ADVANCED QUANTITATIVE METHODS READING LIST. January LOGISTIC/PROBIT & RELATED REGRESSION METHODS

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1 ADVANCED QUANTITATIVE METHODS READING LIST January 1999 OUTLINE 1. LINEAR REGRESSION 2. LOGISTIC/PROBIT & RELATED REGRESSION METHODS 3. STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS 4. LONGITUDINAL DATA ANALYSIS 5. MULTILEVEL MODELS 6. LOG-LINEAR MODELS 7. OTHER TOPICS ADVMTH\ 1

2 1. LINEAR REGRESSION Topics Classical Multiple Regression Extensions of Multiple Regression Dummy (Indicator) Variables Interaction Effects Functional Form and Transformations Outliers and Influential Cases Robust estimation Assumption Violations Multicollinearity Heteroscedasticity Autocorrelation COV(x,u) =/ 0 E(u) =/ 0 Specification Tests Suggested Readings (not exhaustive) Belsley, D.A., E. Kuh, and R.E. Welsch Regression Diagnostics. New York: Wiley. Draper, N. R., and H. Smith Applied Regression Analysis. New York: Wiley. Fox, John Regression Diagnostics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Fox, John and J.S. Long (eds) Modern Methods of Data Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. (Articles on many of the above topics.) Greene, William Econometric Analysis. New York: MacMillan. Hanushek, Eric A. and John E. Jackson Statistical Methods for Social Scientists. New York: Academic. Jaccard, James, Robert Turrisi, and Choi K. Wan Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Kmenta, J Elements of Econometrics. New York: Macmillan. Koopmans, Lambert H Introduction to Contemporary Statistical Methods. (2nd edition.) Boston: Duxbury. Neter, J., W. Wasserman and M. Kutner Applied Linear Statistical Models. (2nd edition.) Homewood, IL: Irwin. ADVMTH\ 2

3 Velleman, P.F. and Hoaglin, D.C Applications, Basics, and Computing of Exploratory Data Analysis. Boston: Duxbury. Also see the Soci 209 syllabus. Many of the methodological issues related to linear regression models are discussed in general statistics and econometric texts, some of which are listed above. For relevant articles see Sociological Methodology (SM) and Sociological Methods & Research (SMR). Several of the Sage papers in the Quantitative Applications in the Social Science Series cover topics on linear regression. Technical pieces on regression are common in Journal of the American Statistical Association, Econometrica, Journal of Econometrics, Technometrics, and many other statistical journals. 2. LOGISTIC/PROBIT & RELATED REGRESSION METHODS Topics Statistical Distributions binomial multinomial normal logistic Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) steps to find properties Dichotomous Dependent Variables Linear Probability Model (LPM) OLS & WLS Probit & Logistic Models Outlier & influence diagnostic Ordinal Dependent Variables Probit & Logistic Models Counts as Dependent Variables Poisson regression Negative Binomial regression Censored Dependent Variables LPM Tobit Unordered Dependent Variables Multinomial logit & probit models Independence of irrelevant alternatives problem Suggested Readings (not exhaustive) ADVMTH\ 3

4 Aldrich, J.H. and F.D. Nelson Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models. Newbury Park: Sage. Clogg, Clifford C. and Edward S. Shihadeh Statistical Models for Ordinal Variables. Newbury Park: Sage. Greene, William Econometric Analysis. New York: Macmillan. (relevant sections) Kmenta, Jan Elements of Econometrics. 2nd edition. New York: Macmillan. (relevant sections) Maddala, G.S Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Olzak, Susan "Analysis of Events in the Study of Collective Action." Annual Review of Sociology 15: Also, see articles from Soci 211 syllabus. Applications in ASR and other journals. Some methodological pieces in SMR and SM. Many more papers are in the econometric literature. 3. STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS Topics Matrix Algebra Elementary operations Determinants, inverses, etc. Meaning of Causality in Structural Equation Models Path Analysis Path Diagrams Decomposition of Effects Classical Econometric Models Recursive Nonrecursive Consequences of Measurement Error Constructing Measurement Models Validity and Reliability Confirmatory Factor Analysis General Structural Equation Models Identification of Models Estimators 2SLS, OLS, GLS, WLS, ML, ULS, IV ADVMTH\ 4

5 Model Fit Measures Residuals & Overall fit measures Wald and Lagrangian Multiplier Tests Respecification of Models Multiple Group Analyses Categorical & Discrete Variables Suggested Readings (not exhaustive) Bentler, P.M EQS Program Manual. Los Angeles: BMDP. Blalock, H.M Causal Models in the Social Sciences. Chicago: Aldine. Bollen, K.A Structural Equations with LatentVariables. New York: Wiley. Duncan, O.D Introduction to Structural Equation Models. New York: Academic Press. Hayduk, L Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins. Jöreskog, K. and D. Sörbom LISREL 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications. Chicago: SPSS. Kenny, D Correlation and Causality. New York: Wiley. Long, J.S Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Long, J.S Covariance Structure Models. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Saris, W. and L.H. Stronkhorst Causal Modeling in Nonexperimental Research. Amsterdam: Sociometric Research Foundation. Also, see the bibliographies in the above sources for articles, see Sociological Methods & Research, Sociological Methodology, Psychometrika, Psychological Bulletin, Multivariate Behavioral Research, British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, and Applied Psychological Measurement for recent developments, and see main sociology journals, several psychology journals, and Journal of Marketing Research for application examples. 4. LONGITUDINAL DATA ANALYSIS Topics Processes generating duration data ADVMTH\ 5

6 Basic definitions Continuous time vs discrete time Duration dependence Estimation: maximum likelihood partial likelihood Repeated events Multiple states Time-dependent covariates Unobserved heterogeneity Interdependencies between events Dynamic models (other than hazard rate) Pooling of time-series & cross-sectional data Suggested Readings (not exhaustive) Allison, P Event History Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Carroll, G "Dynamic Analysis of Discrete Dependent Variables." Quality & Quantity 17: Cox, David R. and D. Oakes Analysis of Survival Data. New York: Chapman and Hall. Guo, Guang "Event History Analysis for Left-Truncated Data." Pp in Peter V. Marsden, ed., Sociological Methodology. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Guo, Guang and Germán Rodríguez "Estimating a Multivariate Proportionate Hazard Model for Clustered Data Using the EM Algorithm, with an Application to Child Survival in Guatemala." Journal of the American Statistical Association 87: Heckman, James and B. Singer "Econometric Analysis of Longitudinal Data." Pp in Z. Griliches and M. D. Intriligator. eds., Handbook of Econometrics. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Hutchison, D "Event History and Survival Analysis in the Social Sciences I." Quality & Quantity 22: Hutchison, D "Event History and Survival Analysis in the Social Sciences II." Quality & Quantity 22: Kalbfleisch, J. and R.L. Prentice The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data. New York: Wiley. Tuma, N.B. and M. Hannan Social Dynamics. New York: Academic. ADVMTH\ 6

7 Yamaguchi, Kazuo Event History Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Linear models Rosenfeld, Rachel A. and François Nielsen "Inequality and Careers: A Dynamic Model of Socioeconomic Achievement." Sociological Methods and Research 12: Greene, William H Econometric Analysis. New York: MacMillan. (Chapter 16, especially "longitudinal data" section pp ) Greene, William H LIMDEP User's Guide. New York: Econometric Software. (Chapter 29, "Fixed and Random Effects Linear Models.") Hsiao, Cheng Analysis of Panel Data. New York: Cambridge. Judge, George G., William E. Griffith, R. Carter Hill and Tsoung-Chao Lee The Theory and Practice of Econometrics. New York: Wiley. (Chapter 8, pp ) Kmenta, J Elements of Econometrics. New York: Macmillan (see material on pooling time-series & cross-sectional data and on time-series analysis) Also see ASR, AJS, and SF for recent applications, see SM, SMR, and biometrics literature for recent developments, and see bibliographies of above readings for additional material. 5. MULTILEVEL MODELS Suggested readings Bryk, Anthony S. and Stephen W. Raudenbush. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. Goldstein, Harvey Multilevel Models in Educational and Social Research. London: Griffin. Goldstein, Harvey Multilevel Statistical Models. 2 nd ed. London: Arnold; New York: Halstead. Mason, William et al "Contextual Analysis through the Multilevel Linear Model." Pp in Sociological Methodology San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 6. LOG-LINEAR MODELS ADVMTH\ 7

8 Topics Measures of association Hierarchical models Models of quasi-independence Other models incorporating patterns of associations "Dependent" variables Ordered categorical data Category counts Suggested Readings (not exhaustive) Agresti, A Categorical Data Analysis. New York: Wiley. Clogg, Clifford C "Using Association Models in Sociological Research: Some Examples." American Journal of Sociology 88: Clogg, Clifford C. and Edward S. Shihadeh Statistical Models for Ordinal Variables. Newbury Park: Sage. Clogg, Clifford C. and S.R.Eliason "Some Common Problems in Log-Linear Analysis." In J.S. Long (ed.) Common Problems/Proper Solutions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Fienberg, S The Analysis of Cross-classified Categorical Data. Cambridge: MIT Press. Fingleton, B Models of Category Counts. New York: Cambridge. Hout, Michael Mobility Tables. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Knoke, David and Peter J.Burke Log-linear Models. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Also, see bibliographies of above sources for additional works, see ASR, AJS, or SF for some applications, and see SM, SMR, the biometrics, and statistical journals for recent developments. 7. OTHER ISSUES & TECHNIQUES The list of topics and readings for this section is the most difficult to compose. The above references provide some guidelines but the best way to learn what other quantitative techniques are applied in sociology is to become familiar with SM and SMR. Occasionally a quantitative methodology piece is published in ASR, AJS, or SF. Topics ADVMTH\ 8

9 Epistemological issues Visual display of quantitative information Bootstrap methods Monte Carlo simulations Factor analysis Sample selection issues Other topics Fox, John and J.Scott Long (eds) Modern Methods of Data Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. (Articles on several of the above topics.) Epistemological issues Blalock, Hubert M Basic Dilemmas in the Social Sciences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Blalock, Hubert M Conceptualization and Measurement in the Social Sciences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Duncan, Otis D Notes on Social Measurement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Lieberson, Stanley Making It Count. (And discussion of Lieberson in Sociological Methods 1987, 88.) Visual display of quantitative information Chambers, J.M., W.S. Cleveland,B. Kleiner & P.A. Tukey Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. Boston, MA: Duxbury. Tufte, E. R The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Wilkinson, Leland SYGRAPH. Evanston, IL: SYSTAT, Inc.: Ch.2: "Cognitive science and graphic design." Bootstrap methods Bollen, K.A. and R.A. Stine "Direct and Indirect Effects: Classical and Bootstrap Estimates of Variability". Pp. in C.C. Clogg, (ed.), Sociological Methodology Efron, B. and R. Tibshirani "Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy." Statistical Science 1: Dynamic models (other than hazard rates) Doreian, Patrick and Norman P. Hummon Modeling Social Processes. New York: Elsevier. Nielsen, François and Rachel A. Rosenfeld "Substantive Interpretations of Differential Equations Models." American Sociological Review 46: ADVMTH\ 9

10 Petersen, Trond "Recent Advances in Longitudinal Methodology." Annual Review of Sociology 19: Sample selection issues Berk, Richard A. and S. C. Ray "Selection Biases in Sociological Data." Social Science Research 11: Stolzenberg, Ross M. and D. A. Relles "Theory Testing in a World of Constrained Research Design: The Significance of Heckman's Censored Sampling Bias Correction for Nonexperimental Research." Sociological Methods and Research 18: Winship, Chistopher and Robert Mare "Models for Sample Selection Bias." Annual Review of Sociology 18: Other topics Marsden, Peter V "Network Data & Measurement." Annual Review of Sociology 16: McCullagh, P. and J.A. Nelder Generalized Linear Models. London:Chapman and Hall Sørensen, Aage B "Mathematical Models in Sociology." Annual Review of Sociology 4: ADVMTH\ 10