AS 410 Land Navigation. Chpt 4-1

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1 AS 410 Land Navigation Chpt 4-1

2 Overview Types of Maps Map Legends / Scales Latitude and Longitude Orienteering

3 Why? Why important to learn how to read a compass and map? No cell phone coverage Mountain and valleys can obstruct GPS signals Compass always works due to Earth magnetic pull Can be a life saver

4 Maps A Pictorial representation of the Earth s surface drawn to scale Atlas Climatic map Physical map Political map Street map Relief map Thematic map Topographical map

5 Best map for land navigation is a topographic map

6 Topographic Map

7 Parts of a Map Marginal Information Legend Scale Contour Lines Grid lines

8 Marginal Information The MARGINAL INFORMATION in the borders of a map is like the table of contents and introduction of a book. It tells how the map was made, what agency prepared it, what area is depicted, and how accurate and up-todate the map is.

9 The legend shows what symbols on map represent Legend

10 Scale: Shows Distance Ratio 1:24,000 common for Topographic maps The smaller the 2 nd number the more detailed

11 Contour Lines Show difference in elevation (Hills and Valleys) The closer the lines the steeper the hill

12 Contour Lines

13 Contour Lines 1. Which is higher hill A or B? 2. Which is steeper? 3. How many feet elevation are between contour lines? 4. How high is hill A? 5. Are the contour lines closer together on hill A or B?

15 True vs. Magnetic North Maps are Drawn to the Magnetic North Magnetic North is Offset from the North Pole by x Number of Degrees When Measuring Heading from a Map we Must Correct True to Magnetic Heading Where the Magnetic Variance Factor on a Map

16 DVHS Campus Declination N W E S Video

17 Latitude and Longitude Latitude 90 Degrees North and South of the Equator to the Poles Longitude 180 Degrees East and West of the Prime Meridian Each Degree is Divided Into 60 Minutes Each Minute of Latitude Equals 1 NM Each Minute of Longitude at the Equator (only) Equals 1 NM; otherwise it is less

18 Lat vs Long

19 Printed Maps Although many types of orienteer-ing maps exist, most orienteering maps are made to a common set of standards used around the world. Standard orienteering maps are printed in FIVE standard colors, plus white, with each color used for a different class of features.

20 ROCK FEATURES (e.g., boulders, cliffs, stony ground) LINEAR FEATURES such as roads, trails and fences as well as for other AS MAN- MADE FEATURES (e.g., ruins and buildings)

21 BROWN symbols are used for LANDFORMS such as contour lines, small knolls, ditches

22 BLUE is used for WATER FEATURES: lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, marshes

23 YELLOW is used to show VEGETATION specifically FOR OPEN OR UN- FORESTED LAND. The density of the yellow color shows how clear the area is: Brightest yellow for lawns, pale yellow for meadows with high grass

24 GREEN is used to show VEGETATION THAT SLOWS DOWN THE PASSAGE OF AN ORIENTEER. The darkest green areas are almost impassably overgrown

25 WHITE on an orienteering map signifies FOREST WITH LITTLE OR NO UNDERGROWTH forest that an orienteer can run through

27 Direction Topographic maps are printed with: North on the top South on the bottom East to the right West to the left

28 Bearing Measured in Degrees

29 Parts of a Compass

32 Measuring Distance on Map A ruler of some type may be used to measure Counting Paces

33 Orienteering Sport that involves land navigation over unfamiliar terrain with a map and compass Developed in Scandinavia in late 1800 Grew in popularity in Europe Introduced to United States in 1940s 2 types: Score O or Point to Point

34 Required Skills Map Reading Physical Fitness Decision Making Leadership Mental Visualization

35 Required Equipment Compass Whistle Watch Water Boots and Hiking Clothes

36 Determining Azimuth Turn azimuth ring to desired azimuth Hold compass level at chest with direction of travel arrow point away from you Slowly turn your body turn around until the red pointer is boxed in the red arrow Follow the direction of travel arrow

37 1:15,000 1 centimeter equals 150 meters

38 Route choices: Should consider distance, climb, vegetation, collecting/catching features, available handrails, attack points, and the physical and mental status of the team.

Using Map and Compass Together

Using Map and Compass Together In situations where you foresee a potential evacuation on foot, where there are no roads, and no indication as to the direction of travel (i.e., road signs), it is recommended