SUITABLE WASTE DISPOSAL SITES SELECTION FOR APPLICATION

Transcription

1 SUITABLE WASTE DISPOSAL SITES SELECTION FOR Factor TUMAKURU (2015): (Calculated CITY, KARNATAKA, by GISI) INDIA USING GEOMATICS APPLICATION Basavarajappa H.T 1, Jeevan L 2, Manjunatha M.C 3, Mahamad Ali M 4 Volume 6, Issue 6, June (2015), Pp Article ID: International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) IAEME: ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) IJCIET I A E M E 1,2,3,4 Centre for advanced studies in Precambrian Geology, Department of Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore , Karnataka, India National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (ICAR), Bangalore ABSTRACT Waste management problems and issues result from indiscriminate waste disposal which stems from improper planning and implementation. The present study aims to integrate RS and GIS applications to locate the suitable landfill sites in developing city Tumakuru of Karnataka state. Spatial data such as; lineaments, soil, drainage networks and tanks of the study area are extracted from a geo-rectified (25m resolution) satellite image (IRS-1D, PAN+LISS-III), Survey of India (SoI) toposheet (scale-1:50,000) and updated on Google Earth Image. All the thematic layers extracted through Visual Image Interpretation Techniques (VIIT) on-screen digitizing using GIS software s. The newly located disposal sites are geo-located by considering the transportation distance and added as a layer to the map of the study area. The final results delineate the safe disposal sites of municipal & industrial wastes along with hydrological parameters and its environmental impact over existing site. The integration of RS, GIS analysis, GPS survey including Ground Truth Check (GTC), demarcates four alternative safe locations over existing landfill site; considering the environmental, biophysical and socio-economical factors. Keywords: Suitable sites for waste disposal, Tumakuru city, Geomatics. 1. INTRODUCTION The rapid growth of population & urbanization decreases the non renewable resources and disposal of effluent & toxic waste indiscriminately, are the major environmental issues posing threats to the existence of human being (Ashtashil et al., 2011). The most common problems associated with improper management of solid waste include diseases transmission, fire hazards, odor nuisance, atmospheric & water pollution, aesthetic nuisance and economic losses (Jilani et al.,?). There has been a significant increase in solid waste generation in India over the years from 100 gm per person per day in small towns to 500 grams per persons per day in large towns. Presently most of the municipal solid waste in India is being disposed unscientifically (Adeofun., 2012). Generally municipal solid waste is collected and deposited in sanitary landfill, such unscientific disposal attract birds, rodents and flies to the waste dumping site and create unhygienic conditions (Suchitra, et al., 2007). The degradation of the solid waste results in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and other trace gases. The unscientific methods of landfill reduce the quality of the drinking editor@iaeme.com

2 water and causes the disease like jaundice, nausea, asthma (Jean Fidèle Nzihou., 2013; Masood Ahsan Siddiqui., 2011; Maher Arebey., 2010; Basavarajappa et al., 2012; 2013; 2014). Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal authorities in the urban areas to keep clean. However, it is among the most poorly rendered services in the basket the systems applied are unscientific, outdated and inefficient; population coverage is low and the poor are marginalized. Waste is littered all over leading to insanitary living conditions. Municipal laws governing the urban local bodies do not have adequate provisions to deal effectively with the ever growing problem of solid waste management. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. The urban population has grown fivefold in the last six decades with million people living in urban areas as per the 2001 and 2011Census. The waste generation rates in India are lower than the non developing countries in other parts of the world and much lower compared to developing countries (Ahmad Al et al. 2011). However, lifestyle changes, especially in the larger cities, leading to the use of more packaging material and per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3% per year. With the urban population growing at 2.7 per cent to 3.5 per cent per annum, the yearly increase in the overall quantity of solid waste in the cities will be more than 5 per cent. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that waste generation will exceed 260 million tons per year by 2047 more than five times the present level. Cities with 100,000 plus population contribute 72.5 per cent of the waste generated in the country. Tumakuru city is developing as one of the smart cities in India which may face majorly landfill issues as Bengaluru city, Karnataka in future. The Population census recorded in 2011 is 2,678,980 and generating 87,613 tones of solid wastes daily from every source. The existing landfill site is operating exactly in contact between Archean Migmatitic gneisses & proterozoic granites and acting as a groundwater contamination zone. (Jayananda et al., 1999; Vaidyanathan and Ramakrishnana 1998, Basavarajappa et al., 2014) (fig. 2 & 9). 2. STUDY AREA Geographical extinct of the study area is to N latitude and to E longitudes respectively. The total area of the administrative boundary of tumakuru city is of Sq km. Climate: The climate around Tumakuru and other parts of the district is free from extremes, except Pavagada taluk where it is relatively hot. The year may broadly be classified into four seasons. The dry season is from January to February, followed by hot weather from March to May. The SW monsoon season is from June to September and the NE monsoon period from October to December. Rainfall: The normal rainfall in the tumakuru city is of 862.4mm and it varies from maximum 1004mm to minimum 435mm in the year 2001 and 2003 respectively. Temperature: The temperatures start rising from January to a peak of around 34 0 C in April is the hottest month in the year. Thereafter it declines during the monsoon period and December is coldest month and the temperature dips down to 16 o C. Wind speed: The winds are predominantly south westerly during the summer monsoon and northeasterly during the winter monsoon. Evapotranspiration: The annual potential Evapotranspiration is over 1800mm with monthly rates less than 100mm during December and January and over 250 mm during May editor@iaeme.com

3 3. METHODS AND MATERIALS Fig. 1 Location Map of the study area Collateral Data City Survey and settlement location map of Tumakuru city (2010) is collected from Tumakuru Urban Development Authority (TUDA); Ward map from City Municipal Corporation of Tumakuru (CMC), Present population data from Tumakuru District Statistical Department are used for preparation of various GIS based thematic layers. Remote Sensing Data Basic Satellite data (2015 downloaded from Google earth) used for the preparation of various layers by visual interpretation techniques to notice the various components of the city. Cartosat DEM from Bhuvan of National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) is also used for analysis. Global Positioning System (GPS) It is a Satellite based navigation system used to determine the precise location, velocity and global time information in all weather, anywhere to the user on or near the earth through the signals by the GPS receiver and it is maintained by United States government. In the present study we have used Garmin Map 60 GPS with an accuracy of 3 to 5 meters and collected Ground Control Points (GCP) at every dustbin in the city and for new location of dustbin in the city because of rapid growth of the city area. Software s used Remote Sensing Software Erdas Imagine is a Remote Sensing application with raster graphics editor abilities designed by ERDAS (version 2014) for geospatial applications initially in 1990 and software allows to prepare, display and enhance digital images for mapping use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or in computer-aided design (CADD) software. GIS Based Software ARC-GIS is a geographic information system (GIS) for working with maps and geographic information and it is developed by ESRI editor@iaeme.com

4 4. LITHOLOGY Tumakuru district exposes mainly rock types belonging to the Peninsular Gneissic complex (PGC), schistose rocks of Sargur group and Dharwar super group, younger intrusives (Closepet Granite and basic dykes) and thin patches of quaternary gravels. The high grade schists of Sargur group occur as continuous bands, small enclaves within the PGC and comprise amphibolites, ultramafics and banded ferruginous chert. The younger intrusives include Closepet granite and basic dykes. Thin patches of Quaternary gravel horizons are located towards northern parts of the study area. There are three prominent lineaments are noticed to be trending towards in ENE-WSW, NW- SE and N-S directions in the study area. The alluvial patches are generally seen along the major streams as narrow discontinuous patches particularly in granite. Lithologically, the study area represents two types of rock namely Migmatites, Granitic gneiss and Granite (Closepet). The younger granites; which are coarse-grained and porphyritic, constitute a well-defined narrow range of Devrayanadurga hills, which run north-south in the eastern portion of the study area. Which are represented in fig. 2 and their statistics in the table 1. Table.1. Area Statistics Lithology of the study area Class Area (Sq km) Pink &Gray Granite(Closepet) Migmatite, Granitic gneiss Total Fig.2. Lithology map of the study area editor@iaeme.com

5 5. GEOMORPHOLOGY Geomorphologically, a major part of the study area is covered with the denudational uplands on gneisses & granites which are ideal for agriculture, industrialization and urban settlements. Besides there are structural ridges of the schistose rocks are suitable for mining of manganese, dolomite and limestone deposits. The denudational hills of granite in the NE part can be quarried for building stones and road metal. The valley flats in the southern part of the district can be exploited for agricultural purposes. To the east of Tumakuru and north of Devarayana Durga Hill (1169 m), the region presents beautiful scenery of hill ranges intersected by cultivated valleys. A narrow range of granitic hills grouped under Closepet granites occupies the eastern part. Morphologically Tumakuru city is located in plain landform; exhibiting undulations as residual hill and pediment zones which is shown in the figure no SOILS Fig.3. Geomorphology of the study area Mapping of soil in vegetated terrain and deriving information of soil types from satellite imagery is one of the advantages of Remote Sensing. Clay soil is one of the best sites for landfill siting for the prevention of leachate problems (Basavarajappa et al., 2013). Clay pits are more suitable for depression type landfills whereas sand gravel pits should be avoided according to permeability, except when the bottom formations are impermeable (Azadhe and Basavarajappa., 2009). A major part of the study area is covered with fine red soil in the western part and Clayey skeletal, Coarse red loamy soil along the eastern part (Fig.4). Red sandy soils are suitable for the editor@iaeme.com

6 growth of ragi, jowar, millets and oil seeds under rainfed conditions. The irrigated areas of red loamy soils are favorable for paddy, sugarcane and vegetables. Fig.4. Soil map of the study area 7. DRAINAGE AND SURFACE WATER BODIES The natural drainage system in the city mainly exhibits sub parallel drainage pattern along with eighteen surface water bodies, among eighteen tanks three tanks are bigger in size, twelve tanks are moderate in their size remaining three tanks are very small in size as shown in the fig. 5. Water bodies like tanks, ponds, streams, lakes and river are identified and digitized (fig. 5). A landfill sites should be kept 100m away from drainage channels (Lunkapis et al., 2010; Agnes 1997; Despotakis and Economopoulos, 2007). Deep groundwater table (at least 50m) region is suitable to avoid contact between leachate and water. Groundwater levels, distribution of aquifers, aquicludes, groundwater flow patterns, size and discharge of streams are controlled by topography of the site editor@iaeme.com

7 8. LINEAMENTS Fig.5. Drainage map of the study area Faults are geological structures that cause limitation for siting a landfill (Gemitzi et al, 2007). The landfill site should be kept away at least about m from any faults, fissures, joints, stream/ lakes and other shear zones to avoid environmental damages of any area (Basavarajappa et al., 2013). Lineaments (Fig.6) are extracted from the satellite image using the software Geomatica (version) and demarcated the major lineaments by visual interpretation of satellite image. New landfill sites are proposed away from the major lineaments, which avoids groundwater contamination from the toxic effluents in waste disposals during heavy rainfall. The lineament overlay map (Fig.7) shows the poorly vegetated barren lands towards the southern parts helps in accessing the suitable landfill sites in the study area editor@iaeme.com

8 Fig.6 Lineament map of the study area Fig.7 Lineament overlaid on LISS III Image

9 9. EXISTING DUST BINS IN THE CITY According to the data collected during the field work in City Municipal Corporation (CMC) the dust bins in the individual wards varies with present existed dustbins in the each wards as shown in the fig. 8 and table 2. Existing waste disposal site is laid exactly on lineament (fig. 6) which leads to many environmental issues in waste collection (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; 2013). Table.2. Existing Dust Bins with Location As CMC record 2007 As on 2013 field survey Ward number Dust Bins Dust Bins Locations (DMS) Total editor@iaeme.com

10 10. REQUIRED DUSTBINS IN THE CITY The proposed dust bin location map (fig.8 and table 3 ) and is given by considering the factors like; proximity to surface water, distance from transportation routes, distance from environmentally sensitive or protected areas, slope aspects, morphology, landforms, soil type, land use/land cover, lineaments which are important on groundwater prospecting of the study area. Maps like distance from drainage, major roads, streams and their suitability are given in the figure 8 and table 2, 3, respectively. After projection and topology creation all feature classes like geomorphology, soil, lithology, drainage, stream and road are converted to raster files and separate datasets are created using weightage and rank. For the analysis all the raster datasets for different layers having different score are over layered and the scores of each composite class are added using raster calculator tool of spatial analyst extension of Arc Map. The final scores are reclassified to generate the output map showing various classes of suitable site for waste dumping. Table.3. Proposed/ Required Dust Bins with Locations Ward No. No. of Dustbins Location (DD) Total editor@iaeme.com

11 Tumakuru Fig.8 Existing and Proposed dustbin location map overlay on LISS III Image RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Integration of different thematic layers like, Lithology, Geomorphology, Soil, Drainage, Lineament and the administrative boundary of Tumakuru city helps in assessment of best suitable locations for waste disposal site considering the environmental issues. The newly proposed landfill sites are interpreted to keep effluents and toxic wastes away from groundwater through Drainage, Tanks, Soil types, Lineaments (Fig.9 and Table 4). The Google Earth Image (2015) helps in observation that the development of built up area in this study (fig.1). Considering the Geomatics study and integration of all thematic layers, southern part of the study area offers 4 suitable sites for landfill sites due to less built up availability (Basavarajappa et al., 2013). Landfill sites must be avoided in the northern part due to existing landfill site in the (Ajjagondanahlli area) which is editor@iaeme.com

12 operating near to one of the major lineament and contact zone between gneisses (PGC) and granite, later being contaminating the groundwater sources (fig. 2 & 9). If the Corporation administration is continuing the solid waste dumping unscientifically in the same area of Ajjagondanahalli openly instead of separating the city waste properly like (green waste, plastics, papers and construction solid waste) and recycle the city solid waste into proper scientific methods (Basavarajappa et al.,2012 & 2013) will leads to environmental pollution and public issues. Fig.9 Integration map of the study area In supporting to this the author tried to locate another location for the better assessment and to maintain the environmental issue author suggested the new locations for dustbin by considering the existing location of the dustbin location (Fig.8). CONCLUSION Table.4. Newly Identified landfill sites locations. Location. no Longitude Latitude Satellite Remote Sensing images can provide information about the wastelands and other associated features which help in selection of suitable landfill sites. Coupled with GIS, RS can provide an opportunity to integrate field parameters with population and other relevant data. By analyzing lithology, geomorphology, drainage, lineament and soil types provide a baseline information in solid waste management even for future programmes. The number of existing dust editor@iaeme.com

13 bins availability is not sufficient to fulfill the complete waste collections in the study area. The authors proposed new dustbin locations in equal distribution for waste collections and its separation. The main advantages of newly proposed landfill sites encounters vast stretch of wastelands, low amount of rock permeability & porosity, negligible inhabitants and fully developed transportation network. Thus with the use of these advanced technologies; management of municipal wastes will no longer be a problematic issue for concerned peoples. It provides a comprehensive model framework whereby CMC authorities are required to develop detailed Waste Management Plans and environmental assessment in the study area. The study attempts to determine sites that are appropriate for landfill siting in Tumakuru city Karnataka. The combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method is best suited methods for the determination of the relative importance weights of factors (criteria) in the solid waste management. The final integrated map generated reveals 4 suitable sites for landfill in the southern part of the study area, avoiding the nearby villages, geological structures and hydrological parameters to fulfill the complete wastes collection from every sources. Separation and suitable landfill sites for waste management is indeed problems in developing cities like Tumakuru city in Karnataka State. The results showed the efficacy of GIS and multi-criteria decision making method in decision making using Geomatic techniques. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Authors are in deeply acknowledged Prof. G S Gopal Krishna, Chairman, DoS in Earth Science, University of Mysore, Mysore-06; Geological Survey of India ; USGS ; NRSC-Bhuvan, Hyderabad and Statistical Department and Municipal Council Tumakuru. REFERENCES 1. Ahmad Al-Hanbali, Bayan Alsaaideh, Akihiko Kondoh (2011) Using GIS-Based Weighted Linear Combination Analysis and Remote Sensing Techniques to Select Optimum Solid Waste Disposal Sites within Mafraq City, Jordan., Journal of Geographic Information System, 3, PP Ashtashil Vrushketu Bhambulkar, (2011), Municipal solid waste collection routes optimized with arc GIS network analyst A Case study Nagpur city. (IJAEST) International journal of advanced engineering sciences and technologies vol no. 11, issue no. 1, , PP Adeofun (2012), Disposal Sites and Transport Route Selection Using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing in Abeokuta, Nigeria Global Journal of HUMAN SOCIAL SCIENCE Geography & Environmental GeoSciences Volume 12 Issue Azadhe T. Hejabhi, and Basavarajappa H.T, (2010). Heavy metal Pollution in Kabini river sediments, International Journal of Environmental Research (ijer) Vol: 4, No: 4 Automn. 5. Basavarajappa H.T, Parviz Tazdari, Manjunatha M.C (2013). Integration of Soil and Lineament On Suitable Landfill Sites Selection And Environmental Appraisal Around Mysore City, arnataka, India Using Remote Sensing & GIS Techniques. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December (2013), PP Basavarajappa. H.T., Pushpavathi. K.N. and Balasubramanian A., Manjunatha M.C (2012). Mapping and Integration of Geology and Geomorphological Landforms of Mysore district, Karnataka, India using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Frontiers of Geosciences. Edited.,Vol:1, No:1, PP editor@iaeme.com

14 7. Jean Fidèle Nzihou (2013) Improving Municipal Solid Waste Land Filling Disposal Process: Experiments with a Laboratory Scale Rotary Kiln Journal of Environmental Protection, August August Vol-4, PP Masood Ahsan Siddiqui (2011) Municipal Solid Waste Management A Case study Moradabad City. J Indian Soc Remote Sens (March 2012) 40(1): , DOI /s Maher Arebey, M. A. Hannan Hassan Basri (2010) Integrated technologies for solid waste bin monitoring system A Case study China, South Korea, and Malaysia. Environ Monit Assess (2011) 177: DOI /s , PP Mahamid, I., Thawaba, S (2010) Multi Criteria and Landfill Site Selection Using Gis: A Case Study From Palestine The Open Environmental Engineering Journal. Vol.3, PP Ni-Bin Chang, G. Parvathinathan, Jeff B. Breeden (2007) Combining GIS with fuzzy multicriteria decision-making for landfill siting in a fast-growing urban region Study area south Texas. Journal of Environmental Management 87 (2007)., PP Nishanth.T, Prakash M.N, Vijith.H ( 2010) Suitable site determination for urban solid waste disposal using GIS and Remote sensing techniques in Kottayam Municipality, India International Journal of Geomatics And Geosciences Volume 1, No 2, 2010., PP Prem Chandra Pandey, Laxmi Kant Sharma, Mahendra Singh Nathawat (2011) Geospatial strategy for sustainable management of municipal solid waste for growing urban environment Environ Monit Assess (2012) DOI /s , PP Sehnaz Sener, (2010) Solid waste disposal site selection with GIS and AHP methodology: a case study in Senirkent Uluborlu (Isparta) Basin, Turkey.. Environ Monit Assess (2011) 173: DOI /s x.., PP Suchitra M, Outside: Burnt or buried, garbage needs land. Down To Earth, 15 March, pp Basavarajappa H.T, Jeevan L and Manjunatha M.C, Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones In Precambrian Hard Rock Terrain of Tumakuru District, Karnataka, India Using Geomatics Application International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 5, Issue 12, 2014, pp , ISSN Print: , ISSN Online: Basavarajappa H.T. Pushpavathi K.N. and Manjunatha M.C, Morphometric Analysis on Precambrian Rocks In Part of Cauvery Basin, Chamarajanagar District, Karnataka, India, Using Geomatics Technique International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 6, Issue 1, 2015, pp , ISSN Print: , ISSN Online: Basavarajappa H.T, Manjunatha M.C and Jeevan L, Application of Geoinformatics on Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones of Chitradurga District, Karnataka, India, International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 5, Issue 5, 2014, pp , ISSN Print: , ISSN Online: editor@iaeme.com