I13/3168/2008 SGL 413

Transcription

1 FLORENCE J. TANUI I13/3168/2008 SGL 413

2 PRESENTATION OUTLINE TITLE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AIMS AND OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS RESULTS SIGNIFICANCE DISCUSSION CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION

3 PROJECT TITLE GEOCHEMISTRY, CLASSIFICATION AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL IN MUI BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN KENYA AREA OF STUDY: MUI BASIN

4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Coal is carbonized vegetable. Its physical characteristics and chemical elements contained in it determines its usage and behavior during utilization. There is therefore need to determine the type and amount of elements present in the coal from the Mui Basin so as to evaluate its economic viability.

5 JUSTIFICATION There is need to identify the elements present in coal so as determine the various processes to be carried out during coal utilization.

6 INTRODUCTION: AIMS To utilize the geochemical data obtained from various analyses of the coal sample obtained from the Mui Basin to rank and to evaluate its economic viability.

7 INTRO CONT : OBJECTIVES To determine the economic extent of the coal in the Mui Basin in terms of quantity To determine the composition of coal in relation to moisture content, volatile value, calorific value of fixed carbon and other materials present in coal. To classify the coal based on ranks using the results of the proximate analysis of the coal sample To determine the potential applications of coal in Kenya and its economic significance

8 INTRO CONT : LOCATION The Mui Coal Basin is located 180km northeast of Nairobi and covers an area of 500km². Divided into four, blocks A, B, C and D

9 LOCATION OF THE AREA

10 INTRO CONT : CLIMATE RAINFALL TEMPERATURE

11 GEOLOGY OF THE AREA ROCKS IN THE AREA. (1) Metamorphic rocks of biotite gneiss, biotite granulites. They are presumed to be of Archean in age, Tuner (1949) GEOLOGICAL MAP (2) Post Archean ultra-basic intrusive rocks composed of acid porphyrite and Lamprophytes, Tuner (1949) (3). Superficial deposits consisting mainly of red-brown sandy soils, sands, clays and shales, talus and sandy alluvium, Tuner (1949)

12 LITERATURE REVIEW Data from ministry of Energy Library Resources Internet Resources Consultation

13 ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF COAL COAL COAL IN MUI BASIN Coal Exploration Progress Report (MOE, 2002) COAL IN THE LEADING COUNTRIES: Coal weekly news (2008) Seams Volume (M³) Mass (Tonnes) Seam. 1 14,279,195 18,277,369. Country Estimate ofproduction Seam 2 56,032,440 71,721,523 United states 472 Billion tons Seam 3 32,846,220 42,043,161 Seam 4 108,891, ,381,523 Seam 5 42,053,774 53,828,831 Australia Indonesia 820 Million tons 201 million tons Seam 6 99,372, ,196,390 Total 452,448,797 South Africa 72 Million tons

14 METHODOLOGY Materials Coal samples Kraft paper Plastic bags Scoop or spatula Braun pulverizer Ceramic plates Ice cream container Methods Proximate coal analysis Atomic absorption spectrometry XRD Ashing

15 PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS Ashing A portion of the ground raw coal (25 to 75 g) is weighed and transferred to a 100-ml fused silica dish. The dish is placed in a cold muffle furnace and, with the furnace door partly open, the temperature is gradually elevated over a 4-hour period to 450 C. The temperature is then increased to 525 C and maintained until the sample is completely ashed. An occasional stirring or mixing of the sample during ashing is desirable. The ash is weighed, and the percentage of ash calculated. The ash is mixed thoroughly with a spatula and transferred to a suitable container. About 3 g of coal ash is required for the analyses by six-step spectrographic, XRD, and atomic absorption methods. Proximate analysis A sample is put in a pan of a sensitive analytical balance and heated under a flowing atmosphere (inert/ active) and weight loss is recorded. For complete proximate analysis in TGA experiment, the system is programmed to hold initially at 200 C⁰ in nitrogen, then to jump to 900 C ⁰ and hold for specified period of time in nitrogen before switching to oxygen(swine, 1990).

16 Procedures cont Atomic Absorption Spectrometry g of coal ash is weighed into a 100-ml platinum dish. 10ml of demineralized water, 10 ml HNO3, and 10 ml of HF are added to the dish. The dish is covered and allowed to stand overnight. 7ml of HClO4 is added to the dish and is placed on a steam bath for 1 hour and then placed on a hot plate to fume off the acids to near dryness. The dish is removed from the hot plate and the sides of the dish are washed down with water. 5ml of HClO4 is added and the dish is returned to the hot plate where it is heated until all acids are evaporated. Twenty-five milliliters of water and 5 ml of HCl are added to the dish and covered, then placed on a steam bath, and digested for 30 minutes. The solution is transferred to a 100-ml volumetric flask and diluted to volume with water. Aliquots or dilutions of this sample are then aspirated into the air-acetylene flame of an atomic absorption spectrometer to determine the elements listed. The sample aliquot used for the determination of Mg was made to contain 1% La.

17 PROCEDURES CONT : XRD X-ray diffraction methods employed for the determination of oxides of; Al, Ca, total Fe, K, P, Si, total S, Ti, and Cl in the coal ash. These elements are expressed in terms of oxides. The procedures are as follows; g of coal ash is fused with 6 g of flux (mixture of 43 percent Li2B4O7, 55 percent Na2B4O7, and 2 % NaBr) in a 20-ml platinum crucible The NaBr is added to the fusion mixture to facilitate easy removal of the solidified button from the platinum crucible. This fused button is X-rayed and counted to determine the listed elements

18 RESULTS : PROXIMATE COAL ANALYSIS Proximate analysis involves analysis for moisture content, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon content

19 RESULTS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Results for X-ray spectrometry of ash

20 Analysis of proximate results Type of coal Volatiles Moisture Ash Fixed Carbon Lignite Subbitumi nous Bitumino us

21 SIGNIFICANCE Electric generation The heat is used to change water into steam. The steam then turns the blades of a turbine, spinning the generator, producing electricity Industrial and retail application Used as a chemical feedstock by manufacturers Steel industry Export market Oil and Gas Exploration To make coke Top five foreign markets are Canada, Japan, Italy, Netherlands and Brazil. Coalification jumps or discontinuities, Thomson and Benedict, (1974) Reflectanc1e Analysis of Birth and Death Lines for Oil and Gas, Crelling (1980) Reflectance Analysis of Dispersed Organic Matter, Crelling (1980)

22 INCREASE OF VITRINE REFLECTANCE WITH RANK

23 DISCUSSION From the results; The amount of sulfur that can be released during combustion to be of an average of 2.4%. This amount is not too large to limit the use of coal The ash content has an average of 30%. This represents the amount of the incombustible substances in coal Since the concentration of major elements is not too high in the Mui Basin coal, little processing is required to be carried out on it before being used in the various purposes (Pb & Mg) The Coal is classified according to rank from lignite to bituminous coal based on the proximate analysis

24 CONCLUSSION The economic reserve in the Mui Basin is estimated to be about 450, 000,000 million tons The average calorific value of coal is 18MJ/Kg, and fixed carbon of a total average of 39% of the various types of coals Based on the results, the Mui Basin coal can be classified as lignite, sub-bituminous and bituminous coal Coal has four major markets: electric utilities, industrial/retail users, the steel industry and exports. on properties of coal, such as reflectance, a new application is in petroleum and gas exploration.

25 RECOMMENDATION More scientific research on the Vitrine Reflectance of coal need to be done to enhance its use in exploration of oil and gas Development of carbon capture technology so as to reduce the carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere during combustion of coal Various projects such as greenhouses should be developed alongside the coal mining activity, this would benefit from the supply of CO₂ which would otherwise be lost

26 ADVISORS SUPERVISOR DR. GICHABA DR. DINDI & MR. WASWA

27 THANK YOU