Contents Research Objects, Tasks and Historical Development of Tourism Earth-science Role of Tourism Earth-science in Tourism Development

Transcription

1 Contents 1 Research Objects, Tasks and Historical Development of Tourism Earth-science Research Objects of Tourism Earth-science Definition of Tourism Earth-science Definition of Tourism Geology Definition of Tourism Geography Research Tasks of Tourism Earth-science Survey and Evaluation of Tourism Resources Selection, Layout, Planning and Construction of Tourist Areas (Spots) Rules of Geographic Distribution and Spatial Movement of Travellers Impacts of Tourism Development on Regional Economic Complexes Tourism Zoning Tourist Transportation and Other Relevant Means Tourism Resources and Environmental Protection Basic Theories and Methods of Tourism Earth-science Historical Development of Research on Tourism Earth-science Research History of Tourism Earth-Science Abroad China s Research History of Tourism Earth-science References Role of Tourism Earth-science in Tourism Development Tourism Earth-science and Tourism System Tourism System Earthscientific Background of Tourism System Effects of Tourism Earth-science in Tourism Development Survey and Evaluation of Tourism Resources Discovery and Selection of Scenic Development Zones xv

2 xvi Contents Precise and Rough Measurements of the Area and Quantity of Elements of Natural and Cultural Landscapes in Scenic Areas Positioning, Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Intrinsic Attributes of Tourism Resources Supervision and Protection of Tourism Resources and Their Ecological Environments Preparation of Tourism Development Plans Basic Formation Conditions of Natural Tourism Resources Significance of Research on Formation Conditions of Natural Tourism Resources Research Contents of Formation Conditions Significance of Research on Formation Conditions Basic Formation Conditions of Natural Tourism Resources Spheres of the Earth and Natural Tourism Resources Regional Integrated Natural Geographical Environments (Kalesnik 1947) Geological Structures and Crustal Structures (Geography Department of Nanjing University 1963) Strata and Rocks (Zhengzhou Geology University 1979) Geological Dynamic Process Land Hydrological Characteristics and Ocean Latitudinal Zonation and Regional Factors of Climate Biogeographical Characteristics Classification of Causes of Formation of Natural Tourism Resources Brief Introduction to Classification Schemes of Natural Tourism Resources Classification of Causes of Formation of Natural Tourism Resources Tourism Resources of Lithosphere Concept of Tourism Resources of Lithosphere Geological Tourism Resources Geomorphic Tourism Resources Cave Tourism Resources Tourism Resources of Hydrosphere Concept of Tourism Resources of Hydrosphere (Wang 1985) Marine Tourism Resources River Tourism Resources Lake Tourism Resources Glacier Tourism Resources Groundwater Tourism Resources

3 Contents xvii 3.6 Tourism Resources of Biosphere Concept of Tourism Resources of Biosphere Botanical Tourism Resources Zoological Tourism Resources Tourism Resources of Atmosphere Concept of Tourism Resources of Atmosphere Meteorological Tourism Resources Climatological Tourism Resources Clean Air Tourism Resources Universe Tourism Resources Concept of Universe Tourism Resources Outer Space Tourism Resources Star Tourism Resources Astronomical Observation Tourism Resources Meteorite Tourism Resources References Earthscientific Formation Conditions of Cultural Tourism Resources Earthscientific Characteristics of Historical and Cultural Tourism Resources Locality of Historical Cultures Earthscientific Characteristics of Cultural Sites of the Stone Age Earthscientific Characteristics of Cultures in China s History Earthscientific Characteristics of Ancient Architectures and Projects Wood and Stone Architectures Garden Architectures Ancient Mausoleums Ancient Architectural Works Earthscientific Characteristics of Religious Culture Landscapes Regional Features of Distribution of Religions Regional Features of Religious Activities Regional Features of Religious Cultures Earthscientific Characteristics of Ethnic Customs Analysis of Earthscientific Factors of Ethnic Customs as Tourism Resources Earthscientific Characteristics of Civilian Houses Earthscientific Characteristics of Other Ethnic Customs References

4 xviii Contents 5 Earthscientific Characteristics of Tourism Resources Research Value of Earthscientific Characteristics of Tourism Resources General Earthscientific Characteristics of Tourism Resources Regional Differentiation Characteristic Scenic Combination Characteristic Similar Appearance Characteristic Potential Resource Characteristic Seasonal Variation Characteristic Resource Nature Variation Characteristic Independent Earthscientific Characteristics of Natural Tourism Resources Immovability Periodical Variation Characteristic Random Variation Independent Earthscientific Characteristics of Cultural Tourism Resources Movability Antiquity Spiritual Culture Characteristic Continuity Times Characteristic Earthscientific Characteristics of China s Tourism Resources Regional Distribution of Mixed Banded and Blocky Tourism Resources Which Are Sparse in the West but Dense in the East Scenic Combination of Natural and Cultural Tourism Resources Long-Distance Combination and Feeling and Scenery Blended Group Combination Characteristics of Famous Mountains and Gardens Characteristic of Gathering of Numerous World Wonderful Tourism Resources Characteristic of Significant but Adjustable Seasonal Variations References Principles of Aesthetic Appreciation of Sceneries Definition of Scenic Beauty and Course of Aesthetic Appreciation of Sceneries Aesthetic Appreciation Generated from Nature Worship (Xie 1987) Formation of Aesthetic Appreciation of Sceneries

5 Contents xix Development of Aesthetic Appreciation of Sceneries Deepening of Aesthetic Appreciation of Sceneries Characteristics and Structures of Natural Beauty of Sceneries Characteristics of Natural Beauty of Sceneries Structure of Natural Beauty of Sceneries Cultural Landscapes Blended into Natural Landscapes Cultural Landscapes Compatible with Natural Landscapes Myths, Legends and Local Customs Adding Extraordinary Splendour to Sceneries References Survey and Evaluation of Tourism Resources Survey of Tourism Resources Survey Objectives Survey Guidelines Survey Emphases Survey Contents Survey Phases Professional Survey Objectives and Contents of Evaluation of Tourism Resources Objectives of Evaluation of Tourism Resources Contents of Evaluation of Tourism Resources Evaluation Methods of Tourism Resources Qualitative Evaluation Method Quantitative Evaluation Method References Tourism Development Planning Theoretical Bases of Tourism Planning Essence of Tourism Planning Objectives of Tourism Planning Characteristics of Tourism Planning Principles of Tourism Planning Contents and Types of Tourism Planning Contents of Tourism Planning Types of Tourism Planning Method of Tourism Planning Finding Out Constraints and Setting Planning Objectives Information Survey Determining Planning Principles and Establishing an Evaluation Index System

6 xx Contents Preparing Planning Schemes Analysis and Evaluation Scheme Selection Planning Implementation References Protection of Tourism Resources and Tourism Environments Tourism and Tourism Environments Factors Damaging Tourism Resources and Deteriorating Tourism Environments Damage of Tourism Environments Resulting from Undue Emphasis on Production Environmental Problems Resulting from Tourist Activities Destructive Behaviours During Tourism Development and Urban Construction Protection of Tourism Resources and Tourism Environments Strengthen Theoretical Research and Universal Education on Protection of Tourism Environments Value Pre-evaluation of Environmental Impact During Planning and Construction of Tourist Areas Strengthen Assessment of Protection Scope and Environmental Capacity of Existing Tourist Areas Improve Legislation on Tourism Environment Improve Systems of National Parks and Reserves References Geoparks Historical Evolution of China s National Geoparks The Birth of Geoparks The Definition of a National Geopark The Mission and Purpose of China s National Geoparks China s National Geoparks The Emblem of China s National Geopark Categorization of China s National Geoparks The Nomination of China s National Geoparks Criteria to Nominate a Geopark Nominator of a Proposed National Geopark in China Nominating Date and Limits of Proposed Parks Nominating Material and Documentation The Evaluation and Approval of a National Geopark

7 Contents xxi Tentative Evaluation Criteria for a National Geopark ( ) The Proposed New Evaluation Criteria for a National Geopark Approval Procedures for National Geoparks Working Criteria for Building National Geoparks Geopark Planning and GeoSite Conservation (30 Points) Scientific Interpretation System Building in Geoparks (40 Points) Research and Science Promotion Activities in Geoparks (15 Points) Administration and Digitalisation of Geoparks (15 Points) Developmental Stages of Chinese National Geopark Future Prospects for Chinese National Geoparks Rapid Development of China s Tourism Increases the Demand for Geoparks Preserving GeoHeritage Demands Geoparks Resources to Develop Geoparks in China Prospects for Chinese Geoparks European and Global Geoparks A Brief History and the Present Situation of European Geopark Development Brief History and Present State of Global Geopark Development Development History and Present State of Global Geoparks in China The Future Prospects of Global Geoparks References Prospects for Tourism Earth-science and Geotourism Increase in Social Demand for Tourism Earth-science and Geotourism A New Phase of Tourism Development The Urgent Need for Compiling Course Books on Tourism Earth-science The Need to Increase the Earth-science Knowledge of Tourist Guides Evaluation of Tourism Resources Will Become a Key Research Topic Research Teams in Tourism Earth-science Will Continue Expanding

8 xxii Contents 11.4 Strategic Conception of Tourism Earth-science and Geotourism Over the Next Ten Years ( ) Organizational Mission of Tourism Earth-science The Targeting Systems Building in Tourism Earth-science The Development Strategy for Tourism Earth-science and Geotourism The Implementation Schemes of Tourism Earth-science Development References Postscript

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