Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland

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2 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Geological Survey of Finland Eastern Finland Office P.O.Box Kuopio Finland Tel

3 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION OF THE QUARRY MINERALOGY SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS DESCRIPTION OF TEST Petrographic description, EN 12407: MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS DESCRIPTION OF TESTS Water absorption at atmospheric pressure, EN 13755: Determination of apparent density and open porosity, EN 1936: Freeze/thaw resistance, EN 12371: Flexural strength under concentrated load, EN 12372: Compressive strength, EN 1926: Abrasion resistance, EN Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity, EN 1925: Measurement of the slip resistance value (SRV), EN 1342, EN 1341 and EN Thermal shock, EN 14066: Breaking load at dowel hole, EN 13364: Water vapour permeability, EN

4 1 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 1. GENERAL INFORMATION The tests performed enable CE marking of the products according to the following harmonized product standards: EN 1341 EN 1342 EN 1343 EN 1469 EN EN Slabs of natural stones for external paving. Requirements and test methods. Setts of natural stone for external paving. Requirements and test methods Kerbs of natural stone for external paving. Requirements and test methods Natural stone products. Slabs for cladding. Requirements Natural stone products. Modular tiles. Requirements Natural stone products. Slabs for floors and stairs. Requirements

5 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 2 2. LOCATION OF THE QUARRY Company: Palin Granit Oy P.O. Box 55 FIN TURKU Finland Stone: Esko Brown The Esko Brown quarry is situated in the municipality of Taivassalo in south-western Finland. The WGS84 coordinates of the quarry are: N , E Basemaps: National Land Survey of Finland, licence no MML/VIR/TIPA/217/10 and Logica Suomi Oy.

6 3 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 3. MINERALOGY 3.1. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS Producer Stone Palin Granit Oy Esko Brown Mineral Wt% K_feldspar 40,7 Quartz 28,8 Plagioclase 21,2 Amphibole 6,4 Biotite 2,2 Others 0,7 Total 99, DESCRIPTION OF TEST Petrographic description, EN 12407:2000 Company that required the test: Palin Granit Oy P.O. Box 55 FIN TURKU Finland Specimen code: Sample: P 9 Esko Brown Laboratory: Address: Geological Survey of Finland / geologist Hannu Luodes Research scientist Oleg Knauf Geological Survey of Finland P.O.Box KUOPIO FINLAND The date of preparation of the thin section: Dimension of the thin section: 35 x 25 mm The date of the examination: Identification number: GTK P9

7 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 4 Sample: P 9 Macroscopic description The colour of the fresh surface is brown. The stone has a rapakivi structure. It consists of larger K-feldspar grains, with diameter of several centimetres, surrounded by mass of smaller grains composed of all minerals. Microscopic description Mineral Wt % (1) Dimension (mm) K_feldspar 40,7 0,7-17 Anhedral Anisometric Not definable Quartz 28,8 Under 8 Anhedral Anisometric Partly definable Plagioclase 21,2 Under 4,5 Subhedral Anisometric Not definable Amphibole 6,4 0,1-8 Anhedral Anisometric Partly definable Biotite 2,2 Under 3 Subhedral Anisometric Partly definable Habit Shape Boundaries Distribution Orientation Remarks Homogeneous Isotropic Homogeneous Isotropic Homogeneous Isotropic Homogeneous Isotropic Homogeneous Isotropic Others 0,7 Under 2 Anhedral Anisometric Partly Homogeneous Isotropic definable 1) Mineral composition determined by MLA equipment with XMOD_std method measurement points. Slightly altered to sericite Somewhat altered to sericite Somewhat altered to ilmenite and magnetite Somewhat altered to ilmenite and magnetite In the microscope the rock consists of large K-feldspar grains with smaller plagioclase, quartz and amphibole grains. The rock contains also biotite with small amounts of ilmenite and magnetite. K- feldspar, plagioclase amphibole and biotite are partly altered. According to the thin section and sample the rock is RAPAKIVI GRANITE.

8 5 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland

9 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 6 4. MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Laboratory: Stone Pole Laboratory, Juuka, Finland / Researcher Mrs Nike Luodes 4.1. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS Producer Palin Granit Oy Stone Esko Brown Standard Test EN Water absorption (%) mean value 0,14 Standard deviation (%) 0,01 EN 1936 Apparent Density (kg/m3) mean value 2680 density from... To...(kg/m3) 2670 to 2680 Standard deviation(kg/m3) 5 EN 1936 Open porosity (%) mean value 0,38 standard deviation (%) 0,04 EN Flexural strength (MPa) mean value 12 Standard deviation(mpa) 1,5 Min exp value(mpa) 9,1 EN Flexural strength after frost (MPa) mean value 11,2 Change in mean flexural strength after 48 cycles (%) 6,7 Standard deviation(mpa) 1,4 Min exp value(mpa) 8,3 EN 1926 Compression strength (MPa) mean value 176 Standard deviation(mpa) 14,2 Min exp value(mpa) 145 EN Compression strength after frost (MPa) mean value 197 Standard deviation(mpa) 16,5 Min exp value(mpa) 159 EN 1925 Water absorption by Capillarity C (g/m 2 s 0,5 ) mean value 0,394 Standard deviation(g/m 2 s 0,5 ) 0,033 EN and CE standards of reference Skid resistance - dry polished mean value 52,7 Skid resistance - wet polished mean value 7,1 Skid resistance - dry honed mean value 53,9 Skid resistance - wet honed mean value 30,8 EN and CE standards of reference Abrasion resistance (mm) mean value 17 EN Resistance at the anchoring system Mean breaking Load(N) 2450 Min exp value (N) 1845 Standard deviation (N) 300 d1(mm) 9,6 ba(mm) 41,3 EN Resistance to Thermal shock visual changes no max Mass change (%) 0,04 max res. Freq. change (%) 9,7 NR EN 1925 Water absorption by Capillarity C (g/m 2 s 0,5 ) parallel mean value no directions Standard deviation EN water vapour resistance factor µ dry water vapour resistance factor µ wet 10000

10 7 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 4.2. DESCRIPTION OF TESTS Water absorption at atmospheric pressure, EN 13755:2002 The water absorption test has been performed following the standard SFS-EN 13755:2002 Natural stone test methods. Determination of water absorption at atmospheric pressure The specimens has been dried at constant mass, weighted, immersed gradually in water at atmospheric pressure and weighted in air when saturated. The water absorption has been calculated as 100*(ms-md)/md md: 2 nd dry weigh (+24 h) ms: saturated weigh The mean value, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation are given besides the uncertainty of the result. Number and Dimensions (mm)- 6 specimens :50 mm x 50 mm x 50mm Surface finish : saw RESULTS: Specimen codes: P9/1 P9/2 P9/3 P9/4 P9/5 P9/6 m d (g) 356,86 350,84 355,61 351,48 349,14 352,58 m s (g) 357,35 351,34 356,17 351,96 349,62 353,12 Water absorption A b (%) 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,2 Mean value m (%) 0,14 Standard dev. s (%) 0,01 Coef. of variation v 0,06 Uncertainty A b (%) 0,00

11 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Determination of apparent density and open porosity, EN 1936:1999 The apparent density and open porosity test has been performed following the standard SFS-EN 1936:1999 Natural stone test method. Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity. The specimens have been dried at constant mass, weighted (m d ), cooled down in a desiccator, put under vacuum for 1 day, introduced water under vacuum and let them there for 1 day, stop the vacuum and let them under water at atmospheric pressure for 1 day. Then the specimens have been weighted in water (m h ) and in air (m s ). The apparent density has been calculated as: ρ rh *m d /(m s -m h ) in which ρ rh is the density of water at 20ºC =998 kg/m 3. The results of the specimens have been approximated to the nearest 10kg/m 3 and also the average value has the same approximation. The open porosity has been calculated as: 100* (m s -m d )/(m s -m h ) and the results and the average value have been approximated to the nearest 0,1%. The mean value, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation are given besides the uncertainty of the result. Number and Dimensions (mm)- 6 specimens :50 mm x 50 mm x 50mm Surface finish : saw Specimen codes: P9/1 P9/2 P9/3 P9/4 P9/5 P9/6 m d (g) 356,95 350,95 355,69 351,56 349,24 352,65 m h (g) 224,51 220,36 223,86 221,24 219,12 221,79 m s (g) 357,41 351,42 356,24 352,03 349,71 353,22 Apparent density r b (kg/m 3 ) Mean value m (kg/m 3 ) 2680 Stand. deviation s (kg/m 3 ) 5 Coefficient of variation v Open porosity p o (%) 0,3 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 Stand. Mean value m (kg/m 3 Coefficient ) 0,38 deviation s 0,04 0,10 (kg/m 3 of variation v ) 0,00

12 9 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Freeze/thaw resistance, EN 12371: 2003 The frost resistance is performed in accordance with EN 12371: 2003, with 48 cycles of frost in air and thaw in water. The temperature range is shown in the standard. At the end the specimens are dried at constant mass at 70ºC. The frost test is stopped if the specimen broke during the cycles Flexural strength under concentrated load, EN 12372:1999 The flexural strength test has been performed according to the standard SFS-EN 12372:1999 The load has been applied at a uniform rate following the scheme as shown is figure. The specimen has been brought to rupture and the maximum load has been recorded to the nearest 10 N. The dimensions that have been measured are the following: l is the distance between the supporting rollers B is the width of the specimen adjacent to the plane of fracture recorded to the nearest 0,1 mm. F H is the thickness of the specimen adjacent to the plane of fracture recorded to the nearest 0,1 mm The flexural strength has been calculated as: 3Fl/2BH 2 and has been expressed to the nearest 0,1 MPa. l In the results are given the average, the standard deviation and the minimum expected value. After the test: H B

13 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 10 FRESH MATERIAL RESULTS OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH Specimens: 10 prisms: 60x50x300 mm Specimen codes: P9/31 P9/32 P9/33 P9/34 P9/35 P9/36 P9/37 P9/38 P9/39 P9/40 Span l (mm) Width B (mm) 61,73 60,94 60,97 61,66 61,28 61,64 61,60 61,28 60,93 61,27 Thickness H (mm) 50,09 50,19 49,94 49,91 50,17 50,05 50,55 49,84 50,37 50,37 Breaking load F (N) Flex. strength R tf (MPa) 13,3 10,1 12,1 10,6 10,4 13,6 12,8 13,6 13,1 10,3 Mean m (MPa) 12,0 Standard deviation s (MPa) 1,5 Coefficient of variation v 0,12 MATERIAL AFTER FROST CYCLES RESULTS OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH: Specimens: 10 prisms: 60mm x 50mm x 300 mm, surface sawed Specimen codes: P9/41 P9/42 P9/43 P9/44 P9/45 P9/46 P9/47 P9/48 P9/49 P9/50 Span l (mm) Width B (mm) 61,58 61,32 61,32 61,68 61,41 61,51 61,19 61,19 61,43 61,30 Thickness H (mm) 50,14 51,64 50,07 51,31 50,10 50,03 49,86 51,14 50,12 51,50 Breaking load F (N) Flex. strength R tf (MPa) 12,7 11,7 10,7 12,0 12,7 11,7 10,7 8,0 10,7 10,7 Mean m (MPa) 11,2 Standard deviation s (MPa) 1,4 Coefficient of variation v 0,12

14 11 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Compressive strength, EN 1926:1999 The compressive strength test has been performed according to the standard SFS-EN 1926:1999 F The specimens have been dried at constant mass. Before to perform the test the dimensions of the specimens have been measured: H is the height of the specimen B1M and B2M are the cross sectional B2M H dimensions: B1M is obtained by averaging 2 measures taken in the upper and lower face of the cube in one direction and is calculated to B1M the nearest 0,1 mm B2M is obtained by averaging 2 measures taken in the upper and lower face of the cube in the direction perpendicular to the previous one and is calculated to the nearest 0,1 mm l m is obtaining averaging B1M and B2M. Then the load has been applied continuously at a constant stress rate until the brake happen, and the maximum load has been recorded (F), approximated to the nearest 1kN. The uniaxial compressive strength (R) of the specimen is given by the ratio: F/( l m * l m ) The Average value, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation are as well indicated.

15 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 12 FRESH MATERIAL RESULTS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH: Specimens: 6 prisms: 70mm x 70mm x 70 mm, surface sawed Specimen codes: P9/11 P9/12 P9/13b P9/14 P9/15 P9/16b Average length l m (mm) 69,8 70,0 70,1 71,5 70,5 70,5 Breaking load F (kn) 770,7 900,2 808,7 922,0 854,9 981,0 Compressive strength R (MPa) Mean m (MPa) 176 Standard deviation s (MPa) 14,2 Coefficient of variation v 0,081 RESULTS OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER FROST CYCLES: Specimens: 6 prisms: 70mm x 70mm x 70 mm, surface sawed Specimen codes: P9/21 P9/22 P9/23 P9/24 P9/25 P9/26 Average length l m (mm) 70,6 71,4 71,5 70,5 70,7 71,4 Breaking load F (kn) 983,1 1078,7 1054,3 820,2 988,1 1030,3 Compressive strength R (MPa) Mean m (MPa) 197 Standard deviation s (MPa) 16,5 Coefficient of variation v 0,084

16 13 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Abrasion resistance, EN Test performed following:en Natural stone test methods - Determination of the abrasion resistance Scheme of the apparatus: Abrasive (corundum) dispenser for the abrasive Abrasion wheel The specimen is painted and is placed on the holding part, the dispenser is open and the abrasive starts to fall down, the wheel starts to turn. After 75 rotations it stops and the specimen is taken out. The print (groove) given by the wheel is measured. The groove has a rectangle shape and the width is measured in the middle section after to have drawn the two longitudinal lines (The two external points of the groove are A and B). Specimen Width groove longitudinal lines Specimens: 6 specimens 110x160x30mm code specim. P9/61 P9/62 P9/63 P9/64 P9/65 P9/66 Groove length AB (mm) 16,08 15,37 16,02 15,62 14,04 14,98 Abrasion resistance R i (mm) Mean value (m): 17 mm

17 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Determination of water absorption coefficient by capillarity, EN 1925:1999 Test performed following the European standard SFS- EN 1925:1999 Description of the test: specimen water The specimens have been dried at constant mass, measured the dimension of one base, weighed and immerse in (3±1)mm of water the base measured. Each specimen has been taken out of water, damped and weighted at determined time intervals. The results are put on a graph in which it is shown the mass of water absorbed (g) divided by the area of the immersed base (m 2 ) in function of the time (s). For the point of the first part of the graph is controlled that the coefficient of correlation between the measures performed and the regression line is >0,90 or 0,95 depending on how many measures have been taken. The coefficient of water absorption by capillarity is represented by the slope of the regression line and it can be calculated as: m i -m d /At 0,5 i, in which: m d mass of dried specimen m i successive masses of specimen during testing A area of the immersed base of the specimen t i times from beginning of the test until the time in which the masses are measured The average and the standard deviation are given as a result. Specimens: 6 specimens 70x70x70mm Specimen codes: P9/11 P9/12 P9/13 P9/14 P9/15 P9/16 Surface A (mm 2 ) 4970, , , , , ,66 C (g/m 2 s 0,5 ) 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,3 C. correlation r 0,986 0,985 0,982 0,979 0,968 0,979 Average m (g/m 2 s 0,5 ) 0,394 standard dev. (g/m 2 s 0,5 ) 0,033 Coefficient of variation v 0,084 Water absorption by Capillarity C (g/m2s0,5) parallel: no directions

18 15 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Measurement of the slip resistance value (SRV), EN 1342, EN 1341 and EN14231 Test as in EN 1342 and EN 1341 and as in EN14231 in wet and dry conditions: In the Dry test the specimens are kept dry and the test is performed in dry conditions, in the Wet test the specimens are immersed in water at 20ºC for more than 2 hours and the test is performed in wet condition. The position of the pendulum tester is controlled adjusting the bubble level and the zero of the apparatus is calibrated. The specimen is placed and the height of the pendulum arm is controlled. In the dry test the pendulum is released and the value on the scale is red. In the wet test the surface of the stone is spread of water as the surface of the rubber slider, then the pendulum is released and the value on the scale is read. For each specimen are done 5 or 3 measurements in 2 opposite directions and written the means values on both the directions. The value of the specimen will be the mean value of the 2 values recorded. A Screw for the vertical adjustment B Screw for block or release the vertical adjustment C Button for release the pendulum D Friction for calibrate the zero of the apparatus The slider used has dimensions: 76 mm wide 1 scale (126 mm sliding length) 2 scale (76 mm sliding length) 3 Pointer 4 Pendulum 5 Rubber Slider 6 Levelling Screw 7 Spirit Level 8 Test Specimen Holder 9 Vertical Adjustment Screw

19 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland 16 RESULTS SLIP RESISTANCE TEST POLISHED SURFACE - DRY Code of specimens: Average in the direction a 56,40 50,60 52,60 51,60 48,80 53,80 Average in the direction b 52,20 53,20 53,80 53,80 52,60 52,40 Rounded average on the slab 54,3 51,9 53,2 52,7 50,7 53,1 Mean value: 52,7 RESULTS SLIP RESISTANCE TEST POLISHED SURFACE - WET Code of specimens: P8/51 P8/52 P8/53 P8/54 P8/55 P8/56 Average in the direction a 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 7,00 Average in the direction b 8,00 7,00 7,00 7,40 7,00 7,00 Rounded average on the slab 7,5 7,0 7,0 7,2 7,0 7,0 Mean value: 7,1 RESULTS SLIP RESISTANCE TEST HONED SURFACE - DRY Code of specimens: P8/61 P8/61B P8/62 P8/62B P8/63 P8/64 Average in the direction a 50,60 53,40 54,00 55,00 53,40 53,80 Average in the direction b 52,00 55,00 54,60 55,00 54,40 55,40 Rounded average on the slab 51,3 54,2 54,3 55,0 53,9 54,6 Mean value: 53,9 RESULTS SLIP RESISTANCE TEST HONED SURFACE - WET Code of specimens: P8/61A P8/61B P8/62 P8/63 P8/64 P8/65 Average in the direction a 36,20 33,80 30,00 32,00 29,60 26,80 Average in the direction b 33,80 32,00 30,00 30,00 30,00 25,00 Rounded average on the slab 35,0 32,9 30,0 31,0 29,8 25,9 Mean value: 30,8

20 17 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Thermal shock, EN 14066:2003 Reference to standard SFS-EN 14066:2003 Natural stone test method- Determination of thermal shock The stone is dried to constant mass and weighed (m0), the fundamental resonance frequency is measured according to EN Twenty cycles of heat at 105 C and immersion in water at 20ºC are performed and the tiles are visually inspected and reweighed (mf), the fundamental resonance frequency is measured again. A visual description of the tiles, the evaluation of change of mass ( m) and of change of dynamic elastic modulus are performed. m (%) = (m f -m 0 /m 0 )*100 E d (%) = (Ed 0 -Ed f /Ed 0 )*100 VISUAL DESCRIPTION Visual changes No Max Mass change (%) 0,04 Max res. Freq. change (%) 9,7

21 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Breaking load at dowel hole, EN 13364:2001 Reference standard EN13364:2001 Natural stone Test methods- Determination of the breaking load at dowel hole F The specimen has dimension 200x200x30 mm. A hole of 10 mm is made on one side, and a dowel of 6mm diameter is placed with Cement I 52,5R. A force is applied until the specimen brake. d1 d b A At the end is recorder - The breaking load (F) in (N) approximated to the nearest 50N -the distance from the hole to the face in the direction of the force (d1) in (mm), approximate to 1,0 mm - maximum distance of the centre of the hole to the fracture edges (b A ) in (mm), approximate to 1,0 mm The mean load and the standard deviation are given as well in the results. Code spec. P9/71 P9/72 P9/73 P9/74 P9/75 P9/76 P9/77 P9/78 P9/79 P9/80 d 1 (mm) 10,10 9,56 9,68 9,79 9,73 9,50 9,32 9,20 9,74 9,80 b A (mm) 54,95 40,71 45,08 35,22 39,91 51,21 30,69 46,52 30,84 38,31 F (N) 2990, , , , , , , , , ,39 Breaking 10,1 9,6 9,7 9,8 9,7 9,5 9,3 9,2 9,7 9,8 thickness d 1 (mm) Max. fracture length b A (mm) 55,0 40,7 45,1 35,2 39,9 51,2 30,7 46,5 30,8 38,3 Average max. fracture length b A (mm) 41,3 Average breaking thickness d 1 (mm) 9,6 Breaking load F (N) Mean m (N) 2450 Standard deviation s (N) 300 Coefficient of variation v 0,13

22 19 Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Water vapour permeability, EN From the tables of the EN and after have determined the apparent density of the material can be interpolated the vapour resistance factor in dry and wet conditions. Classification: Design thermal conductivity (λ, W/(mK) vapour permeability 10^(-10) (kg/m.s.pa) 2,3 2,2 2,1 2 1,9 1,8 Water vapour resistance factor µ Specific heat capacity c p J/(kgK) DRY WET density ρ, STONE (kg/m3) Natural crystalline rock , natural sedimentary rock , natural sedimentary rock light , natural, porous,eg lava , Basalt , gneiss , granite , marble , slate , limestone, extra soft , limestone soft , limestone, semihard , limestone hard , limestone extra hard , snadstone (silica) , natural pomice 400 0, artificial stone , Water vapour resistance factor is the important one to evaluate the water permeability of the material: dry conditions wet conditions µ =10000 µ =10000 The water vapour resistance factor is independent from the barometric pressure, since the barometric pressure of the air and of the material are considered the same. It is therefore a parameter of reference for calculations related to buildings. To find the water vapour permeability of the material can be referred to SFS EN ISO where: Water vapour permeability of air Water vapour permeability of material = µ The water vapour permeability of air can be evaluated from the following graphic (referred to 2,5 2,4 23 C). 1, barometric pressure (hpa)

Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland

Development of natural stone educational and research environment in East Finland Geological Survey of Finland Eastern Finland Office P.O.Box 1237 70211 Kuopio Finland Tel. +358 205 5011 http://www.gtk.fi