. River Alluvium. The Denudational structural hill present in the northern part of the area is in the form of Lesser Himalayas with high relief, ridge and valley topography, spars vegetation and multiple drainage system. The structural hill is present both in southern as well as in Northern part forming cuestas and hogback having dog tooth profile with more structurally controlled drainage pattern. The residual hill can be seen in the northern part in the foot of the structural hills and identified with thick Vegetation. The intermountain piedmont valley lies between the Lesser Himalayas and Siwaliks in the north and the Siwaliks in the South with gentle slope in northern and steeper slope in southern part of the area. Page 4

5 Fig. 2: Geomorphology of the study area Geomorphology of the study area was carried out on the basis of the image interpretation element (tone, textural variation and association) and with the aid of previous works. Various geomorphological features present in the study area as shown in Figure 2. ii. Geology Doon valley has distinct geological attributes with a wide spectrum of rock types ranging in age from Proterozoic to Quaternary ( Thakur, 1981, 1995; Bartarya,1995 ; Sati et al., 1999 ; Rajiv Ranjan,2005; CGWB, 2009;Ansari et al., 2013). The area lies in the foot hills of the Himalayan mountain belt. The Main boundary thrust (MBT) brought the neo-proterozoic rocks of the lesser Himalayan zone to over ride the Siwalik group whereas a sudden topographic rise of Siwalik range demarcate the Himalayan frontal thrust (HFT), locally called as Mohand Thrust which separates the Siwalik group from the recent alluvium of the plains. The mohand anticline, a growing fold structure, uplifted the Siwalik range and restricted the drainage within Doon valley (Rao,1977; Thakur, 1981; 1995; Bartarya, 1995; Singhal, 2006; Rawat et al., 2011). Geology of the study area was determined on the basis of topographical expression and available previous data. Geologically study area has been divided in to six classes as shown in Figure 3. Page 5

6 Fig. 3: Geological map of the study area iii. Drainage Drainage is source for groundwater recharge. Drainage pattern map of the study area has been drawn with the help of Survey of India topographic map and updated from satellite data. The streams present in the study area have been ordered (Figure 4) using Strahler s system of stream ordering (Strahler 1957). The drainage analysis of the study area reveled mainly dendritic and parallel types of drainage pattern present which indicates that drainage of the study area geomorphologically and structurally controlled. Page 6

7 Fig. 4: Drainage map of the study area iv. Lineament Lineaments are the linear, rectilinear, curvilinear features of tectonic origin observed in satellite data. These lineaments normally show tonal, textural, soil tonal, relief, drainage and vegetation linearity and curvilinerities in satellite data (Sukumar et al.,2014). The result from the present study shows that RS technique is capable of extracting lineament trends in an inaccessible hilly terrain. The result of the analyzed lineament/fracture/fault indicated that the area has numerous long and short lineaments whose structural trends are mainly in Northsouth and East-west direction. Lineament map is shown in Figure 5. Fig. 5: Lineament map of the study area v. Land use/land cover Understanding of land use/land cover is needed for optimal management of natural resources and it provides important indicators to the extent of groundwater requirement. The land use/land cover classes identified viz. water body, cultivated land, fallow land, dense forest, degraded forest and settlement based on FCC of IRS -LISS III satellite data through supervised classification using the ERDAS Imagine software. Land use/land cover map is shown in Figure 6. Page 7

8 Fig. 6: Land use/land cover of the study area C. Weighted Index Overlay Index overlay model is one of the frequently used models in GIS and in evaluation program. Weighted Index Overlay Analysis (WIOA) is a simple and straightforward method for a combined analysis of multi-class maps. The efficacy of this method lies that the human judgment can be incorporated in the analysis. WIOA method takes into consideration the relative importance of the parameters and the classes belonging to each parameter (Chaturvedi et al.1983, Raj and Sinha 1989, Baldev et al.1991, Gustafsson 1993; Krishnamurthy and Srinivas1995; Saraf et al.1997;1998; Shahid et al.2000; Jasrotia et al., 2007a; Jasrotia et al., 2012b; Mandal, 2011; Sedhuraman et al.,2014). The thematic maps derived through the interpretation of satellite data i.e., geology, geomorphology, lineament, drainage and land use/land cover were used in this analysis. Weighted index overlay is applied where maps are added together in a weighted combination. In this simplest type of weighted model, input maps are binary and each map carries a single weight factor. However, multi-class maps are also used and each class of every map was given a different rating score. This method allows more flexible weighting system. In weighted index overlay, the individual thematic layers and also their classes are assigned weightages on the basis of their relative contribution towards the output. The weight values were assigned in attributes tables and entering the weight values for different classes. The weight assigned weight values were based on the relative importance of each of the class with respect to Litho potential zone. The combination of each thematic map with weight values derived from the table was done with using Index overlay method (Table 1). In case the map classes occurring in each map are assigned different score, as well as the map themselves receiving weights, the average score can be defined by: Weight Mean = Si*Wi/ Wi Where Wi is weight of the layer and Si is score of individual class. Thus, the groundwater prospective zones are obtained for the study area as shown in the figure 7. Page 8

9 Table 1. Relative weight of various thematic layers and their corresponding classes. Theme Sub-Classes Category weight Influence (weight) % Geomorphology High Dissected Structural Hill Very poor 1 30 Residual Hill Poor 2 Denudational Hill Poor 1 Lower Piedmont Moderate to high 6 Moderately Dissected Structural Hill Poor 1 Upper Piedmont Moderate 4 River Terrace High 8 Flood Plain Very High 9 Geology Alluvium Good 4 25 Doon Fan Gravel Very Good 8 Older Doon Gravel Very Poor 1 Upper Siwalik Moderate 4 Upper and Middle Siwalik Good 6 Pre-Tertiary Very good 8 Drainage Buffer 25 Meter High Meter High to Moderate Meter Moderate Meter Moderate to Poor 5 Lineament Buffer 50 Meter High 9 13 Land use/ Land cover 100 Meter Moderate Meter Poor 4 Settlement Poor to Moderate 5 25 Fallow Land High 8 Cultivated Land High 8 Degraded Forest Moderate 4 Dense Forest Moderate 6 Water Body Very High 9 River bed Very High 9 Unclassified - 0 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The final groundwater potential of the study area is represented in terms of the following zones viz. very high, high, medium, low and very low. The Very high groundwater prospects mainly exist in central part of the study area. Very high potential zones are associated with the younger terraces and flood plains of river. High Page 9

10 groundwater potential zones are associated with the part of lower piedmont area. The low potential zones are associated with the upper part of piedmont units, adjacent to structural hills and associated to hills (Figure 7). very low potential zones are Fig. 7. Groundwater potential zone map of the study area IV. CONCLUSION integrating the geology, geomorphology, lineament and land use/ land cover and drainage maps using Index Present study reflect that Remote Sensing data overlay model in the GIS domain. Integrated RS and GIS helps in assessment of groundwater resource. techniques provide the appropriate platform for convergent Groundwater potential zones map were prepared by analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in integration of various thematic layers such as groundwater management and planning. The overall geomorphologic, landuse/landcover, geology, lineament results reveal that the use of remote sensing and and drainage using index overlay method in the GIS GIS provide potentially powerful tools to study environment. Further, the study has focused on the utility groundwater resources. This study gives realistic of RS and GIS in the identification of groundwater groundwater potential map of an area which may be potential zones. Satellite imagery proved to be highly used for groundwater development and management useful in terrain characterization, viz., in mapping of different groundwater controlling parameters for the works. occurrence and movement of groundwater such as geology, geomorphology and land use/cover and drainage. The groundwater prospects map were prepared by Page 10

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are thankful to the NNRMS, ISRO to sponsor us for IIRS training programme. We are extremely grateful and indebted to Dr. P. K. Champati Ray, Head, Geosciences and Geohazards Department, IIRS, Dehradun India for his valuable help and encouragement extended to us during this work. We place on record, our sincere gratitude to all Scientist of Geosciences and Geohazards Department, IIRS, Dehradun India specially to Dr. Ajanta Goswami, Ms. Richa Upadhyay, Dr. Shovn Lal Chattoraj and Mr. Suresh Kannaujiya for their constant encouragement and support. We wish to express our sincere thanks to all faculty members of IIRS, Dehradun India for their help and encouragement. It s our pleasure to thanks those knowingly and unknowingly, who have helped make this work success. REFERENCES [1] Al-Rawabdeh, A. M., Al-Ansari, N. A., Al-Taani, A. A., and Knutsson, S. (2013) A GIS-Based Drastic Model for Assessing Aquifer Vulnerability in Amman-Zerqa Groundwater Basin, Jordan. Engineering, 5, pp doi: /eng [2] Ansari, Z.R.,Rao,L.K.A & Saran, S.(2013). Effect of Geology and Geomorphology on Land use / Land cover in Himalayan Foothill, Geological Society of India, Vol. 81, pp [3] Baldev, S.,Bhattacharya, A. and Hegde, V.S. (1991) IRS-1A application for groundwater targeting. Current Science, 61, pp [4] Bartarya, S.K. (1995). Hydrology and Water Resource of Intermontane Doon Valley. Journal of Himalayan Geology, 6(2): [5] Burrough, P.A. (1986). Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [6] Chaturvedi, R.S., Bhattacharya, D.C., Kamal, P., Krishnamurthy, J. and Sunder Raman, N. (1983). Integrating remote sensing techniques in groundwater exploration a typical case study from Bundelkhand region in Uttar Pradesh. In Proceedings, National Symposium on Remote Sensing in Development and Management of Water Resources, Ahmedabad, October 1983, S. Baldev, R.S. Chaturvedi and H.S. Lyer (Eds), pp (Dehradun: Indian Society of Photo-interpretation and Remote Sensing). [7] CGWB (2009). Groundwater Management Studies, Dehradun, Central Groundwater Board, Dehradun Uttarakhand. [8] Gustafsson, P.(1993). High-resolution satellite data and GIS as a tool for assessment of groundwater potential of a semi-arid area. In IXth Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, Pasadena, California, pp [9] Jasrotia, A. S., Kumar, R. and Saraf, A. K. (2007a) 'Delineation of groundwater recharge sites using integrated remote sensing and GIS in Jammu district, India', International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28:22, [10] Jasrotia, A. S., Bhagat, B. D., & Kumar, A. (2012b). Remote Sensing and GIS Approach for Delineation of Groundwater Potential and Groundwater Quality Zones of Western Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India. doi: /s [11] Jasrotia, A. S., Kumar, A., & Aasim, M. (2012c). Morphometric analysis and hydrogeomorphology for delineating groundwater potential zones of Western Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India, 2(4), [12] Krishnamurthy, J. and Srinivas, g., (1995). Role of geological and geomorphological factors in groundwater exploration: a study using IRS LISS data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 16, pp [13] Mandal, D. K. (2011). Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone in and around Dehra Doon Using Index Overlay Method, 31. [14] Nakata, T. (1971): Geomorphic history & crustal movement of the foothills of the Himalayas. Tohku University Institute of Geography,pp [15] Nossin,J.J. (1971) :Outline of the Geomorphology of the Doon Valley,Northern U.P. India Zeitschriff Fur Geomorology, Nue Folge 12, [16] Patel, R.C. and Kumar,Y.(2003): Geomorphological Study of Quarternary tectonics of the Doon Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal,India.Journal of Nepal Geological Society 28, pp [17] Raj, S. and Sinha, A.K.(1989). An integral approach for the delineation of potential groundwater zones using satellite data: case study, Udaipur district, Rajasthan. Journal of Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, 2, pp Page 11

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