2 Precipitation and Evaporation
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1 Zone 7 Water Agency 2.1 Program Description 2 Precipitation and Evaporation This section describes Zone 7's Climatological Monitoring Program which tracks rainfall and evaporation in the Valley. Zone 7 uses a network of climatological stations to provide high quality data for long-term studies, basin recharge calculations, and water management decisions. The Zone 7 Climatological Monitoring Program network consists of seven rainfall stations, two pan evaporation stations, and one California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) station located within the Alameda Creek Watershed. The boundary of the watershed, the location of the climatological stations, and isohyets (the lines of equal annual average rainfall) are shown in Figure 2-1. Figure 2-2 lists the stations and provides basic station information including the station ID, name, location, and mean annual precipitation or evapotranspiration (ETo). There are two basic types of rainfall stations used in Zone 7 s climatological monitoring program: daily record stations and recorder stations. A daily record station consists of a rain gage at which, once-a-day, the observer measures and records the depth of rain that has fallen during the preceding 24 hours. A recorder station, which provides rainfall intensity for periods of less than 24 hours as well as daily totals, consists of a computerized-tipping-bucket rain gage and a data recorder. These semi-continuous-reading rain gages generally provide rainfall totals on a 15-minute frequency. Zone 7 s climatological monitoring program also contains both reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation stations to determine water transfer to the atmosphere. Station 191 (CIMIS) is a reference evapotranspiration station, which estimates the ETo value of the water used by a wellwatered, full-cover grass surface, whereas the pan evaporation stations at Lake Del Valle (LDV) and Livermore Water Reclamation Plant (LWRP) measure evaporation directly. LDV and LWRP pan evaporation data is converted to ETo using a conversion factor (ETo=Pan Evap x ). Zone 7 uses ETo to calculate evaporation from the mining ponds as well as in its applied water recharge model. The CIMIS Stations ETo is also used as part of Zone 7 s Water Conservation program to help regulate weather-based irrigation ( SMART ) controllers. 2.2 Results for the 2015 WY In the 2015 WY (October 1, 2014 through September 30, 2015), total rainfall in the Valley was about 93% of the average water year. The percent of average water year rainfall at individual stations ranged from 79% at Station 24 (Patterson Pass Water Treatment Plant) to 105% at Station 191 (CIMIS). Rainfall totals from individual stations ranged from inches at Station 24 to inches at Station 44 (Mt. Hamilton). Annual Report for the Groundwater Management Program 2015 WY June 2016
2 Zone 7 Water Agency 2 Precipitation and Evaporation The rainfall hydrograph for Station 15E (Figure 2-3), presents data for that station for the 2015 WY, along with the driest water year (1977), the average water year (calculated), the wettest year (1983), and the previous water year for comparison. The monthly precipitation totals for each of Zone 7 s rainfall monitoring stations for the 2015 WY are shown in Figure 2-4. Figure 2-5 shows historical monthly data from Station 15E in Livermore, the station with the longest historical record ( ). In the 2015 WY, Station 15E received 91% of the historical record annual average. It is noteworthy that Station 15E had the fifth wettest December on record for the station, with However, the zero rainfall total for the month of January was the only time that it has occurred in the station s 144 year record. Daily and 15-minute data are archived in Zone 7 s database. ETo for the 2015 WY was inches (110% of normal) at the Lake Del Valle Station and inches (88% of normal) at the LWRP Station; however the LWRP data may be somewhat unreliable. ETo was (104% of normal) inches at the CIMIS station. Figure 2-6 provides the monthly ETo for each of the three monitoring stations during the 2015 WY, and Figure 2-7 shows monthly pan evaporation measured at Lake Del Valle (LDV-EV) with data going back to the 1969 WY. Annual Report for the Groundwater Management Program 2015 WY 2-2 June 2016
3 22 24 Alameda Creek Watershed 11 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY GROUNDWATER BASIN Sta 101 LIVERMORE VALLEY GROUNDWATER BASIN Sta 170 Sta CIMIS Sta 15E Sta LWRP Sta Sta Sta 34 TRACY SUBBASIN 14 Sta LDV SUNOL VALLEY GROUNDWATER BASIN Climatological Stations 2015 Measures Rainfall Rainfall and Evaporation Rainfall and Evapotranspiration Isohytes of Average Annual Rainfall (in)(alameda Cnty 2011) Zone 7 Service Area Livermore Valley Groundwater Basin Sunol Valley Groundwater Basin San Joaquin Valley Groundwater Basin Alameda Creek Watershed ZONE 7 WATER AGENCY 100 North Canyons Parkway Livermore, CA Sta Legend. Sources: Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, TomTom, 0 Intermap, 2.5 increment 5 10 P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Miles Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri DRAWN: TR/MG Scale: 1 = 5 miles REVIEWED: MK/MG Date: May 18, 2016 P:\GWS\Programs\GWMP\2015AnnRpt\Figures\Fig02-01-CMProg2015rev.mxd Figure 2-1 Climatological Monitoring Stations with Average Rainfall (in)
4 FIGURE 2-2 TABLE OF CLIMATOLOGICAL STATIONS 2015 WATER YEAR (Oct 2014 to Sep 2015) Alameda MEAN ANNUAL County Computer DAILY 15 MIN PRECIPITATION STATION SITE ID STATION NAME LOCATION OBSERVER ELEVATION RECORD RECORD INCHES 15E CM_STA 15E NOAA LIVERMORE WELLINGHAM DRIVE LIVERMORE PRECIPITATION NETWORK STATION ESTABLISHED MR. RON HAFNER CM_STA 17 DEL VALLE PLANT 24 CM_STA 24 PATTERSON PLANT 34 CM_STA 34 MOCHO WELL FIELD 44 CM_STA 44 MT HAMILTON 101 CM_STA 101 TASSAJARA 170 CM_STA 170 ZONE 7 OFFICE 191 CM_STA 191 CIMIS STATION VALLECITOS ROAD LIVERMORE PATTERSON PASS ROAD LIVERMORE SANTA RITA ROAD PLEASANTON LICK OBSERVATORY MT HAMILTON CAMINO TASSAJARA ROAD DANVILLE PARKSIDE DRIVE PLEASANTON ALAMEDA COUNTY FAIRGROUNDS PLEASANTON ZONE 7 STAFF to Present ZONE 7 STAFF to Present ZONE 7 STAFF to LICK OBSERVATORY MRS. JOAN HANSEN ZONE 7 STAFF to DWR STAFF to Present EVAPORATION NETWORK MEAN ANNUAL STATION ETo STATION ID SITE ID NAME LOCATION OBSERVER ELEVATION STATION ESTABLISHED INCHES * LDV CM_STA LDV-EV LAKE DEL VALLE ARROYO ROAD LIVERMORE DWR STAFF LWRP CM_STA LWRP-EV LIVERMORE WATER RECLAMATION PLANT JACK LONDON DRIVE LIVERMORE LWRP STAFF CM_STA 191-ETO CIMIS STATION ALAMEDA COUNTY FAIRGROUNDS PLEASANTON DWR STAFF * Stations LDV and LWRP record evaporation using pan evaporation equipment. ETo is derived using : ETo= Pan Evaporation x E:\MONITOR\PR\2015WY\Climatological2015.xlsm Figure 2-2
5 9/30 10/31 11/30 12/31 1/31 2/28 3/31 4/30 5/31 6/30 7/31 8/31 9/30 FIGURE 2-3 ZONE 7 WATER AGENCY GRAPH OF LIVERMORE RAINFALL (STATION 15E NOAA) 35 Total Annual Rainfall % Avg Probability of Exceedence Wettest (1983 WY) % 1% Inches of Rain Average Rainfall % 41% 2015 WY % 52% WY % 97% 5 Driest (1977 WY) % 98% 0 OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 2015 Water Year Monthly (inches) % Monthly Avg 24% 73% 308% 0% 66% 12% 73% 107% 285% 0% 29% 21% YTD (inches) % Average YTD 24% 58% 191% 122% 108% 92% 90% 91% 92% 92% 92% 91% % Annual Avg 1% 9% 66% 66% 78% 79% 85% 88% 91% 91% 91% 91% E:\MONITOR\PR\2015WY\ST15eGRF15.xlsx Figure 2-3
6 FIGURE 2-4 MONTHLY PRECIPITATION DATA 2015 WATER YEAR (Oct 2014 to Sep 2015) MONTHLY PRECIPITATION IN INCHES MONITORING STATION 2015 % Historic Network Network CM_STA 15E CM_STA 17 CM_STA 24 CM_STA 34 CM_STA 44 CM_STA 101 CM_STA 170 CM_STA 191 Average Average 15E OCT % NOV % DEC % JAN % FEB % MAR % APR % MAY % JUN % JUL % AUG % SEP % TOTAL % AVG 91% 89% 79% 98% 89% 95% 96% * 105% 93% *Average Rainfall for Station 191 calculated from data collected at the station from 2004 to present. DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY PRECIPITATION Number of days with rainfall greater than reference MONITORING STATION 2015 Rainfall Network (inches) 15E Average >Trace > > > > E:\MONITOR\PR\2015WY\Climatological2015.xlsm 6/28/2016 Figure 2-4
7 FIGURE 2-5 HISTORICAL MONTHLY PRECIPITATION MONITORING STATION 15E, LIVERMORE (INCHES) 1871 to 2015 WATER YEARS TOTAL TOTAL % AVERAGE Water Year OCTWY NOVWY DECWY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT-SEP JULY-JUNE OCT-SEP 1871 NA NA NA NA NA NA % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Water Year = October to September E:\MONITOR\PR\2015WY\Climatological2015.xlsm Figure 2-5 Page 1 of 2
8 FIGURE 2-5 HISTORICAL MONTHLY PRECIPITATION MONITORING STATION 15E, LIVERMORE (INCHES) 1871 to 2015 WATER YEARS TOTAL TOTAL % AVERAGE Water Year OCTWY NOVWY DECWY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT-SEP JULY-JUNE OCT-SEP % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % MAXIMUM % MINIMUM % MEAN % Water Year = October to September E:\MONITOR\PR\2015WY\Climatological2015.xlsm Figure 2-5 Page 2 of 2
9 FIGURE 2-6 MONTHLY EVAPOTRANSPITATION (ETo) DATA 2015 WATER YEAR (Oct 2014 to Sep 2015) MONTHLY REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (Eto) (inches) 2015 % Historic Network Network LDV LWRP 191 Average Average OCT % NOV % DEC % JAN % FEB % MAR % APR % MAY % JUN % JUL % AUG % SEP % TOTAL % AVG 110% 88% 104% 101% 1) ETo values for LDV and LWRP were approximated using : ETo= Pan Evaporation x E:\MONITOR\PR\2015WY\Climatological2015.xlsm Figure 2-6
10 FIGURE 2-7 HISTORICAL MONTHLY PAN EVAPORATION MONITORING STATION LAKE DEL VALLE, LIVERMORE (INCHES) 1969 TO 2015 WATER YEARS TOTAL TOTAL % AVERAGE Water Year OCTWY NOVWY DECWY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT-SEP JULY-JUNE OCT-SEP NA 103% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % MAXIMUM % MINIMUM % MEAN % ETo can be approximated using: ETo= Pan Evaporation x Water Year = October to September E:\MONITOR\PR\2015WY\Climatological2015.xlsm Figure 2-7
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