Status and Outlook of Shale Gas Development in China

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1 Status and Outlook of Shale Gas Development in China Jin Zhijun (Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute) Abstract: Commercial shale gas production has been rapidly realized in China following a short learning period. Shale gas production is expected to reach 4.5bcm by the end of 2015, with the construction of a 7.5 bcm production capacity. Over 700 shale gas wells have been drilled in China, mostly by the three state-owned oil companies. The most significant factors that led to the rapid shale gas development in China include the abundant shale gas resources, a relatively complete R&D system, and strong support from various stakeholders (the central and local governments, oil companies, and the general public). China has a long way to go for building a booming shale gas industry, because of many big obstacles in the way of shale gas development, including complex geology, high operation costs, incomplete infrastructure and technology constraints. Looking ahead, however, there are firm grounds for the projection of a bright prospect of China s shale gas industry, as a 20 bcm annual shale gas production is reasonably expected in Key words: Shale gas; Development; History; Challenge; Outlook Introduction Shale gas revolution, fueled by technical innovations, such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, has led to a surge in shale gas production and consumption in the US. Shale gas production from seven major shale regions in the US reached a high at 45.6 Bcf/d in May, The shale gas revolution has proven a genuine game changer on a number of fronts, including strengthening US energy security and independence, and helping trigger a resurgence in US manufacturing (PWC). Now the shale revolution has been quickly spreading internationally. Many countries including Argentina, Poland, Australia, India and South Africa are riding on the race for shale gas production, but most of them are still far from industrial development of shale gas up to now, due to various obstacles such as complex geology, high cost, unfavorable government energy policy, and resistance from the public. In contrast, China, blessed with rich shale oil and gas resources (Jiang et al., 2012), has made big breakthroughs in shale gas development and become the third country in the world that realizes commercial shale gas production. Status of shale gas development in China History The earliest production and utilization of gas in shale in China is in the 1960s, when some fractured mudstone/ shale gas reservoirs were discovered and produced (Fig.1). However, the gas production from this type of fractured reservoirs was low, and thus largely overlooked. In the early 1990s, the great success in shale gas research and development in the US has drawn the attention of Chinese academic community. Some scholars began to carry out research on the mechanisms, conditions and main controls of shale gas accumulation. The paper Accumulation Mechanisms and Distribution of Shale Gas, published on Natural Gas Industry (Zhang et al., 2004) is an example of research efforts during that period. Since 2005, Sinopec and PetroChina have begun to invest heavily in shale gas drilling, with significant discoveries in 2012 and commercial production in The process of shale gas 9

2 1960: Discovered fractured shale gas 2005: Set up shale gas technology research projects, SINOPEC 2009 : Shale gas drilling & evaluation 2013: Production capacity construction in Fuling demonstration area, SINOPEC : International cooperation between PetroChina and Newfield 2009 : International cooperation between Sinopec and BP and other companies 2010 : Shale gas exploration breakthrough 2014: Production capacity construction in Changning & Weiyuan demonstration area, PetroChina Fig.1 The history of shale gas development in China. exploration and development in China can be divided into 3 periods. The initial survey period in Based on the American learning experiences in shale gas exploration and development, many studies were carried out, to delineate various aspects of shale gas accumulation, resource evaluation, and play/target appraisal. These have significantly shortened the learning period of shale E&D, identifying the Silurian and Cambrian marine shales in the peripherals of the Sichuan Basin as the major drilling targets. The targeted drilling period in Significant breakthroughs of shale gas exploration were obtained in Fuling and Weiyuan-Changning areas through drilling and appraisal. After the successive failures of Xuanye-1 (May 2010), Heye-1 (April 2011) and Huangye-1 wells (July 2011), Sinopec finally succeeded in drilling the Pengye-1 well(may 2012, with a gas flow of m 3 /d after fracturing in Longmaxi Fm) and Jiaoye-1 well (November 2011, with gas flow of 203,000 m 3 /d after fracturing). In the same period, PetroChina also succeeded in the initiation of the Weiyuan-Changning and Zhaotong shale gas development demonstration projects. The commercial production period from 2013 onward. Several shale gas fields were brought onto production. In January, 2013, Sinopec initiated pilot production in Fuling area and successfully built an annual shale gas production capacity of 5 bcm in 2015, marking the birth of Fuling, the first commercial shale gas field in China. During this period, PetroChina also implemented shale gas development programs in Weiyuan, Changning and Zhaotong, realizing commercial production of shale gas in the Sichuan Basin. Current status By the end of September 2015, there are 54 shale gas exploration blocks in China, with a total area of 170,000 km 2. The total shale gas exploration investment accounted for around RMB 30 billion. Over 21,000 km of 2D seismic and 1500 km 2 3D seismic data were acquired. More than 700 shale gas wells have been drilled, and 235 km of pipelines built specifically for shale gas transportation. The cumulative proven shale gas reserves in China stand at bcm. The cumulative shale gas production in 2014 was bcm, and it is expected to reach 4.5 bcm following the completion of a 7.5 bcm production capacity building project in Fuling by the end of Apart from the commercial breakthroughs from the marine shales in Sichuan Basin, shale gas discoveries have also been made in the other areas of southern China, Ordos, Tarim, Bohai Bay and Songliao basins. However, it is still far from commercial shale gas production in these basins where much efforts have to be further made to ascertain their shale gas potential. By the end of November 2015, PetroChina has drilled a total of 215 shale gas wells, of which 181 were completed and 120 fractured and tested, with a cumulative gas production capacity of 9.5 million m 3. The 85 producing wells gave a cumulative shale gas production of 1.34 bcm. By the end of November 2015, Sinopec has drilled and completed 239 shale gas wells during the first phase of Jiaoshiba shale gas production capacity building (Fig. 2), and has tested a total of 180 shale gas wells with an average single well gas flow of 32, ,000 m 3 /d. The cumulative shale gas production was bcm by the end of November 2015, and the shale gas production capacity to be built in 2015 is 5 bcm. Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) initiated the construction of Yanan National Non-marine Shale Gas Demonstration Area in September By the end of October 2015, it had completed 60 shale gas wells, of which 51 are vertical, with 44 wells flowing shale gas after fracturing. 10

3 Fig.2 Environment-friendly shale gas production in Jiaoshiba, Fuling, Chongqing (the No.29 and 33 drilling pads) (Photo courtesy: Sinopec Jianghan Oilfield Company). In addition to the three large state-owned oil companies, several smaller companies whose traditional commercial business were not on petroleum also won the bidding of 20 shale gas blocks. These companies have also carried out preliminary geologic appraisal, seismic exploration and drilling. However, no significant shale gas flow has been obtained from their wells after fracturing. The general quality of regional seals in these blocks may be a cause for potential concerns. R&D of key technologies and equipments Technologies for drilling, logging, testing, and downhole operations have been greatly improved, in response to the specific needs arising from the complex subsurface geology and surface terrains. Assessment of shale gas resources. Deeper understanding had been gained in terms of prospect selection and evaluation, resource assessment, microtesting, gas-content measurement and factors controlling the gas distribution in marine shale in southern China. Optimized and fast drilling technology. Effort devoted to the study of optimized well design, oil-based threaded rod plus DPC drill bits, well trajectory control and drilling fluid selection rewarded SINOPEC with a fast drilling technology tailor-made for geologic conditions of shale in China. Drilling and completion cycle was reduced from 150 days to 70 days, and even 46 days in one case. Pad drilling in mountainous regions. Pad drilling suitable for mountainous regions was developed to deal with the fact that most shale plays in southern China are distributed in mountainous areas. The technology has been proven cost-saving and environmental friendly so far. Modified stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) fracturing. Based on introduced fracturing concept and method, SINOPEC developed SRV fracturing technology series for 3-D adjustment of shale gas reservoirs by combining the actual operation conditions. Their application in fields had greatly improved recovery rate of shale gas. They perform well in multi-stage fracturing of horizontal wells shallower than 3500 meters, covering the longest lateral length of 2130 meters with 22 fracturing stages. On-site gas content measurement. Gas content measurement instrument and residual gas content tester had been developed and manufactured to facilitate assessment of resources and improve testing results of formations of interest. Compared with similar products, the new instrument works better in accuracy, batch processing and automation. Manufacture of core engineering equipments with intellectual property rights. Sinopec manufactured the world s first Model-3000 fracturing truck for massive fracturing operations in March The machinery was specifically designed to operate in mountainous areas and represents the highest level of fracturing equipment in the world. In October 2014, Sinopec independently made bridge packers was tested successfully in No.42 well pad in the Fuling shale gas field, Chongqing City, thus overcoming the last obstacles in the road to 11

4 OIL and GAS RESOURCES fully-domestication of core equipments for shale gas development in the country. All these have helped to reduce substantially the cost of shale gas wells. new standards or revised many previous standards. For example, Sinopec has established or revised 65 shale gasrelated standards, 13 of which have been issued publicly. Technical standard system of shale gas E&D Major factors for shale gas commercial success in China Along with the breakthrough of shale gas exploration and initiation of commercial shale gas production, a preliminary technical standard system has been established for shale gas E&D. At the state level, the Ministry of Land and Resources and National Energy Administration have issued Technical Specifications for Shale Gas Resource/ Reserves Estimation, Shale Gas Content Detection Procedures, Specifications for Shale Gas Resource Prospecting and Evaluation, Technical Specifications for Surface Time-frequency Electromagnetic Method of Shale Gas Prospecting and Technical Regulations for Seismic Acquisition in Shale Gas Prospecting. At enterprise level, both Sinopec and PetroChina have established some Geologic time Era Period Epoch Age E (Ma) Rift Basement formation Crystalline basement Basement formation Metamorphosed rock Volcanic rock Limestone Dolomite Coarse-grained clastic rock Sandstone Craton depression Periphery breakup 510 Fig.3 Spatial distribution of organic-rich shale in China. 12 Folded basement Compressional depression Event Uplifting and denudation Qb 409 Inland rift North Tianshan secondary marine basin sealing Sequence Intracraton depression Peripheiy breakup Pt3 Z 362 Foreland basin Craton deprssion Є O2 O1 Є3 Є2 Є1 Z2 Z1 290 Slight uplifting Craton depression Pz1 O 250 Local thrusting Regional weak extension Stable subsidence Event Ordos Basin Foreland basin S 208 Foreland passive margin composite basin of south compression-north extension type D C1 D3 D2 D1 S3 S2 S1 O3 135 Uplift Depression Sequence Intracraton depression Pz C P1 C2 65 Local extension Foreland passive margin composite basin of south extension-north compression type P T2 T1 P Foreland basin T J3 J2 J1 T3 Strongly compressed foreland basin Event Foreland basin Mz J K1 Sequence Extensional faulted depression K E3 E2 E1 K2 Event Sichuan Basin Peripheral rifted depression basin formation N 1.64 Sequence Junggar Basin Basin formation Kz Q N2 N1 Favorable regional geologic background and conditions exist for shale gas accumulation in China. Geographically, the shale gas plays in China can be grouped into 4 regions, in the South, North-Northeast, Northwest and QinghaiTibet region (Wang et al., 2012). Stratigraphically, gas shale plays occur in nonmarine, transitional and marine shale sequences (Fig.3). Nonmarine shales are developed in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic strata, occurring widely in the six large petroliferous basins. Transitional shales are developed in the Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata, occurring in South, North and Northwest China. Marine North Tianshan thrusting towards basin, late foreland basin Q Tarim Basin Abundant shale gas resource base Basement formation Argillaceous rock Coal

5 shales are dominantly in the Lower Paleozoic strata, distributed mainly in the Yangtz region and Tarim Basin. Although no countrywide systematic shale gas resource evaluation has been carried out, several preliminary estimates are available (Table 1). The evaluation results listed in Table 1 were calculated with different procedures using analogy and volumetric methods. Although these evaluation results are quite different, they agree on the fact that China has great abundance of shale gas resource base. Strong support from the Chinese government Since 2007, shale gas industry in China has received support from central government, through government sponsored key research projects, or preferential tax policies (Fig. 4). As early as 2007, China Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR) coordinated a shale gas prospect selection project in southern China. In 2009, the MLR organized another round project for favorable shale gas zone selection in some key areas in the country. In 2010, the MLR launched the China-US shale gas resource assessment cooperation project with the US Geologic Survey, and organized project for construction and strategic selection of pilot areas for shale gas development in four provinces, including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Hubei. Several significant shale gas discoveries, including Jiaoshiba, Weiyuan and Changning, are all found in the areas that were deemed to be most promising as a result of the project. In June, 2011, the MLR initiated China s first round of shale gas block auction. In December of the same year, shale gas was listed as the 172nd mineral, and the first shale gas project of National 973 program was launched. In September 2012, the MLR launched China s second bid of shale gas blocks and private money was lured into shale gas exploration. Shale gas pilot projects were established in lacustrine shale formations in Yanchang of Shanxi, marine strata of Changning-weiyuan in Sichuan and Zhaotong in Yunnan and Guizhou. In March 2012, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Finance, MLR, and State Organization Table 1 Evaluation results of shale gas recoverable resources in China Estimated recoverable Resource (bcm) Time of evaluation Remarks Sinopec Petroleum E&P Research Institute Onshore excluding Qinghai-Tibet region EIA Main basins Oil-gas Strategic Research Center of MLR Onshore excluding Qinghai-Tibet region CAE Main basins and regions EIA Sichuan and Tarim basins PetroChina Petroleum E&D Research Institute Main basins 2007:NSFC project supported shale gas study 2010: Joint research of Sino - US shale gas resource assessment, Ministry of Land and Resources of China & USGS 2011: First round of shale gas tenders 2011: The first 973 shale gas project 2015:Seting up State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development : Seting up National Energy Shale Gas R & D Center 2010: First national shale gas resource exploration project by Ministry of Land and Resources 2012: second round of shale gas tenders 2012: Subsidy policy of Shale gas development and utilization 2013: Policy on Shale Gas Industry Fig.4 Actions of Chinese government in promoting shale gas development. 13

6 Energy Administration, jointly issued China National Shale Gas Development Plan In November 2012, China Ministry of Finance and National Energy Administration jointly issued a subsidy policy to facilitate the development and utilization of shale gas. On October 22, 2013, China National Energy Administration issued Shale Gas Industry Policy, which brings shale gas into the category of emerging strategic industries in the country and strengthens financial support. Relatively complete R&D system A relatively complete shale gas R&D system has been established in China. The central government, local governments, large oil companies and universities have established many shale gas laboratories and research centers. At the national level, State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanism and Effective Development were recently set up (November 2015). National Energy Shale Gas R&D (Laboratory) Center was established at the approval of National Energy Administration in July MLR Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Prospecting was set up in June At local government level, Hunan Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Utilization was set up at the approval of Hunan Provincial Science & Technology Department in 2012; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Evaluation & Exploitation was founded in August, At oil company level, the four state-owned large oil companies all have set up their own shale gas research centers and key laboratories. At university level, most of the petroleum-related universities also have established shale gas research centers and key laboratories. These laboratories and research centers have been providing strong supports for shale gas development in China. Strong motivation of large oil companies The state-owned large oil companies, especially Sinopec and PetroChina, all have strong motivations in shale gas development. They invested heavily in shale gas drilling and technical R&D at the very beginning of shale gas development in China. Big breakthroughs of shale gas exploration were obtained in a relatively short period, discovering the Fuling (Sinopec) and Weiyuan-Changning (PetroChina) shale gas fields. The rapid localization of key technologies and equipment for shale gas production significantly lowered the shale gas development cost and raised single well production. The average cost of drilling a horizontal well in shale formations in the Sichuan Basin has been lower from over $15.9 million several years ago to current value in the range of $ million, realizing commercial production of shale gas. Even though gas price is at a downward trend now, the large companies still proceed with strong confidence in the development of shale gas and try hard to obtain more large discoveries through continuously strengthening exploratory drilling and appraisal and to improve economic benefit of shale gas production through technical innovation. Strong desire of the government and support of the public Both the government and the public of China have intense desire for the improvement of environment. Chinese government has committed to achieve peak carbon emissions by around 2030 and will lower carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 60% to 65% from the 2005 level by Replacing more of the country s coal and oil use with natural gas is one of the effective measures to reach the goal. Natural gas accounted for only 5.6% of China s total energy consumption in 2014, but large investments in domestic natural gas production, especially shale gas production, and infrastructure are likely to underpin a significantly larger role in the future. Average per capita natural gas consumption in China is still at only about 29% of the world average level at present. Many regions and cities have no access to natural gas consumption. The public has a strong desire to improve their living standards by using natural gas, thus support the development of shale gas. Challenges ahead Although commercial shale gas production has been realized in a few locations of Sichuan Basin, China is still far away from a shale gas boom due to many big obstacles in the way of shale gas development. Complex geology It is well known that most of the petroliferous basins in China have many well-developed shale sequences, thus a huge shale gas potential is anticipated. However, all the petroliferous basins have experienced multiple stages of tectonic movement in the geologic history, and many shales are highly faulted, folded or even outcropped. 14

7 Shale sequences with continuous and stable basin-wide distribution are not very common in most basins (Nie et al., 2011). Therefore, sealing condition is a key factor in the evaluation of shale gas plays. The evaluation of sealing condition needs to integrate tectonism, evolutionary history, hydrogeology, seal quality and its microscopic properties, gas composition and pressure coefficient, and the timing of these factors (Nie et al., 2012). For the marine shale sequences, the multi-phase nature of hydrocarbon accumulation was unfavorable for the formation and preservation of large gas fields (Jin et al., 2010), thus quality caprocks, especially gypsum seals, is the key to gas accumulation (Jin, 2012). In addition, much of the shale has gone through unfavorable thermal evolution during the Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan periods which were detrimental to the preservation of shale gas. Moreover, the burial depth of shale in China is mostly very large. For example, the shale in Sichuan Basin has a burial depth in the range of m. No essential breakthroughs have been made in gas exploration of shale with burial depth larger than 3000m in China till now. High cost The costs of some exploratory wells for shale gas are still at a relatively high level, around $16million in shale gas plays of deep burial. Although the costs of shale gas production wells have lowered significantly in comparison with that several years ago, they are still in the range of $ million, which is still too high to make a reasonable profit from shale gas production at current natural gas price. Therefore, high cost is one of the major obstacles impeding shale gas development in China. Among various measures to lower the cost including improving management level, technical innovation is the critical one. Incomplete infrastructure Weak infrastructure is another major factor that constrains the effective development of shale gas in China (Zhai et al, 2012). In southern China, most shale gas plays are located in mountainous, hilly or remote areas, where gas production infrastructures such as pipeline, gas gathering and transportation system are incomplete, or even do not exist (Fig.4). While in west China, many of the shale plays are distributed in arid regions where water resources are insufficient. Moreover, the total length of gas pipeline is only about 45,000 km, most of which are trunk lines. Long distance pipelines are needed to be built to connect the shale gas field with the pipeline network before they are brought onto production, impeding shale gas development. Technology bottleneck Although commercial shale gas production has been realized in a few areas such as Fuling (Sinopec) and Weiyuan-Changning (PetroChina), the existing technologies are still far from meeting the requirements of large scale shale gas exploration and development. Shale gas play fairway identification is very challenging in China due to the fact that most petroliferous basins have experienced multi-stage complex tectonic movement, thus the requirements to shale gas exploration technologies are quite high. Both geologic and seismic exploration technologies of shale gas need to be greatly improved before next and more Fuling shale gas fields can be found. China is still lagging behind the US in respects of the core technologies such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing that are critical to shale gas production, especially in deep shale gas plays (Fig. 5). The potential of environment pollution especially underground water contamination that may be caused by fracturing is one of the major concerns of the public. It is also the major problem resulting in the ban on shale gas production via fracturing in some countries such as France. Therefore, innovation of environment protection technologies is also of great importance, but is lagging behind to some extent at present. Outlook The determination and incentives of Chinese central and local governments, the continuous and great efforts of the stated-owned oil companies, the active participation of private enterprises and the strong support from the public will jointly promote the rapid development of shale gas in China. According to the projections of Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2012 (Fig.6), shale gas production of China will reach 20bcm in 2020 and further increase up to 100bcm in 2030 under the baseline scenario. At the end of 2015, Sinopec will build a shale gas production capacity of 5bcm and produce shale gas over It is estimated that the shale gas production capacity of Sinopec will reach up to 10bcm and its shale gas production will increase to 7.1bcm. All these goals will be realized without polluting the environment. Shale gas development in China 15

8 OIL and GAS RESOURCES Fig.5 Simultaneous hydraulic fracturing operation of 4 horizontal wells on Jiaoye 42 drilling pad (Photo courtesy: Sinopec Jianghan Oilfield Company). emphasizes safety and environment protection, and the construction of green shale gas fields. Water source protection is one of the key issues and various measures such as emplacing shale gas wells far from karstic caves and applying clean water drilling technologies have been effectively taken to prevent the pollution of the fresh aquifers. Hazardous sludge and waste water produced during well construction and shale gas production are treated and recycled, realizing zero pollution, zero emission. The strict implementation of environment protection laws and regulations and the continuous innovation in environment protection technologies will ensure the long-term healthy development of shale gas industry in China. 160 Preparetion Shale gas production (bcm) High scenario 60 Baseline scenario 40 Low scenario References [1] Jiang Fujie, Pang Xiongqi, Ouyang Xuecheng, et al. The main progress and problems of shale gas study and the potential prediction of shale gas exploration. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(2): [2] Zhai Guangming, He Wenyuan, Wang Shihong. A few issues to be highlighted in the industrialization of shale gas in China. Natural Gas Industry, 2012, 32(2): 1-5. [3] Wang Libo, Zheng Youye. China s shale gas resources distribution and energy conservation & emission reduction. Resources & Industries, 2012, 14 (3): [4] Nie H K, Bao S J, Gao B, et al. A study of shale gas preservation conditions for the lower Paleozoic in Sichuan Basin and its periphery. Earth Science Frontiers, 2012, 19(3): [5] Jin Z J, Zhou Y, Yun J B, et al. Distribution of gypsumstart up Rapid development 150 salt cap rocks and near-term hydrocarbon exploration targets in the marine sequences of China. 100 Oil and Gas Geology, 2010, 31 (6): [6] Jin Z J. Formation and 60 accumulation of oil and gas in marine carbonate sequences in 30 Chinese sedimentary basins Science in China, Series D, 2012, 55(3): (Translated by Bai Zhenrui) Fig.6 Shale gas outlook of China (CAE, 2012). 16

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