A Model of GIS Interoperability Based on JavaRMI
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1 A Model of GIS Interoperability Based on Java Gao Gang-yi 1 Chen Hai-bo 2 1 Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou , China 2 College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou , China Abstract With the rapid increase of geographic information on the Internet and the growth of the application of GIS, we need research on interoperability among different and heterogeneous systems. This paper firstly analyses GIS interoperability which data interoperability, function interoperability and semantic interoperability. Secondly, with the development of the thought of component GIS and the analysis of the model of component registration, GIS founction interoperability can be improved better. Finally, we proposed a model of GIS interoperability based on Java. By means of this model, a kind of distributed geographic information service can be provided comprehensively and efficiently to GIS users on the Internet. Key words: GIS; Interoperability; Geographic Information; ; geographic information service; GML 1 Introduction Along With the wide application of personal portable communication and computing devices, such as cell phones, GPS device and PDA, geographic information data on the Internet increase quickly. The National Academy of Sciences of America estimates that 80 percent of the information on the Web is composed of spatial information that includes coordinate information, such as longitude, latitude and their various kinds of projections, relative distance and direction information. On the other hand, some new problems appeared with the fast development of GIS (Geographic Information System). The present different system of GIS, different geographic data resources and different environment resulted in the inconformity of spatial data format and structure in application. Therefore, we need urgently to carry on the research on GIS interoperability. At present, the research on GIS interoperability is mostly limited to data interoperability, but this is not enough. The application of GIS interoperability means that the systems of difference data structure and data format work together. After analyzing the interoperability of GIS, we come up with the method of GIS function interoperability, and put forward the model of system structure of GIS function interoperability. The model can provide the distributed geographic information service on the Internet. 2 GIS Interoperability Interoperability means that the ability of two or several systems exchanging information and using information, also refers to the ability of a system processing information that comes from another system, it is an important index of software quality, reflecting that a system whether or not is easy to quickly communicate with another system. Interoperability emphasizes those software systems that have different data structure and data formats work together. In the field of GIS, there are different definitions about interoperability. ISO/TC211 thinks that if the two entities of X and Y can be interoperated, then X and Y have common comprehension to Ri, and if X puts forward Ri toward Y, Y can respond correctly to Ri, and return the result Si to the X [1]. UCGIS (1996) thinks that interoperability usually refers to the integration of the existing system and the application from the bottom up. It is not simply combined but systematically integrated, demanding many kinds of support of DBMS and applications. OGC thinks that interoperability is the ability that the system or the component of the system provides the inner application and collaboration to make the process control harmoniously [2]. While ESRI thinks that interoperability is the ability to locate and obtain geographic data and services in the open calculation environment. 1
2 The basic structure of GIS interoperability is illustrated in figure 1. The basic process of GIS interoperability is: 1. on the distributed calculation platform which has the common network protocol(such as TCP/IP), the system A sends a request toward the system B, the structure of the request has to meet the request of the rules S; 2. the system B processing the request; 3. the system B returns the result to the system A, which the result has also to meet the request of the rules S. The rules S GIS System A common interface q r The distributed calculation platform (network protocol) q r GIS System B common interface According to different emphases on GIS interoperability, we divided it into three kinds: data interoperability (technique interoperability), function interoperability (service interoperability) and semantic interoperability [2]. At present, the research on data interoperability is popular, but the research on function interoperability and semantic interoperability is not done sufficiently. This paper mainly discusses function interoperability. 3 OGC and GIS Interoperability Fig.1 The basic structure of GIS interoperability OGC (OpenGIS Consortium) was established in 1994, its target is to be open and interoperable, that is free access of the different geographic data and services on the Internet. OGC established OGIS (Open Geodata Interoperability Specification) and made all GIS developer to adopt that specification, thus realizing geographic information share. The specification of OpenGIS almost includes each aspect of GIS: from abstract specifications to implementation specifications, from semantic web to software components, from common geodata model to common service model. A series interface is definition by OGC, which is shown in figure 2. Fig.2 Interoperability layers and standards of OGC To realize GIS data interoperability, it is important to standardize geodata. OGC put forward GML (Geography Markup Language) that is a new standard of data exchange. This is an important step to carry out geographic spatial data interoperability. GML is the XML syntax rule that is used to construct, transfer and store geographic information attribute of spaces and non- spaces[3]. GML realizes data interoperability and reduces the expense of data conversion. 2
3 4 GIS Function Interoperability GIS founction interoperability is the extension and higher level of data interoperability. Only with geographic data transformation, the information cannot be shared; only when the cooperation between the systems is realized on the higher level, can be obtained the target of geographic information services (GI Services). Here, we will analyze founction interoperability based on the thought of component GIS. 4.1 Extend the Thought of GIS GIS (ComGIS) is the application of GIS software development with oriented object technique and component software. The basic thought of component GIS is to divide GIS software into several components, each component of which completes different function. GIS components can work together through visual software development tool, and finally form the application of GIS. s are like several building blocks, which carry out the different function respectively. We extend the thought of component GIS here, those components not only limit in one GIS system, but distribute on the network. Our purpose is to access components in the different GIS systems and carry out GIS function interoperability in the distributed circumstance. Under the distributed circumstance, typical GIS component should include [4] [5]: GI Display GI Projection GI Address Matching GI Registry and Catalog GI Query GI Extraction A simple processing request of user is not usually involved single GIS component, but several component services. We integrate these components like a chaining, and we call it a GIS service chaining. Service chaining is a series of dynamic operation service meeting the need of user. The service request of user will be implemented through several components on the distributed network. Among them, catalog and registration component are very important parts of the system. Those components are used for classification, registration, description, search and support information concerning GIS web service. Registration and catalogue service are classified by their role, such as catalogue of data type, sample of on-line data, service type and instance of on-line service. 4.2 The Model of Registration The model of the registration of distributed GIS component is an important part of the model of GIS function interoperability, and it makes the geographic information service possible [6]. The registration component of GIS manages the metadata of all components. It is the bridge (Fig. 3) that connects user and provider of component. The model is constructed by Java technique [7]. Remote request Remote connection Methond invocation Applet Web Server Interface download registration Search GIS Meta-info Registration Server Fig.3 The relation of user, provider of component and component registration server 3
4 In the model, web server and provider of component are bound together by component registration service. Before visited, component should link database of geographic information service to registration first, and the component information will be stored in metadata database. User understands the function of component via browsing information of metadata, then links and uses it. In the model of component registration, there are maybe many clients and servers of provider of component, and each independent client and server can form the pyramid shape structure like Fig. 3. The applet of client can extend, and component provides interface for user by applet. Applet, GIS component and registration server can carry out the different object communication methods (Fig.4). Applet Applet Extension Servlet GIS Register Servlet Meta-info Application Server Registration Server Fig.4 communication method of the model of component registration Web server is not mentioned in Fig.4, as it is not so important compared to other parts, but some processing still need Web servers, such as download class and web pages of register GIS component to client etc. s register the database of metadata information by the servlet. Using the applet, client download metadata information of component from database severs. Metadata information includes the description of connection method of component. A communicates with other components through the method of Java (Java Remote Method Invocation). When the component register, component interface object upload to web server by applet. 5 The Model of GIS Function Interoperability According to the above analysis of GIS interoperability, we put forward the model of distributed GIS function interoperability based on Java-, which is illustrated in Fig. 5: HTMLApplet Metadata Internet Registration Server Registration Servlet GML GIS Service s GML GIS Service s GIS Data GIS Data Fig.5 the model of distributed GIS function interoperability based on Java- 4
5 registration server is responsible for managing GIS component provided on the web; the metadata in the database that record the elaboration on GIS component. Data exchange on the web adopts GML. Therefore, client and server should have wrapper that is responsible for explaining and packing GML file. There are many servers of GIS component on the web. Some provide geographic data and some provide service of geographic processing function. Applet usually embeds in web pages. When user browses web page, interface, general GIS class and remote object interface are downloaded to client. After client sends the request to server of GIS component, server provides geographic data and service to client through or Java servlet. In the course, it maybe remote invokes other GIS servers. So it is a real distributed GIS component service realizing GIS function interoperability. 6 Conclusion and Future Work Interoperability is the research hotspot of information technique field currently. GIS interoperability has three facets: data interoperability, function interoperability and semantic interoperability. GIS founction interoperability is extension and higher level of data interoperability. Only realized a system cooperates mutually on the higher layer, and then can be real to attain the target of geographic information services. This paper develops a realizing method of GIS processing function interoperability after extending the thought of component GIS and analyzing the model of component registration. Finally, we put forward the structure of GIS interoperability based on Java technique. The model could provide distributed GI service for GIS user on the Internet. GIS interoperability is a complicated subject. With our limitation, we also have many works to do: 1. Further research on geographic spatial metadata, catalogue and the registration service. 2. Consideration on safety and transmission of data etc. 3. GML still has limitation in semantic interoperability. 4. It needs further research for the system to be applied into practice. We will keep on our research on these aspects, and believe that geographic information service will develop GIS industry on the web. References: [1] ISO/TC-211. Geographic information Services. ISO/DIS Draft International Standard [2] OGC. The OpenGIS Guide Introduction to Interoperable Geoprocessing and the OpenGIS Specification, third Edition, [3] OpenGIS Consortium. OpenGIS Geography Markup Language (GML) ImplementationSpecification. OGC r4. Version [4] Andrew J. Marr, Richard T. Pascoe, and George L. Benwell. Interoperable GIS and Spatial Process Modeling. Proceedings of GeoComputation 97 & SIRC : [5] FGDC Geospatial Applications and Interoperability Working Group. A Geospatial Interoperability Reference Model (G. I. R. M.) 2003: [6] OGC. OpenGIS Catalog Services Specification. OGC r : [7] Pierpaolo Vittorini and Paolino Di Felice. A Java-based Application Supporting Interoperability in a GIS Context. IEEE. 1999:
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