GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION HANDBOOK Second Edition

Transcription

1 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION HANDBOOK Second Edition Roy E. Hunt Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York Singapore A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Croup, the academic division of T&F Informa pic.

2 Contents Chapter 1. Introduction Basic Considerations Human Activities and the Geologic Interface Investigation Objectives Scope General Investigation Methods and Procedures (Part I) Characteristics of Geologic Materials and Formations (Part II) Geologic Hazards (Part III) Appendices Geotechnical Investigation: Objectives, Stages, Scope, and Planning Basic Objectives Stages of Investigation Phases of Investigation Study Planning 11 PART I: Investigation Methods and Procedures 13 Chapter 2. Exploration Introduction Objectives Methodology Scope Surface Mapping General Research Data Remotely Sensed Imagery Terrain Analysis Site Reconnaissance Preparation of Subsurface Exploration Program Subsurface Exploration General Geophysical methods Reconnaissance Methods Continuous CPT(ASTM D5778) Test and Core Borings Borehole Remote-Sensing and Logging Groundwater and Seepage Detection Recovery of Samples and Cores General Test Boring Soil Sampling 101

3 2.4.3 Miscellaneous Soil-Sampling Methods Subaqueous Sampling HI Rock Coring ^ Sample and Core Treatment Data Presentation References Further Reading Chapter 3. Measurement of Properties Introduction i Objectives I Geotechnical Properties Testing Methods Summarized Basic and Index Properties Intact Rock Rock Masses Soils Hydraulic Properties (Permeability) Introduction Estimating the Permeability Coefficient k Laboratory Tests In Situ Testing Rupture Strength Introduction Shear Strength Relationships Rock Strength Measurements Soil Strength Measurements Soil Penetration Tests Deformation without Rupture Introduction Deformation Relationships Rock Deformation Measurements Soil Deformation Measurements (Static) Dynamic Deformation Moduli (Soils) Typical Values of Basic, Index, and Engineering Properties Rock Masses Weathered Rock and Residual Soil Cohesionless Soils Clay Soils Compacted Materials 263 References 263 Further Reading 269 Chapter 4. Field Instrumentation Introduction Methods and Instruments Summarized Objectives "' Applications '" Program Elements 97c Transducers I!!"""!!!""!!"!"" 277

4 4.2 Surface Movements Forms and Significance Surveying Tiltmeters Extensometers Vibration Monitoring Subsurface Deformations Forms and Significance Vertical Displacement Lateral Displacement Linear Strain Gradients Acoustical Emissions In Situ Pressures and Stresses General Pore-Water Pressures Loads and Stresses Residual Rock Stresses Instrumentation Arrays for Typical Problems Importance Settlement of Structures Excavation Retention Earth Dams Tunnels, Caverns, and Mines Natural and Cut Slopes Fault Movements 332 References 332 Further Reading 334 Catalogs 334 PART II: Characteristics of Geologic Materials and Formations 335 Chapter 5. Rock and Soil: Identification and Classification Introduction The Geologic Materials Rock Groups and Classes Soil Groups and Classes Rocks The Three Groups Petrographic Identification Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Engineering Characteristics of Rock Masses Rock-Mass Description and Classification Soils Components Granular or Cohesionless Soils Clays Organic Materials 390

5 5.3.5 Related Engineering Properties Classification and Description of Soils References Further Reading * Chapter 6. Rock-Mass Characteristics Introduction Characteristics Summarized Terrain Analysis Mapping and Presenting Structural Features Original Rock-Mass Forms Significance Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rock Deformation by Folding General Fracture Cleavage Landforms Jointing General Forms and Characteristics Jointing in Various Rock Types Block Behavior Faults General Terminology Characteristics and Identification Engineering Significance Investigation Methodology Summarized Residual Stresses General Tensile Straining Rock Bursts Anticipating Unstable Conditions Alteration of Rock General Factors Affecting Decomposition Weathering Profile in Various Rock Types 475 References Further Reading Chapter 7. Soil Formations: Geologic Classes and Characteristics Introduction " -n, Geologic Classification of Soil Formations Terrain Analysis A Q S 72 Residual Soils ZZZIIIIZZZ Introduction Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks ZZZZ Sedimentary Rocks ' 50g

6 7.3 Colluvial Deposits Introduction Recognition Engineering Significance Alluvial Deposits Fluvial Environment Estuarine Environment Coastline Environment Coastal Plain Deposits Lacustrine Environment (Nonglacial) Marine Environment Eolian Deposits Eolian Processes Dunes and Sand Sheets Loess Volcanic Clays Glacial Deposits Glacial Activity Till Glacial-Fluvial Stratified Drift Glacial-Lacustrine Soils Glacial-Marine Clays Secondary Deposits Introduction Duricrusts Permafrost and Seasonal Frost Pedological Soils and Plant Indicators Introduction Pedological Classifications Plant Indicators 610 References 612 Further Reading 615 Chapter 8. Water: Surface and Subsurface Introduction General Engineering Aspects Surface Water Surface Hydrology Erosion Flooding Subsurface Water (Groundwater) Occurrence Subsurface Flow Flow Systems and Analysis Practical Aspects of Groundwater Groundwater and Seepage Control Introduction Cutoffs and Barriers Dewatering Drains 674

7 8.4.5 Filters _ Surface Treatments Typical Solutions to Engineering Problems 8.5 Environmental Conservation Water Conservation and Flood Control Groundwater Pollution Control Environmental Planning Aspects Summarized 692 References Further Reading PART III: Geologic Hazards 697 Chapter 9. Landslides and Other Slope Failures Introduction 6 " General Hazard Recognition Rating the Hazard and the Risk Elements of Slope Stability Slope Failure Form Characteristics Creep, Falls Planar Slides in Rock Masses Rotational Slides in Rock Rotational Slides in Soils Lateral Spreading and Progressive Failure Debris Slides Debris Avalanches Debris Flows Rock-Fragment Flows Soil and Mud Flows Seafloor Instability Assessment of Slopes General Stability Analysis: A Brief Review Slope Characteristics Weather Factors Hazard Maps and Risk Assessment Treatment of Slopes General Concepts Changing Slope Geometry Surface Water Control \ZZZZZZZZZZZ Internal Seepage Control Side-Hill Fills ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ'.8O Retention g Investigation: A Review g General g-^ Regional and Total Slope Studies ZZ Detailed Study of Cut, Fill, or Failure Area Case Study ZZZZ" Instrumentation and Monitoring 826

8 References 828 Further Reading 831 Chapter 10. Ground Subsidence, Collapse, and Heave Introduction General The Hazards Scope and Objectives Groundwater and Oil Extraction Subsurface Effects Surface Effects Physiographic Occurrence Significant Examples Subsidence Prevention and Control Subsurface Mining Subsidence Occurrence Longwall Panel Extraction Room and Pillar Method (Also "Breast and Heading" Method) Strength Properties of Coal Investigation of Existing Mines Subsidence Prevention and Control and Foundation Support Solution of Rock General Solution Phenomenon and Development Investigation Support of Surface Structures Soil Subsidence and Collapse General Collapsible or Metastable Soils Predicting Collapse Potential Treatment and Support of Structures Piping Soils and Dispersive Clays Heave in Soil and Rock General Swelling in Soils Swelling in Rock Masses Treatments to Prevent or Minimize Swelling and Heave 886 References 887 Further Reading 891 Chapter 11. Earthquakes Introduction General Geographic Distribution Objectives and Scope Earthquake Elements The Source Seismic Waves Ground Motion Intensity and Magnitude 910

9 Attenuation Amplification Duration Recurrence and Forecasting 9/ Surface Effects on the Geologic Environment Faulting Soil Behavior Subsidence and Liquefaction Slope Failures Tsunamis and Seiches: Response of Large Water Bodies The Volcano Hazard Earthquake-Resistant Design: An Overview Introduction Structural Response Site Ground-Response Factors Response Spectra Seismic Hazard Analysis The Design Earthquake Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis (SSI) Investigation: Important Structures in High-Hazard Areas Introduction Preliminary Phase Detailed Study of Regional and Local Geologic Conditions Evaluation and Analysis Limitations in the Present State of the Art 989 References 991 Further Reading 995 APPENDICES 997 Appendix A. The Earth and Geologic History 997 A.I Significance to the Engineer 997 A.2 The Earth 997 A.2.1 General 997 A.2.2 Cross Section 997 A.3 Global Tectonics 99g A.3.1 General 99g A.3.2 The Hypotheses 99g A.4 Geologic History 999 A.4.1 North America: Provides a General Illustration ZZZZ.Z.' '..999 A.4.2 Radiometric Dating j'g O 2 References ' im- Further Reading ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZlOB Appendix B. USGS Quads, Aerial Photographs, Satellite and SLAR Imagery FIG Topographic Maps (USGS Quadrangle Maps). FIG Stereo-Pairs of Aerial Photos. FIG Satellite and SLAR Imagery

10 Appendix C. English to Metric to the International System 1007 Appendix D. Symbols 1009 Appendix E. Engineering Properties of Geologic Materials: Data and Correlations 1015 Index 1019