ABRUPT CLIMATIC CHANGES AND DEEP WATER CIRCULATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC

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1 ABRUPT CLIMATIC CHANGES AND DEEP WATER CIRCULATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC Carlo Laj and Catherine Kissel Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l Environnement Gif-sur-Yvette, France

2 How fast did scientists realize that climate can change change abruptly? 1950s ~ tens of thousands of years 1970s ~ thousands of years 1980s ~ hundreds of years

3 GISP2

4 δ 18 0 (SMOW) time GISP (kyr) warm Core GRIP ~15 C Core GISP2 cold δ 18 0 (SMOW) time GISP (years)

5 time GISP (kyr) warm -34 δ 18 0 (SMOW) δ 18 0 (SMOW) -42 cold time GISP (years)

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7 How fast did scientists realize that climate can change change abruptly? 1950s ~ tens of thousands of years 1970s ~ thousands of years 1980s ~ hundreds of years After Greenland ~ decades!!!!!

8 Thermohaline circulation

9 Cosmic Rays Atmosphere 14 N 14 C 14 C is dissolved in the ocean warm upper layers 14 C reaches lower layers Cold bottom layers 14 C desintegrates in 14 N (1% every 82 years)

10 Age (years) of bottom waters obtained from 14 C determinations < to to to to 1500 > 1500

11 m 500 m 1000 m 1500 m 2000 m 3000 m 4000 m

12 Some facts about the thermohaline circulation: Carries twenty times more water than the combined world rivers. The amount of heat transferred from sea to air is about 30% of that received by the entire North Atlantic from the Sun. Major climatic factor!!!!

13 Question: Did the conveyor belt change during abrupt climatic events?

14 DSDP site 609 % N. pachyderma s. MIS H1 H2 H3 H4 MIS3 H5 Ash II MIS4 H6 MIS5b -34 GRIP δ 18 O (SMOW) Echelle d âge GRIP (kyr) Bond et al 1995.

15 Edouard Bard Physics Today (Dec. 2002)

16 profond Photo: Elsa Cortijo (LSCE)

17 H2 H3 H4 H5 H GISP2 time scale (kyr) NADW normalised to its present value

18 H4 Cd/Ca ( GPC-5; MD ) Benthic δ 13 C GISP2 age model (kyr) Benthic δ 13 C + Cd/Ca from Keigwin and Boyle, 1999

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30 QuickTime et un décompresseur Photo - JPEG sont requis pour visualiser cette image.

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35 H2 H3 H4 H5 H GISP2 time scale (kyr) NADW normalised to its present value

36 magnetic matrix magnetic North Clays, biotites pyroxenes Coarse magnetic grains non magnetic grains Magnetic grains with «remanent» magnetization = dilutant

37 Paleomagnetic signal from sediments Earth magnetic field Environmental setting Declination Inclination Intensity of the natural magnetic vector Nature Grain size Concentration Preferential alignement of the magnetic grains History of the earth magnetic field Stratigraphic correlations Correlations within the same basin Environmental changes Source Transport Deposition

38 NADW 70 PS GISP 2 MD the cores are all located on the present path of the NADW SU the cores are all characterized by high sedimentation rates (10 to 30 cm/kyr) during last glacial period SU MD MD SU MD

39 70 PS GISP 2 MD IRD content (N/g dry sed.) > 150 µm 4000 k (10-3 SI) H3 PS H4 H5 H depth (m) 3 4 planktic δ 18 O ( ) vs PDB IRD content (N/g dry sed.) > 500 µm k (10-3 SI) MD H3 H4 H5 H depth (m) A. Voelker T. Dokken Some minima in the magnetic record coïncide with light planktic δ 18 O peaks and with IRD peaks. They are identified as Heinrich events planktic δ 18 O ( ) vs PDB

40 Intercorrelation of cores The high frequency variations in concentration can be inter-correlated using: ARM (10-1 A/m) = concentration in fine grained magnetites SU90-33 SU90-16 SU90-24 PS MD The Heinrich events (HE) and the ash layer I 1 0 MD ) The oscillations between HE MD depth (arbitrary unit)

41 Correlation with the record from Greenland ice age (kyr) δ 18 0 (SMOW) -37 GISP δ 18 0 (pdb) PS depth (cm) 5 Voelker et al., 1998

42 Tansfert of ice age model to marine sediments δ 18 0 (SMOW) GISP δ 18 0 (pdb) PS age model (GISP2) 5 Voelker et al., 1998

43 Using the correlation proposed by Voelker et al., the magnetic records can be transfered on the GISP2 age model ARM (10-1 A/m) (~ concentration in fine grain magnetites) IS H3 SU90-33 SU90-24 MD H4 H5 H MD age model GISP GISP2 SU90-16 PS MD Ash ZoneII Laschamp event 10 Be peak

44 Basaltic sources NADW The main source for magnetites in the studied sediments is the basaltic Iceland-Faeroe province. 70 PS SU GISP 2 MD All the cores are distributed along the NADW path,downstream with respect to the source 50 SU MD MD SU MD

45 ARM illustrates the amount of fine grained magnetites GISP 2 This parameter is better adapted than susceptibility because it is not sensitive to the variations of clay mineralogy. ARM (10^-6 A/m) Time (GISP2 age model)

46 ARM (arbitrary unit) Time (GISP2 age model)

47 ARM (10-1 A/m) κ (10-3 SI) H2 H3 H4 H5 H GISP2 age scale (kyr)

48 Cd/Ca ( GPC-5; MD ) ARM (10-1 A/m) GISP2 age model (kyr) Benthic δ 13 C Benthic δ 13 C + Cd/Ca from Keigwin and Boyle, 1999

49 800 H3 ARM ARM H4 H5 GISP2-d18O ARM (10-3 A/m) δ 18 O (% SMOW) Age model GISP2 (kyr) The normalized ARM stack illustrates the relative changes in the NADW strength during the last glacial period Laj et al., 2002

50 1 0.8? H2 H3 H4 H5 H GISP2 time scale (kyr) NADW normalised to its present value

51 P.I.C.A.S.S.O cruise (2003) R. V. Marion Dufresne (IPEV) G C 2683G 2684C G C G 2671C C 2665C C CH C

52 CH IRM30* ARM0* K (10-6 SI) datations 14C time (kyr) Study underway at

53 3.0 MD (Calypso) Low field susc. (10-5 SI) Depth (m) Study underway at

54 First step towards a quantitative evaluation of changes in the strength of the NADW. The story continues Solution hopefully at GIFT-2005!

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