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1 Unit 1 All Study online at quizlet.com/_3l51hr 1. geography: 4. 7 APHG Units+: The study of the distribution and interaction of physical and human features on the earth 2. physical geography: 1. Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives 2. Population and Migration 3. Cultural Patterns and Processes 4. Political Organization of Space 5. Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use 6. Industrialization and Economic Development 7. Cities and Urban Land Use 5. FRQ+: Free Response Question. 3 per exam; not an essay but a more technical type of writing 6. location: The branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes. The study of earth's physical features 3. human geography: The study of human activities on Earth's surface. Study of how humans interact, use, and alter the world. 7. place: The position of anything on Earth's surface. A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character. Uniqueness of a location. What is it like there?

2 8. movement: 12. region: the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet 9. MDC+: An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. 13. Five themes of geography: More Developed Country. A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. Many measures, not just economic. Also called simply "developed". Advanced economically and generally more modernized, infrastructure. High access to education and health care. 10. LDC+: 14. state+: 1. Location; 2. Place; 3. Region; 4. Movement; 5. Humanenvironment interaction Less Developed Country. A country that has NOT progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. Many measures, not just economic. Also called "developing". Most are poor with high fertility rates, low life expectancy, poor infrastructure, limited access to health and education, most jobs in primary sector. 11. human-environment interaction: Country (simplest); An area occupied by a permanent population that has clearly defined borders and is recognized/acknowledged by other states as having sovereignty over its own affairs. Not controlled by other states The geographic theme that explores how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment

3 15. nation+: 18. ecumene: a group of people that are bound together by a common political identity with a shared attachment to a place. State is more a place, nation is more about the people. 16. environmental determinism: The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Where people are willing to live. People generally avoid extremes of heat, cold, rough terrain, high altitude, high precipitation. 19. globalization+: the 19th century view that the natural physical environment controls and limits human activities on earth. Compare to possibilism, which has become more accepted. 17. possibilism: greater cultural and economic interaction among people all over the world 20. local diversity+: belief that although the physical environment limits human actions to a degree, people have the ability to adjust. Compare to environmental determinism, which has become less accepted. allows people to express unique cultural traditions and economics

4 21. scale: 24. qualitative data+: Map scale: the relationship between what is shown on a map and the portion of Earth it represents. Scale of analysis: The level or degree of analysis of any phenomena. Can be local, regional, national, global. 22. pattern: Data that is descriptive and can be observed, usually through interviews, observations, surveys, census-taking; done "in the field", vs. via remotely. "Numbers" (qantify), not "interviews" (qualify). Compare quantitative. 25. quantitative data+: The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area. 23. space: statistical information about a community that can be measured and compared. "Numbers" (qantify), not "interviews" (qualify). Compare qualitative data 26. absolute and relative location: The physical gap or interval between two objects. Geographers are just as interested in the "nothing" between things. 2 types of location geographers use as reference points Specific location vs. location in relation to something/someplace else Absolute location = mathematical location Relative location = situation 27. site: physical character of a place

5 28. situation: 32. projection: 29. fieldwork: The location of a place relative to another place The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. 33. distortion: Research in the field, which is any place where people and culture are found. on-location research 30. equator: a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map Can be shape, area, distance, direction. All maps from all projections have some type of distortion. S.A.D.D. 34. cartography: 31. map: the imaginary center line of latitude that divides the northern and southern hemispheres. 35. prime meridian: The science of making maps A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it. the imaginary line that runs from North Pole to South Pole through Greenwich, England splits east and west hemi. 0 degrees longitude

6 36. Mercator projection: 40. Peter's projection: Popular map of the period of exploration - good for navigational charts (straight line, constant bearing) Shows the correct continent shapes, but distorts their area. Used in Google Maps. Easily detected by how massive it makes Greenland and Antarctica look. 37. Robinson projection: 41. GIS: Equal area projection. Distorts shape. Detected by landmasses looking "squeezed". Balances size and shape trade off all four properties. Detected by corner landmasses curving inward. 38. polar projection: 42. GPS: Geographic Information System A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. Like ogres and onions, GIS has layers. a type of equidistant projection that includes one of the poles as its center Used by plane pilots; distorted at the equator; circular; shows the poles. 39. conic projection: Global Positioning System satellite based navigational system used to find a location. Signal is sent from land up to 3 satellites; time it takes allows precise triangulation of position on earth. Because, math. details of the map are projected on to a cylindrical surface and then flattened

7 43. remote sensing: 46. physical map: technology that gathers data at a distance from Earth's surface The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from an orbiting satellite. 44. Eratosthenes: a thematic (special purpose) map that shows the major physical features of a place. Identifyable by color shading, usually showing elevation changes. 47. political map: scientist - estimated earth's circumference to within 1% with just a stick. Coined the phrase "geography" "Era -Toss the Knees" 45. mental map: A map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc. Easily distinquished by the plain, multiple colors of each different political unit. 48. thematic map: One's perceived image of the surrounding landscape's organization A map which shows one subject or theme, such as population or climate

8 49. longitude: 52. cartogram: 53. dot map: A map that uses size to illustrate a statistical value Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees Rapunzel had looooong hair, went from the top of her head (North Pole) all the way down the tower to the ground (South Pole) numbering system for meridians (axis between North and South poles) 50. latitude: A thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable. 54. Greenwich Mean Time: the distance in degrees north or south of the equator Distance from the equator. Low latitudes- near equator where Tropics are; little seasonal change. Mid-latitudes- change of seasons, larger temperature range. High latitudes- cold, closer to poles 51. choropleth map: The time in that time zone ecompassing the Prime Meridian, or 0 degrees longitude 55. International Date Line: A map that uses differences in shading or coloring to indicate statistical ranges. 180 degrees longitude the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian

9 56. graduated symbol: 60. networks: 57. isoline: Used to represent features using different marker sizes Example- tracking earthquakes a group or system of interconnected people or things 61. formal region: A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value 58. toponym: a region/area sharing one or more physical or cultural feature (uniform region) defined by a common characteristic Region with one or more common features that make it different from surrounding areas 62. functional region: An area organized around a node or focal point 63. vernacular region: 59. model: the name given to a place on Earth simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity A region determined by people's mental images, or perceptions, of places 64. flows: patterns in migration exchanges of resources, information or influence among members (nodes) of the network 65. regionalization: The process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. Regionalism refers to a group's perceived identification with a particular region at any scale 66. distance: an amount of space between two things or people.

10 67. distance decay: 72. diffusion: decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin 68. time-space compression: The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time 73. spatial: Pertaining to space on the Earth's surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic. 74. TODALSIG: title, orientation, date, author, legend, scale, index, grid 75. transitional boundary: term for the reduction in time it takes for something to diffuse to a distance place Transportation and communication technologies allow easier contact across the globe 69. landscape analysis: The process of describing and interpreting the landscape ecology of an area. 70. S.A.D.D.: Distortion inherent in all maps in one or more of the follwing ways: shape, area, distance, direction 71. hearth: The point at which world regions either change or overlap in an unclear manner The region from which innovative ideas originate

11 76. development: 79. cultural landscape: improvement in human well-being through economic advancement, improved access to health, education, and infrastructure, and increased gender-empowerment. 77. geospatial technology: 80. ESPN: the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape The use of various types of modern technology to record and analyze human activity on earth. 78. geospatial data: A way to consider the impact of any phenomena/issue on a place or people. E= economic; S= social; P= political; N= environmental patterns and objects of human and physical phenomena on the surface of earth

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