Naturally Occurring Asbestos:
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1 RJ LeeGroup, Inc. Naturally Occurring Asbestos: A Recurring Public Policy Challenge R. J. Lee, B. R. Strohmeier, K. L. Bunker, and D. R. Van Orden RJ Lee Group, Inc. 350 Hochberg Road Monroeville, PA 15146
2 Main Points of Presentation 1. What is Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA) and where is it found? 2. What are the key scientific and public policy issues regarding NOA? Example El Dorado Hills, CA. 3. Complementary methodologies for properly characterizing NOA in mixed mineral dust: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) 2
3 Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA) Asbestos, in current regulations and analytical methods, is a commercial term defined as the asbestiform variety of six silicate minerals: Chrysotile - Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 Crocidolite (riebeckite asbestos) - Na 2 Fe 2+ 3,Fe3+ 2 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Amosite (cummingtonite-grunerite asbestos) - (Mg,Fe 2+ ) 7 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Anthophyllite asbestos - Mg 7 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Chrysotile, Gila County, AZ Tremolite asbestos - Ca 2 Mg 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Actinolite asbestos - Ca 2 (Mg,Fe 2+ ) 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) is the general all-encompassing name given to asbestos minerals found in-place in their natural state. 3
4 Asbestiform vs. Non-Asbestiform Minerals 4
5 ASBESTIFORM As the drawings above illustrate, asbestiform (asbestos-like) minerals consist of fibers that grow almost exclusively in one dimension, are easily bent and occur as bundles of smaller fibers, which are called fibrils. In fact, the bundling effect of asbestiform minerals is a unique distinguishing feature. Some asbestiform minerals display splayed ends. Asbestiform minerals also are long and thin, with aspect (lengthto-width) ratios of typically 20:1 to 100:1 or greater. Most asbestiform fibers are less than 0.1 microns in width, and nearly all are less than 0.5 micron. Individual fibers are only visible with the aid of a microscope. 5
6 ROCKS Unlike asbestiform minerals, ordinary rock-forming minerals grow in several directions at once. Under pressure, unlike asbestiform minerals which bend, ordinary rock-forming minerals fracture easily into particles called cleavage fragments. Of those, some are needle-shaped (acicular), and some show stair-step cleavage patterns. Cleavage fragments tend to be shorter and thicker than their asbestiform counterparts; nearly all have widths that exceed 0.5 microns and lengths below about 10 microns. 6
7 Occurrences of amphibole minerals (green) and known asbestos deposits (yellow) in the contiguous United States. Chrysotile Eden Mills, VT Tremolite-Actinolite rock Libby, MT California serpentine rock with veins of chrysotile Actinolite Asbestos Fairfax County, VA NOA has existed in the environment for millions of years. However, asbestos, whether it exists naturally in the ground or in manufactured products, is still asbestos and poses a significant potential health hazard if it is released into the air and inhaled. 7
8 Dust-Creating Human Activities 8
9 Major Issues Concerning NOA There is a lack of defined analytical methods that provide cost effective discrimination between asbestos fibers and rock fragments. Commercial asbestos definitions dictated in regulations are inconsistent with scientific definitions for fibrous materials developed by mineralogists. Do the mineralogical distinctions between NOA and rock fragments extend to their biological and health effects? The limitations of the current scientific methods used to estimate the risk of asbestos exposure. Lack of uniform policies and different interpretations of regulatory rules and scientific results have resulted in wide discrepancies in asbestos assessments and recommended remedial actions in many areas. 9
10 Asbestos Identification in the Real World Current analytical protocols were primarily designed to assess occupational asbestos (chrysotile) exposure in the workplace. Asbestos counting rules often simply specify the size and shape of fibers, i.e., aspect ratio > 3:1, > 5 µm length, parallel sides. Many commercial asbestos laboratories are unfamiliar with the identification and characterization of amphibole asbestos species. Laboratories often report any particles meeting the counting rules as asbestos for simplicity and because of potential liability. 10
11 Repercussions of NOA Misidentification Overestimation of environmental asbestos levels and exposure risk based on incorrect science will mistakenly alarm the public and divert attention and financial resources from more socially important endeavors. Underestimation of environmental asbestos levels and exposure risk can result in failures to properly protect the public health. The ultimate consequence of not correcting the current controversies surrounding proper NOA identification will be inaccurate environmental asbestos concentrations and scientifically inaccurate risk assessments. 11
12 Asbestos Reported in El Dorado Hills, CA EPA Analysis Report, released May 2005 Series of activity-based air sampling (hiking, biking, and simulated baseball games) and soil sampling. Reported the presence of asbestos at elevated levels in air at breathing heights for children and adults. RJLG conducted peer review of the EPA report and underlying data, November 2005 Based on mineralogy, 63% of the amphibole particles identified as asbestos fibers cannot be asbestos. U.S. Geological Survey report, late 2006 if the USEPA study had been conducted as an enforcement action, it would be difficult to classify the majority of actinolite-magnesiohornblende of the El Dorado Hills area as an actionable material because (1) the majority of the particles are prismatic, not fibrous, and (2) approximately 40 percent of the particles are magnesiohornblende. Images taken from noa/eldorado/index.html 12
13 Mitigation Costs in El Dorado Hills, CA Recent mitigation efforts over alleged asbestos at Oak Ridge High School had a cost of over $1.7 million. Cost related to mitigation efforts for a new elementary school has been in excess of $1.8 million. Data from the adjoining community of Folsom, CA indicates that their cost will be in excess of $5 million to mitigate alleged NOA concerns during the construction of a new high school. 13
14 Complementary TEM and SEM Techniques for the Characterization of Mixed Mineral Environments TEM SEM 14
15 Complementary TEM and SEM Techniques for the Characterization of Mixed Mineral Environments TEM Technique called-for under current regulations Provides projection image (no surface details and limited morphology) Provides chemistry (EDS) Provides crystallography (SAED) SEM FESEM provides comparable magnifications to TEM Allows observation of unique morphological features not seen in TEM Provides chemistry (EDS) Crystallography only with specialized equipment 15
16 Complementary TEM and FESEM Characterization TEM Image FESEM Image 1 µm Comparison of TEM and FESEM images for a bundle of asbestos fibers from a Canadian chrysotile mine 16
17 Complementary TEM and FESEM Characterization TEM Image FESEM Image 1 µm TEM identified (EDS/SAED) this structure as chrysotile. FESEM showed that the structure is a bundle of fibers. 17
18 Complementary TEM and FESEM Characterization TEM Image FESEM Image 1 µm 1 µm TEM identified (EDS/SAED) this El Dorado Hills soil particle as actinolite. The FESEM image shows that the particle is a non-asbestiform rock fragment. 18
19 Typical Amphibole Rock Fragment from El Dorado Hills Soil Results indicate that most elongated amphibole mineral particles in El Dorado Hills soil are not asbestiform. This nonasbestiform actinolite rock fragment shows well-defined cleavage planes. FESEM Image 1 µm 19
20 Complementary TEM and FESEM Characterization TEM Image FESEM Image 2 µm 1 µm TEM identified (EDS/SAED) this El Dorado Hills soil particle as actinolite. The FESEM image shows that the particle is a non-asbestiform rock fragment. 20
21 Complementary TEM and FESEM Characterization TEM Image FESEM Image 2 µm 2 µm TEM identified (EDS/SAED) this El Dorado Hills soil particle as actinolite. The FESEM image shows that the particle is a non-asbestiform rock fragment. 21
22 Dimensions and Morphology of Rock Fragments vs. Asbestos Fibers FESEM Image Rock Fragment FESEM Image Chrysotile Bundle 2.2 µm 2.2 µm 2 µm 2 µm Some researchers contend that rock (cleavage) fragments can have the same diameter and dimensions as airborne asbestos fibers. This concept is a myth. 22
23 Summary The emerging practice of fully characterizing (chemistry, crystallography, and morphology) mixed mineral dust on a particle-byparticle basis is possible with a complementary TEM/FESEM approach. Accurate characterization of mixed mineral dusts will be important for: a) the development of accepted analytical protocols for separating NOA from related rock fragments; b) correct interpretation of results from risk evaluation and health studies involving NOA and rock fragments; and c) the development of effective public policies for managing NOA, minimizing potential hazards, and protecting the public health. 23
24 Summary (cont.) Recommendation An independent government-funded and peerreviewed panel study on NOA would be the most effective way to: a) develop reliable national NOA analytical methods that are: i) reproducible; ii) follow accepted scientific and laboratory practices; and iii) result in remediation actions that are conducted only when they are truly necessary to protect health; and b) establish a consensus among the medical community as to the health effects of asbestos and non-asbestiform rock fragments, particularly in mixed mineral dust environments. 24
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