USING LIDAR MEASUREMENTS FOR IMPROVING OR UP-DATING A DEM

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1 JAES_1(14)_3_2011 VAIS M. et. all, pp SECTION Geodesic Engineering USING LIDAR MEASUREMENTS FOR IMPROVING OR UP-DATING A DEM VAIS Manuel*, IOSIF Gheorghe, Bucharest University, * manuel.vais@sipg.ro (corresponding author) A B S T R A C T Based on GIS software, we describe the posibility of using the LIDAR measurements for generate the digital elevation model for smal area. This model can be integrated in general elevation model in order to improve or to up date it. Received: July 2011 Accepted: August 2011 Revised: September 2011 Available online: October 2011 Keywords: remote sensing, ArcGIS INTRODUCTION The Earth could be represented by different models, the simpliest being the spherical model. Having in mind the huge quantity of information acumulated in the last decades, the models are more and more complex and with high accuracy. Because the Earth is flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator, the geometrical figure used in geodesy and better approximation for the shape of Earth is a flattened ellipsoid - which is an ellipsoid of revolution obtained by rotating an ellipse around the short axis. In Geodesy, by convention, we use for define the ellipsoid, the large semi-axis and the flattening. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dimensions of the Earth are represented by the radius at the equator the large semi-axis labeled a and the squash f (from the English flattening) that shows how different is the ellipsoid than a sphere (fig.1). World Geodetic System is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and navigation. It consists of a standard framework for coordinated Earth, a standard spheroid reference surface (reference ellipsoid) for elevation data and surface equipotential gravity (geoid) that defines nominal sea level.

2 USING LIDAR MEASUREMENTS FOR IMPROVING OR UP-DATING A DEM Fig.1. The squash sferoid The last version of such system is WGS 84 (build in 1984 and reviewed in 2004). WGS 84 is the reference coordinate system used by Global Positioning System [1]. The origin of the WGS 84 coordinate system is in the center of mass of the Earth, and the error is considered to be under 2 cm. The WGS 84 system zero - meridian is the IERS reference meridian which is at 5.31 seconds of arc east of Greenwich meridian. Currently, the WGS 84 Earth gravitational model used (geoid) is EGM96 reviewed in Simultaneously, the general concerns were focused on achieving a global 3D model. In the literature, 3D models means: DTM digital terrain model; DEM digital elevation model; DSM digital surface model. Digital terrain model (DTM) is the Earth's surface without any object, that means without vegetation and without buildings, unlike digital surface model (DSM) which take them into account. Both the digital terrain model and the digital surface model, beyond positioning information (ie. Geographic coordinates and altitude), includes general morphological information. The term DEM is often used as a generic term for either a DSM or a DTM that contains only position information, no other information about the earth's surface. It should be noted that in most cases DEM is obtained from satellite or airborne remote sensing data processing. A special project, which required a huge research effort at the international level, was entitled SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, aimed at obtaining a nearly global scale DEM (covering the Earth's surface between parallels 56 degrees south and 60 degrees north). Acquisition of information took place during 11 days of flight space shuttle Endeavour in February 2000 STS flight 99, the technique used is known

3 JAES_1(14)_3_2011 VAIS M. et. all, pp SECTION Geodesic Engineering as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. The model can be downloaded from the USGS website United States Geological Survey. At national level we mention: The DTM build by Department for Military Topography by digityizing the contour with same elevation from maps at the 1:25000 scale; The DEM used for ortorectification of aerian images with the Romanian ortophoto tiles coverage. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Update a DEM using LIDAR recordings From the above it appears that based on these models, we need only to follow two directions: the reolution improving in some areas of interest by thickening points; replacing some portion from the existing models after local disaster events (landslides after earthquakes or floods). For these situations we propose to use the LIDAR measurements to improve or update the digital model. Sensor LIDAR - Light Detection And Ranging, is an airborne remote sensing technology used in providing a "rain" of 3D point measurements. Having GPS sensor on board, this sensor provides measurement and coordinate determination for swept points. The operation mode is exemplified in Figure 2 [2]. Fig.2. The operation mode of LIDAR sensor for coordinates aquisition including elevation of swept points

4 USING LIDAR MEASUREMENTS FOR IMPROVING OR UP-DATING A DEM For example we used a set of points available from Land Surveying Company Cornel & Cornel Ph.D. Prof. Eng. Cornel Păunescu, points acquired in long of the Somesul Rece river. This set of points were loaded into ArcGIS after the generating a geospatial database (geodatabase) with a feature class point type using Stereographic 1970 projection, named măsurători_lidar and having mandatory an attribute named elevation as shown below in Figure 3. Fig.3. The lot of points and the covered area in long of Someşul Rece River To view these points in the geographical context we loaded them over coverage of Romania's remote sensing satellite images LANDSAT - ETM (Figure 4). The way in which we obtain this coverage and the images used can be found in [3]. Fig.4. LIDAR data in long of Someşul Rece River over LANDSAT ETM Romanian coveredge

5 JAES_1(14)_3_2011 VAIS M. et. all, pp SECTION Geodesic Engineering In the next figure (figure 5) we present a detail of this lot of points. Fig. 5. Detail A raster format conversion performed followed using 3D-Analyst extension software we achieved by interpolation, the 3D image shown in Figure 6. Fig. 6. 3D image of the mentioned area CONCLUSIONS From the presented above results both the usefulness of using LIDAR measurements in order to improve the DEM resolution and the opportunity for using such measurements for DEM updates in case of major changes in

6 USING LIDAR MEASUREMENTS FOR IMPROVING OR UP-DATING A DEM land (as a result of flooding followed by landslides, subsidence banks, changes in land as a result of seismic movements). REFERENCES 1. PĂUNESCU Cornel (2010), Curs de geodezie şi topografie. 2. PĂUNESCU Cornel, Bringing world to your desk. Training notes. 3. VAIS Manuel (2011), Recunoaşterea faliilor în imagini satelitare de teledetecńie, în Monitorul de Petrol şi Gaze nr. 3, pp

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