History of Earth. Chapter 9: HISTORY OF EARTH. The Solar System. Early Earth: A Giant Impact! Early Earth. Formation of the Solar System

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "History of Earth. Chapter 9: HISTORY OF EARTH. The Solar System. Early Earth: A Giant Impact! Early Earth. Formation of the Solar System"

Transcription

1 Chapter 9: HISTORY OF EARTH The Essential Earth, 2 nd Edition Thomas H. Jordan & John Grotzinger History of Earth Earth is 4.56 Billion Years Old Earth has experienced a rich and diverse history that we will explore in this chapter 2012 by W. H. Freeman and Company Formation of the Solar System The Solar System Nebular Hypothesis Matter within a given orbit accretes together to eventually form planets Leads to formation of planets that rotate within orbits around the sun Inner rocky planets formed from the accretion of dense materials Outer gaseous planets formed from the accretion of less dense materials Note: Pluto is no longer a planet as of 2006 Early Earth Earth was very hot at its origin Violent impacts from planetesimals and other bodies were common Elements within Earth differentiated to form layered internal structure Early Earth: A Giant Impact!

2 Early Earth: Differentiation Early Earth: Atmosphere & Oceans Light elements that make up our atmosphere and oceans were aggregated to Earth from planetesimals Volcanic degassing fed the molecules to early atmosphere and oceans Early History of Inner Planets Earth had largely differentiated by 4.4 Billion years ago Other inner planets experienced similar differentiation during this time Significant differences are evident in the relative sizes of these planets cores Earth s moon preserves a history of early solar system events since its crust has not been constantly recycled through plate tectonic processes Early History of Inner Planets Moon s surface provides a record of impact bombardment history Earth: Evolution of the Continents Continental crust contains the oldest crustal material on Earth Continents are divided into tectonic provinces, which are large scale regions formed by a particular set of tectonic processes. North America provides a well known example of tectonic provinces North American Provinces

3 Canadian Shield Interior Platform Precambrian basal rocks (same as on Shield) are overlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks Basin and dome structures Basins accumulate relatively thick sedimentary packages Oldest part of the North American crust Precambrian granitic and metamorphic rocks Appalachian Fold Belt N. American Cordillera Deformation from multiple Paleozoic orogenies Records the history of the assembly of Pangaea Global Tectonic Provinces Other continents have similar tectonic provinces Continents are built by orogenic activity around stable continental nuclei called cratons Cratons consist of Precambrian shield and platform rocks Deformation from Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic activity Records the history of the Farallon Plate beneath North American continent Continental Growth Magmatic addition: In subduction zones, differentiation of silica rich rock produces new continental crustal material Vertical Process Accretion: Fragment of buoyant, continental crust becomes attached to the edge of a craton through tectonic processes Horizontal Process Accreted terrains can be identified along continental margins

4 Continental Modification Orogenies modify continents through Metamorphism Thickening of continental crust Uplift Production of structural features such as thrust faults and fold India Eurasia collision provides a modern example of orogenic activity Melting of lower crust Continental Modification Example: Assembly of Pangaea Multiple orogenies associated with the assembly of Pangaea modified the North American continent The Wilson Cycle: Evolution of Continents Geologic Record of Wilson Cycle & Supercontinents Biological Events in Earth History Biological Events in Earth History The evolution of life is recorded in the rock record by fossils Life in all three domains has originated from a common, universal ancestor Early evidence of life comes from microfossils and chemical traces of life

5 Microbes Dominated in the Precambrian Stromatolites are sedimentary features that provide evidence of abundant microbial communities for much of Earth s history Oxygenation of Precambrian Atmosphere Banded Iron Formations Grypania fossils Red Beds Geologic features provide evidence of the build up of free oxygen in the Precambrian oceans and atmosphere as a result of photosynthetic activity A second step in oxygenation is observed at the end of the Precambrian (600 Million years ago) Cambrian Explosion In the Cambrian period, a major radiation of life occurred All major groups of animals alive today originated during this radiation Cambrian Explosion Examples of fossils from before (Namacalathus) and after (Hallucigenia and Trilobites) the Cambrian Explosion History of Animal Diversity Marked by Radiations & Extinctions

Earth s Evolution Through Time

Earth s Evolution Through Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Earth s Evolution Through Time Earth 9 th edition Chapter 22 Earth s evolution: summary in haiku form Super-continents have come and gone many times: giant bumper cars.

More information

Evolution of Continents Chapter 20

Evolution of Continents Chapter 20 Evolution of Continents Chapter 20 Does not contain complete lecture notes. Mountain belts Orogenesis the processes that collectively produce a mountain belt Includes folding, thrust faulting, metamorphism,

More information

Deformation of Rocks. Orientation of Deformed Rocks

Deformation of Rocks. Orientation of Deformed Rocks Deformation of Rocks Folds and faults are geologic structures caused by deformation. Structural geology is the study of the deformation of rocks and its effects. Fig. 7.1 Orientation of Deformed Rocks

More information

NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 19, 20, 21, & 2

NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 19, 20, 21, & 2 NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 19, 20, 21, & 2 Assignment is due the beginning of the class period on December 14, 2004. Mark answers on a scantron sheet, which will be provided.

More information

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya -southern Asia 11.00.a VE 10X

More information

Chapter 10: Deformation and Mountain Building. Fig. 10.1

Chapter 10: Deformation and Mountain Building. Fig. 10.1 Chapter 10: Deformation and Mountain Building Fig. 10.1 OBJECTIVES Describe the processes of rock deformation and compare and contrast ductile and brittle behavior in rocks. Explain how strike and dip

More information

The continental lithosphere

The continental lithosphere Simplicity to complexity: The continental lithosphere Reading: Fowler p350-377 Sampling techniques Seismic refraction Bulk crustal properties, thickness velocity profiles Seismic reflection To image specific

More information

The History of the Earth

The History of the Earth The History of the Earth We have talked about how the universe and sun formed, but what about the planets and moons? Review: Origin of the Universe The universe began about 13.7 billion years ago The Big

More information

Mountain Building. Mountain Building

Mountain Building. Mountain Building Mountain Building Mountain building has occurred during the recent geologic past American Cordillera the western margin of the Americas from Cape Horn to Alaska Includes the Andes and Rocky Mountains Alpine

More information

Chapter 9 HISTORY OF EARTH

Chapter 9 HISTORY OF EARTH Chapter 9 HISTORY OF EARTH FIGURE 9.2 The solar system. This diagram shows the relative sizes of the planets as well as the asteroid belt separating the inner and outer planets. Though considered one of

More information

Nebular Hypothesis (Kant, Laplace 1796) - Earth and the other bodies of our solar system (Sun, moons, etc.) formed from a vast cloud of dust and

Nebular Hypothesis (Kant, Laplace 1796) - Earth and the other bodies of our solar system (Sun, moons, etc.) formed from a vast cloud of dust and Plate Tectonics Origin of Universe Big Bang model (Hubble, 1929) - The universe began with an explosive e expansion of matter, which later became what we know as stars, planets, moons, etc. This event

More information

Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term or phrase.

Name Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term or phrase. Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: The Changing Continents 1. What is the result of slow movements of tectonic plates? RESHAPING EARTH S CRUST In the space provided, write the letter of the definition

More information

KEY CHAPTER 12 TAKE-HOME QUIZ INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES Score Part B = / 55 PART B

KEY CHAPTER 12 TAKE-HOME QUIZ INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES Score Part B = / 55 PART B GEOLOGY 12 KEY CHAPTER 12 TAKE-HOME QUIZ INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES Score Part B = / 55 PART B CHAPTER 12 Isostacy and Structural Geology 1. Using the terms below, label the following diagrams and

More information

Lecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 12 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens

Lecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 12 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 12 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors

More information

Chapter 8: The Dynamic Planet

Chapter 8: The Dynamic Planet Chapter 8: The Dynamic Planet I. The Pace of Change A. The Geologic Time Scale II. Earth s Structure and Internal Energy A. The Earth s Core B. The Earth s Mantle C. The Earth s Crust III. The Geologic

More information

Why does the Earth have volcanoes? Why is there Earthquakes?

Why does the Earth have volcanoes? Why is there Earthquakes? Why does the Earth have volcanoes? Why is there Earthquakes? Turn to your neighbor and review: How and when did the Earth form? How old are the first traces of life on Earth? Logical? * 1.5Ga (1 st multicellular

More information

Strike-Slip Faults. ! Fault motion is parallel to the strike of the fault.

Strike-Slip Faults. ! Fault motion is parallel to the strike of the fault. Strike-Slip Faults! Fault motion is parallel to the strike of the fault.! Usually vertical, no hanging-wall/footwall blocks.! Classified by the relative sense of motion. " Right lateral opposite block

More information

In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term or phrase.

In the space provided, write the letter of the definition that best matches the term or phrase. Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: The Changing Continents 1. What is the result of slow movements of tectonic plates? RESHAPING EARTH S CRUST In the space provided, write the letter of the definition

More information

Earth s History. The principle of states that geologic processes that happened in the past can be explained by current geologic processes.

Earth s History. The principle of states that geologic processes that happened in the past can be explained by current geologic processes. Earth s History Date: Been There, Done That What is the principle of uniformitarianism? The principle of states that geologic processes that happened in the past can be explained by current geologic processes.

More information

GO ON. Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question 1.

GO ON. Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question 1. d i a g n o s t i c t e s t : e a r t h a n d s p a c e s c i e n c e question 1. 1. What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth s layers? A crust, outer core, inner core, mantle B mantle,

More information

The History of the Earth

The History of the Earth The History of the Earth Origin of the Universe The universe began about 13.9 billion years ago According to Big Bang theory almost all matter was in the form of energy E = MC 2 E = energy, M = mass and

More information

Chapter Two. Figure 02_02. Geography of the Ocean Basins. The Sea Floor

Chapter Two. Figure 02_02. Geography of the Ocean Basins. The Sea Floor Chapter Two The Sea Floor Geography of the Ocean Basins Figure 02_02 The world ocean is the predominant feature on the Earth in total area. In the Northern Hemisphere, 61% of the total area is ocean. In

More information

Today. Solar System Formation. a few more bits and pieces. Homework due

Today. Solar System Formation. a few more bits and pieces. Homework due Today Solar System Formation a few more bits and pieces Homework due Pluto Charon 3000 km Asteroids small irregular rocky bodies Comets icy bodies Formation of the Solar System How did these things come

More information

Terrestrial Planets: The Earth as a Planet

Terrestrial Planets: The Earth as a Planet Terrestrial Planets: The Earth as a Planet In today s class, we want to look at those characteristics of the Earth that are also important in our understanding of the other terrestrial planets. This is

More information

Chapter Introduction. Chapter Wrap-Up. Explosion

Chapter Introduction. Chapter Wrap-Up. Explosion Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Chapter Wrap-Up Geologic Time Ancient Earth The Cambrian Explosion How have natural events changed Earth over time? What do you think? Before you begin,

More information

180 points. 1. Lava erupts through an opening in Earth s crust called a. 2. A bowl-shaped depression that forms around the vent of a volcano is a

180 points. 1. Lava erupts through an opening in Earth s crust called a. 2. A bowl-shaped depression that forms around the vent of a volcano is a CHAPTER 18 Volcanism SECTION 18.1 Volcanoes In your textbook, read about the anatomy of a volcano and volcanic material. Completes each statement or answer the question. 25 points 180 points volcano. In

More information

Earth Science. Name Block. Unit 3 Review Worksheet. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer

Earth Science. Name Block. Unit 3 Review Worksheet. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer Earth Science Unit 3 Review Worksheet Name Block Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer 1. Which geologic principle is used when a geologist observes an outcrop or rocks and determines

More information

Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gases. The Early Archean Earth

Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gases. The Early Archean Earth Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gases The Early Archean Earth Origin of Earth s Matter The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars that existed prior to our Sun. Supernova

More information

The Proterozoic Eon (2500 ma to 540 ma)

The Proterozoic Eon (2500 ma to 540 ma) The Proterozoic Eon (2500 ma to 540 ma) December November October September August July June May April March February January 0 Ma Phanerozoic C M P 540 Ma oldest shelly fossils Proterozoic 2500 Ma first

More information

Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gases

Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gases Outline 9: Origin of the Earth: solids, liquids, and gases The Early Archean Earth Origin of Earth s Matter The earth is made of recycled elements formed in stars that existed prior to our Sun. Supernova

More information

Chapter 11. The Archean Era of Precambrian Time

Chapter 11. The Archean Era of Precambrian Time Chapter 11 The Archean Era of Precambrian Time 1 Guiding Questions When and how did Earth and its moon come into being? How did the core, mantle, crust form? Where did Archean rocks form, and what is their

More information

Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms.

Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Chapter 10 Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Reading Strategy Previewing Before you read the section,

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Continental Drift. years ago? WEGENER S HYPOTHESIS

Directed Reading. Section: Continental Drift. years ago? WEGENER S HYPOTHESIS Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Continental Drift 1. Who obtained new information about the continents and their coastlines 400 years ago? 2. What did people notice when they studied new world

More information

NC Earth Science Essential Standards

NC Earth Science Essential Standards NC Earth Science Essential Standards EEn. 2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the Lithosphere. EEn. 2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the Lithosphere.

More information

Science 20. Unit C: The Changing Earth. Assignment Booklet C1

Science 20. Unit C: The Changing Earth. Assignment Booklet C1 Science 20 Unit C: The Changing Earth Assignment Booklet C FOR TEACHER S USE ONLY Summary Teacher s Comments Chapter Assignment Total Possible Marks 60 Your Mark Science 20 Unit C: The Changing Earth Assignment

More information

Geosphere Final Exam Study Guide

Geosphere Final Exam Study Guide Geosphere Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1 Intro to Earth Systems 1. Name and describe Earth s 4 major spheres Geosphere-- nonliving, mostly solid rock divided into crust, mantle, and core Atmosphere a

More information

2/13/17. Geologic Time - Relative Age Determination. Geologic Time - Relative Age Determination. Geologic Time - Relative Age Determination

2/13/17. Geologic Time - Relative Age Determination. Geologic Time - Relative Age Determination. Geologic Time - Relative Age Determination A) Principle of Uniformitarianism = For natural disasters, uniformitarianism used to predict future events. Examples? Which rock layer is oldest (bottom, middle or top)? B) Principle of Superposition =

More information

Plate tectonics - 3. Homework 1: Due Monday. Hot Spots Magnetic Reversals Isostasy Continental Tectonics. EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System.

Plate tectonics - 3. Homework 1: Due Monday. Hot Spots Magnetic Reversals Isostasy Continental Tectonics. EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System. 2500 EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System Plate tectonics - 3 17 Sep 08 Hot Spots Magnetic Reversals Isostasy Continental Tectonics Depth (m) 6000 0 9 36 100 155 Homework 1: Due Monday Review: Fracture zone

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Precambrian Time and the Paleozoic Era EVOLUTION. beginning of life is called. to. PRECAMBRIAN TIME.

Directed Reading. Section: Precambrian Time and the Paleozoic Era EVOLUTION. beginning of life is called. to. PRECAMBRIAN TIME. Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Precambrian Time and the Paleozoic Era 1. Where is the geologic history of Earth recorded? 2. What kind of information can scientists get from the types of rock

More information

Geologic Structures. Changes in the shape and/or orientation of rocks in response to applied stress

Geologic Structures. Changes in the shape and/or orientation of rocks in response to applied stress Geologic Structures Changes in the shape and/or orientation of rocks in response to applied stress Figure 15.19 Can be as big as a breadbox Or much bigger than a breadbox Three basic types Fractures >>>

More information

The Proterozoic: Ga. Archean-early Proterozoic Continents:

The Proterozoic: Ga. Archean-early Proterozoic Continents: The Proterozoic: 2.5-0.542 Ga Early Proterozoic Orogenesis ~ modern Growth of continents and Supercontinents Life and Environments of Proterozoic Archean-early Proterozoic Continents: First large continent

More information

Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds

Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Chapter 2 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Tarbuck and Lutgens From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics Prior to the

More information

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 1 An Introduction to Geology Earth, 10e - Chapter 1 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College 3 The Science of Geology Geology is the science that pursues an understanding of planet Earth. Physical geology

More information

Earth Movement and Resultant Landforms

Earth Movement and Resultant Landforms Earth Movement and Resultant Landforms Structure of the Earth Lithosphere : earth s crust Asthenosphere : upper mantle zone where material is near its melting point & acts almost like liquid (appprox.

More information

Section 1: Continental Drift

Section 1: Continental Drift Plate Tectonics Section 1 Section 1: Continental Drift Preview Key Ideas Wegener s Hypothesis Sea-Floor Spreading Paleomagnetism Wegener Redeemed Continental Drift (Pangaea) Plate Tectonics Section 1 Key

More information

Plate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock

Plate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock Plate Tectonics I. Tectonics A. Tectonic Forces are forces generated from within Earth causing rock to become. B. 1. The study of the origin and arrangement of Earth surface including mountain belts, continents,

More information

Outline. Origin and History of Life

Outline. Origin and History of Life Origin and History of Life Chapter 19 Primitive Earth Origin of First Cells Fossils The Precambrian The Paleozoic The Mesozoic The Cenozoic Continental Drift Mass Extinctions Outline 1 2 The Primitive

More information

Plate Tectonics GEOL 101 Lecture 22 How Are Mountains Built?

Plate Tectonics GEOL 101 Lecture 22 How Are Mountains Built? Plate Tectonics GEOL 101 Lecture 22 How Are Mountains Built? The Grand Tetons, Wyoming First a Brief Review of Sea Floor Spreading Prop: Test 3 Invitations Break-Up of a Continent and Origin of an Ocean

More information

Geologic Time. What is Age? Absolute Age The number of years since the rock formed. (150 million years old, 10 thousand years old.

Geologic Time. What is Age? Absolute Age The number of years since the rock formed. (150 million years old, 10 thousand years old. Geologic Time There are 2 kinds: What is Age? Absolute Age The number of years since the rock formed. (150 million years old, 10 thousand years old.) Relative Age The age compared to the ages of other

More information

The Building of a Continent. Delving into Deep Time

The Building of a Continent. Delving into Deep Time The Building of a Continent Delving into Deep Time Methods for Studying the Past Identifying orogenies Mountain building events Mountains erode Can t study topography Study the evidence they leave behind

More information

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent. Wegener proposed that the

More information

Full file at CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics

Full file at   CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Wegener proposed continental drift after he observed evidence from fossils, glacial deposits, and the fit of the continents that suggested

More information

Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # Main Idea:

Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # Main Idea: Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # A. Viscosity Group # B. Dissolved Gases Group # II. Volcanic Material

More information

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 1 Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 10e Tarbuck & Lutgens An Introduction to Geology Earth, 10e - Chapter 1 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College 4 The Science of Geology Geology is the

More information

GEL 113 Historical Geology

GEL 113 Historical Geology GEL 113 Historical Geology COURSE DESCRIPTION: Prerequisites: GEL 111 Corequisites: None This course covers the geological history of the earth and its life forms. Emphasis is placed on the study of rock

More information

Forces That Shape Earth. How do continents move? What forces can change rocks? How does plate motion affect the rock cycle?

Forces That Shape Earth. How do continents move? What forces can change rocks? How does plate motion affect the rock cycle? Forces That Shape Earth How do continents move? What forces can change rocks? How does plate motion affect the rock cycle? Plate Motion Mountain ranges are produced by plate tectonics. The theory of plate

More information

Name Date EARTH S HISTORY VOCABULARY

Name Date EARTH S HISTORY VOCABULARY Name Date EARTH S HISTORY VOCABULARY Use Figure 2 to answer the following two questions. 10. Interpreting Graphics Which is older the sandstone layer or Dike A? Explain your answer. Conglomerate Sandstone

More information

Notes on Life & Geologic Time Name:

Notes on Life & Geologic Time Name: Notes on Life & Geologic Time Name: S.W.B.A.T Explain how time can be divided into units Relate changes of Earth s to divisions on the geologic time scale Describe how plate tectonics affects Geologic

More information

SCIENCE SAMPLER ~ Geology ~ Unit 4 of 5

SCIENCE SAMPLER ~ Geology ~ Unit 4 of 5 College Guild PO Box 6448, Brunswick ME 04011 SCIENCE SAMPLER ~ Geology ~ Unit 4 of 5 1 Over the past three units we have learned about the birth of the universe, the laws of nature, and the structure

More information

Can t t wait to take Exam 4!

Can t t wait to take Exam 4! Can t t wait to take Exam 4! Really can t wait to study for the final exam! 1 2 Housekeeping Exam 4: study glossaries, chapter questions TA lab closed after Tues. How to study for exam 4 Make lists for

More information

2/5/17. #7 Geologic Time #7 Geologic Time

2/5/17. #7 Geologic Time #7 Geologic Time #7 #7 = all of time since Earth formed (4.6 billion years ago, b.y.a.). Geologists study rocks, fossils, geologic structures (faults, folds) to characterize Earth's history. Natural disasters involve present-day.

More information

EARTH S INTERIOR, EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS AND PLATE BOUNDARIES

EARTH S INTERIOR, EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS AND PLATE BOUNDARIES EARTH S INTERIOR, EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS AND PLATE BOUNDARIES LAYERS OF THE EARTH Crust Inner Core Most Dense Solid Iron & Nickel Mantle Thickest layer Outer Core Liquid Iron & Nickel ANOTHER LOOK

More information

What is Earth Science? Earth science is the branch of science dealing with the constitution of the earth and its atmosphere.

What is Earth Science? Earth science is the branch of science dealing with the constitution of the earth and its atmosphere. What is Earth Science? Earth science is the branch of science dealing with the constitution of the earth and its atmosphere. 1 2 The Branches of Earth Science Major Astronomy (celestial objects, space,

More information

The Early Ages. Chapter 8. The Archean

The Early Ages. Chapter 8. The Archean Chapter 8 The Archean The formative phase of Earth and Moon took place 4.6 to 3.9 billion years ago. At the end of the formative phase, the Earth s first real geological epoch, the Archean, began. During

More information

The Main Point. Other Properties Earth has one large Moon. Earth has a strong Magnetic Field. Lecture #11: Earth: Geology and Interior

The Main Point. Other Properties Earth has one large Moon. Earth has a strong Magnetic Field. Lecture #11: Earth: Geology and Interior Lecture #11: Earth: Geology and Interior Overview of Earth's basic properties. Earth's Interior and Surface: Composition and Structure. Surface Geologic Processes. Evolution of the Surface. Reading: Chapters

More information

The History of Life. Before You Read. Read to Learn

The History of Life. Before You Read. Read to Learn 14 The History of Life section 1 Fossil Evidence of Change Before You Read Throughout Earth s history, many species have become extinct. On the lines below, name some organisms that have become extinct.

More information

EARTH S HISTORY. What is Geology? logy: science. Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, including its:

EARTH S HISTORY. What is Geology? logy: science. Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, including its: EARTH S HISTORY 1 What is Geology? Geo: earth logy: science Geology is the scientific study of the Earth, including its: composition, structure, and physical properties. 2 1 Geologists study: the origin

More information

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 2 THE EARTH Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College of Education

More information

Earth Science, (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 10: Mountain Building

Earth Science, (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 10: Mountain Building Earth Science, (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 10: Mountain Building 1) A(n) fault has little or no vertical movements of the two blocks. A) stick slip B) oblique slip C) strike slip D) dip slip 2) In a(n) fault,

More information

UNIT 4: History Of Biological Diversity

UNIT 4: History Of Biological Diversity UNIT 4: History Of Biological Diversity CHAPTER 14: The History of Life PAST NOW FUTURE? What is this? Earth s Early history Approximately 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth was formed when many pieces of

More information

Introduction To Plate Tectonics Evolution. (Continents, Ocean Basins, Mountains and Continental Margins)

Introduction To Plate Tectonics Evolution. (Continents, Ocean Basins, Mountains and Continental Margins) Introduction To Plate Tectonics Evolution (Continents, Ocean Basins, Mountains and Continental Margins) Geo 386 (Arabian Shield Course) Dr. Bassam A. A. Abuamarah Mohanna G E O 3 8 6 A R A B I A N G E

More information

Phanerozoic (last 0.54 by) Tectonics Climate Life

Phanerozoic (last 0.54 by) Tectonics Climate Life Phanerozoic (last 0.54 by) Tectonics Climate Life Tools for Locating Past Continent Positions Fossils depending on climate Alignment of geological features Geometrical fit of continental margins Similarity

More information

REFERENCE: The Blue Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science. Brian J. Skinner and Barbara W. Murck (2011) Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons

REFERENCE: The Blue Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science. Brian J. Skinner and Barbara W. Murck (2011) Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons REFERENCE: The Blue Planet An Introduction to Earth System Science. Brian J. Skinner and Barbara W. Murck (2011) Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. It is the solid Earth composed primarily of: :

More information

Why Does Oceanic Crust Sink Beneath Continental Crust At Convergent Boundaries

Why Does Oceanic Crust Sink Beneath Continental Crust At Convergent Boundaries Why Does Oceanic Crust Sink Beneath Continental Crust At Convergent Boundaries What is the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean Why does oceanic crust sink beneath continental crust

More information

Geologic Time. Decoding the Age of our Planet & North Carolina

Geologic Time. Decoding the Age of our Planet & North Carolina Geologic Time Decoding the Age of our Planet & North Carolina The Geologic Time Scale Objectives Describe the geologic time scale. Distinguish among the following geologic time scale divisions: eon, era,

More information

The Lithosphere and the Tectonic System. The Structure of the Earth. Temperature 3000º ºC. Mantle

The Lithosphere and the Tectonic System. The Structure of the Earth. Temperature 3000º ºC. Mantle The Lithosphere and the Tectonic System Objectives: Understand the structure of the planet Earth Review the geologic timescale as a point of reference for the history of the Earth Examine the major relief

More information

What does the solar system look like?

What does the solar system look like? What does the solar system look like? The solar system exhibits clear patterns of composition and motion. These patterns are far more important and interesting than numbers, names, and other trivia. Relative

More information

Phys 214. Planets and Life

Phys 214. Planets and Life Phys 214. Planets and Life Dr. Cristina Buzea Department of Physics Room 259 E-mail: cristi@physics.queensu.ca (Please use PHYS214 in e-mail subject) Lecture 10. Geology and life. Part 1 (Page 99-123)

More information

Directed Reading. Section: How Mountains Form MOUNTAIN RANGES AND SYSTEMS. Skills Worksheet

Directed Reading. Section: How Mountains Form MOUNTAIN RANGES AND SYSTEMS. Skills Worksheet Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: How Mountains Form 1. How high is Mount Everest? a. about 1980 km above sea level b. more than 8 km below sea level c. more than 8 km above sea level d. more

More information

Mountains are then built by deforming crust: Deformation & Mountain Building. Mountains form where stresses are high!

Mountains are then built by deforming crust: Deformation & Mountain Building. Mountains form where stresses are high! Deformation & Mountain Building Where are mountains located? Deformation and Folding Mountain building Mountains form where stresses are high! Mountains form at all three types of plate boundaries where

More information

1. Be able to explain how the development of a magnetosphere affected the evolution of Earth s atmosphere (3) Atmosphere 1. Be able to describe the

1. Be able to explain how the development of a magnetosphere affected the evolution of Earth s atmosphere (3) Atmosphere 1. Be able to describe the I. Evolution 1. be able to define biologic evolution. 2. be able to define and apply the principles of Natural Selection. 3. be able to describe Gregor Mendel s experiment with pea plants. a) be able to

More information

Origin of solar system. Origin of solar system. Geology of the Hawaiian Islands. Any Questions? Class 2 15 January 2004

Origin of solar system. Origin of solar system. Geology of the Hawaiian Islands. Any Questions? Class 2 15 January 2004 Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 2 15 January 2004 Any Questions? Origin of solar system Pick a theory, any theory, but it must be consistent with these facts: Planets all revolve around the Sun in

More information

Any Questions? 99.9 % of mass is in the Sun; 99 % of angular momentum is in the planets. Planets in two groups:

Any Questions? 99.9 % of mass is in the Sun; 99 % of angular momentum is in the planets. Planets in two groups: Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 2 15 January 2004 Any Questions? Origin of solar system Pick a theory, any theory, but it must be consistent with these facts: Planets all revolve around the Sun in

More information

Absolute Age - Radioactive Decay. Absolute Age - Isotopes. Absolute Age - Radioactive Decay

Absolute Age - Radioactive Decay. Absolute Age - Isotopes. Absolute Age - Radioactive Decay GEOL 100 (Planet Earth) #12 - Earth s Clock Geologic Time - Absolute Age Absolute Age = age of rock (or geologic event) in years. Need constant process as well as record of process; constant process in

More information

Earth as Planet. Earth s s Magnetic Field. The Earth s s Crust. Earth s s Interior

Earth as Planet. Earth s s Magnetic Field. The Earth s s Crust. Earth s s Interior Earth as Planet Earth s s Interior The Earth is a medium size planet with a diameter of 12,756 kilometers (7926 miles) Composed primarily of iron, silicon, and oxygen Nearly circular orbit and just the

More information

Unit 6: Interpreting Earth s History

Unit 6: Interpreting Earth s History Unit 6: Interpreting Earth s History How do we know that the Earth has changed over time? Regent s Earth Science Name: Topics Relative Dating Uniformitarianism Superposition Original Horizontality Igneous

More information

Tectonic plates of the world

Tectonic plates of the world Mountain Building Tectonic plates of the world ISOSTACY Isostatic Rebound crust rises as a result of removal of mass This iceberg also demonstrates the process of isostatic rebound. Types of Mountains

More information

Theory of Continental Drift

Theory of Continental Drift Plate Tectonics Theory of Continental Drift Alfred Wegener suggested that continents had once been part of a supercontinent named Pangaea, that later broke up. The pieces moved apart over millions of years

More information

Planet Earth. Our Home APOD

Planet Earth. Our Home APOD Planet Earth Our Home APOD 1 Earth a highly evolved planet = altered dramatically since formation, due to flow of energy from interior to surface 2 Planet Earth Facts diameter (equator) 12,756 km radius

More information

60% water. Big Bang: 14,000 millions years ago The Earth originated about 4,500 millions years ago its orbit allows water to exist in a liquid state!

60% water. Big Bang: 14,000 millions years ago The Earth originated about 4,500 millions years ago its orbit allows water to exist in a liquid state! Ch2. The Sea Floor #1 Why geology of the oceans? Marine habitats are directly shaped by geological processes The form of the coastlines The depth of the water Type of bottom (muddy, sandy, rocky) #2 Geological

More information

I. Earth s Layers a. Crust: Earth s outside layer. Made of mostly rock. i. Continental: er; made of mostly granite, forms the continents and shallow

I. Earth s Layers a. Crust: Earth s outside layer. Made of mostly rock. i. Continental: er; made of mostly granite, forms the continents and shallow I. Earth s Layers a. Crust: Earth s outside layer. Made of mostly rock. i. Continental: er; made of mostly granite, forms the continents and shallow sea beds, floats! ii. Oceanic: er; dense rock such as

More information

* If occurs, fossils that formed in shallow water may be found in water. Subsidence mean the crust is.

* If occurs, fossils that formed in shallow water may be found in water. Subsidence mean the crust is. Name Notes: Topic 5B Topic 5B: The Dynamic Crust A. What evidence exists that proves the Earth s Crust is and has moved? Earth Science 1. Tilted, folded or faulted strata Strata is a term that refers to.

More information

Formation of the Earth and Solar System

Formation of the Earth and Solar System Formation of the Earth and Solar System a. Supernova and formation of primordial dust cloud. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS b. Condensation of primordial dust. Forms disk-shaped nubular cloud rotating counterclockwise.

More information

Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift

Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Predecessor to modern plate tectonics Shape and fit of the continents was the initial evidence Snider-Pelligrini (1858) Taylor (1908) Wegner (1915) Fig.

More information

Earth s Interior. Use Target Reading Skills. Exploring Inside Earth

Earth s Interior. Use Target Reading Skills. Exploring Inside Earth Plate Tectonics Name Date Class Earth s Interior This section explains how scientists learn about Earth s interior. The section also describes the layers that make up Earth and explains why Earth acts

More information

Earth. Properties of Earth. Earth's Interior. Earth is the planet that we know best

Earth. Properties of Earth. Earth's Interior. Earth is the planet that we know best Earth Earth is the planet that we know best Our observations of the other planets are all compared to the conditions and properties of Earth Properties of Earth Semimajor Axis Orbital Eccentricity Orbital

More information

Geologic Time. Early Earth History

Geologic Time. Early Earth History chapter 10 3 Geologic Time section 2 Early Earth History Before You Read Think of a picture of a volcano you have seen. Describe what Earth would be like if the land were almost completely covered with

More information

The Earth s Structure. The Lithosphere and Tectonic. The Lithosphere and Tectonic. System. Chapter 12. The Earth s Interior

The Earth s Structure. The Lithosphere and Tectonic. The Lithosphere and Tectonic. System. Chapter 12. The Earth s Interior The Lithosphere and Tectonic System Chapter 12 The Lithosphere and Tectonic System The theory describing the changing configuration of the continents through time is called plate tectonics. Plate tectonic

More information

Plate Tectonics. Earth has distinctive layers - Like an onion

Plate Tectonics. Earth has distinctive layers - Like an onion Plate Tectonics Earth has distinctive layers - Like an onion Earth s Interior Core: Metallic (Iron, Nickel) Inner (hot, solid, dense, Iron, Nickel) Outer (cooler, liquid, less dense) Crust (outermost layer):

More information

sonar seismic wave basalt granite

sonar seismic wave basalt granite geologist sonar crust geology seismic wave mantle constructive force basalt inner core destructive force granite outer core The solid, rocky, surface layer of the earth. an instrument that can find objects

More information