Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July

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1 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July Check Dam Construction by Prioritization of Micro Watershed, using Morphometric Analysis as a Perspective of Remote Sensing and GIS for Simlapal Block, Bankura, W.B V.S.S. Kiran and Y.K. Srivastava Abstract--- Water is one of the essential natural resources of the whole world, the demand of water used by agriculture, industry, and human and cattle consumption is the increasing rapidly, particularly with the water resources and its consumption will be increasing with the increase in population. The Morphometric analysis is one of the significant GIS tool for Check dam construction and prioritization of Micro Watershed even without soil map and land use/land cover map. The morphometric parameters depends on the behavior of total drainage system and its refers to spatial relationship among streams or rivers. The parameters were obtained with the help of Arc GIS and MS Office. The results revealed that the Micro Watershed priorities are shows five categorizes very high, high, medium, low and very low priority, Seventeen suitable sites were identified for check dam construction in fourteen highly prioritized Micro Watershed. Keywords--- GIS, Algorithms, Arc GIS, MS Office topographical conditions. If proper management is planned that will not only control surface soil erosion but also recharge ground water. Remote Sensing and GIS have become proven tools for the management and development of water resources. Several studies have been carried out worldwide and they have shown excellent results. Due to advancement in satellites and sensing technology, it is possible to map finer details of the earth surface and provide scope for micro level planning and management. The study area that is taken has severe water crises during the summer season. The terrain is highly undulating with very high runoff which causes minimum recharge of ground water inspite of 1750 mm average annual rainfall. This high runoff also causes the erosion of very fertile soil. A I. INTRODUCTION WATERSHED is an ideal unit for management of natural resources that also supports land and water resource management for mitigation of the impact of natural disasters for achieving sustainable development. The significant factor for the planning and development of a watershed are its physiography, drainage, geomorphology, soil, land use/land cover and available water resources. Remote Sensing and GIS are the most proven tools for watershed development, management and also the studies on prioritization of micro-watersheds development and management. Morphometric Analysis could be used for prioritization of micro-watersheds by studying different linear and aerial parameters of the watershed even without the availability of soil maps. [1] Water is one of the essential natural resource, without which life cannot exist. Demand of water is increasing with the increase of population. We need water for agriculture, industry, human and cattle consumption. Therefore it is very important to manage this very essential resource with sustainable manner. Hence, we need proper management and development planning to restore or recharge water where runoff is very high due to various V.S.S. Kiran, Geospatial Application Engineer, RSI Softech India Pvt.ltd, Siliguri , vsskiran_rsgis@rediffmail.com Y.K. Srivastava, Scientist, Regional Remote Sensing Service Center-East, Kolkata, srivastava_yk@yahoo.com Figure 1: Location Map of Study Area The present study aims at for the identification of suitable sites for check dam construction by prioritization of micro watershed based on Morphometric analysis using Remote sensing data and GIS overlaying techniques. This study is mainly helpful for the increasing agricultural based livelihood and also to supplying the greater level of irrigation facilities. II. STUDY AREA The study area has been taken is a part of Silai River Basin in Simlapal block of Bankura district part of West Bengal State. It is located on North to North latitude and to East longitudes. It has an average elevation of 57mtr (187 feet s). Simlapal is a community development block is in Khatra subdivision of Bankura district in West

2 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July Bengal state, and it is bounded by the Khatra block in west, Taldangra block in north, Sarenga block is south and also covered west Midnapur district in east. The geographic area of this block is Sq Kms (119sqmile or hectares). (Fig-1) III. METHODOLOGY Standard False Color Composite (FCC) of high resolution remote sensing data have been used for the generation drainage network map. Whereas GIS have been used as added tool for preparation of many vector layers. Using all derived maps and vector layers, detailed analysis is performed using Morphometric analysis parameters for prioritization of micro-watersheds. Table 1: Morphometric Parameters S. No. Morphometric Factors Formulas 1 Drainage Density(Dd) 2 Stream frequency(fu) 3 Texture Ration(T) 4 Form Factor(Rf) Dd = Fu = N/A T = Rf = 5 Circularity Ratio(Rc) (Miller, 1953) 6 Elongated Ratio(Re) Re = (Schum, 1956) 7 Compactness Coefficient (Cc) Cc = 8 Shape Factor (Bs) Bs = 9 10 Length of Overland Flow (Lo) BIFURCATION RAIO (Rb) Lo = Rb = (A. N. Strahler, 1956)

3 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July IRS-1D Collateral Data SOI Reference Map Geometric Correction GCPS Mosaicing of Maps Geometric Rectification Extraction of Study Area LU/LC Layer Drainage Layer Sub-Watershed Morphometric Analysis Micro-Watershed Prioritized Map Check Dam Figure 2: Flow Chart of Methodology Where, A is the Area of MWS, P is the Perimeter of MWS,N is the Total number of Stream Order,N1 is the Total Number of first order streams,nu is the Number of streams of order u,nu+1us the Number of streams of next higher orders u,lb is the Basin length in kms,l is the Total length of all channels of all order in the drainage basin. The study area is covered by 73J/13 & 73N/1 Survey of India toposheets on 1:50,000 scale and IRS LISS III & IV satellite imagery with 23.5 and 5 meter resolutions, which was acquired on 17th February 2003 and 21st January 2007 with path and row of 107/56 & 102/56 ware used as source data. IRS LISS-IV Data was geometrically corrected with reference to already geo-corrected IRS LISS-III Data keeping RMS Error within the range of sub-pixel and geo-referenced image generated using nearest neighborhood re-sampling method. The Lambert Conformal Conic projection was used with Everest datum for the geo-referencing. An AOI (Area of interest) layer of the study area was prepared and applied to IRS LISS-IV data for extraction of the study area. The methodology can be divided into two parts one is rasterization and other one is vectorization. The rasterization involves creation of mosaicking, sub-set of image, image enhancement and land use/ land cover maps etc. The vectorizations process involves creation of vector layers like; administrative boundaries (i.e. block and village boundaries), watershed boundaries, drainage layers and also check dam positions etc.. The drainage layer was digitized using Arc/Info tools. The stream ordering was given to each stream is Using Arc Info software by following Strahler [7] Stream ordering technique. Stream order is a measure of the position of streams in the hierarchy of the tributaries, the first order stream which have no tributaries. (Fig-3, 3.1). Certain limitations were followed in vectorization of micro-watershed to maintain the physical area 5-10 Sq Kms. Supervised classification technique was used to generate the land use/land cover map. (Fig-4) Finally, the study area was divided total 77 micro watersheds. The entire methodology which has been adopted in this study is explained in the flow chart (Fig-2).

4 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July IV. RPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS The morphometric analysis is one of the significant geographical information system tool for prioritization of micro-watershed even without soil map and land use/land cover map. This model is depends on the behavior of total drainage system. The drainage pattern refers to spatial relationship among streams or rivers, which may be influenced in their erosion by inequalities of slope, soils rock resistance, structure and geologic history of a region. Prioritization of micro- watershed in a water resource management the morphometric analysis uses some very crucial linear morphometric parameters such as Drainage density (Dd), Texture ratio(t), Stream frequency (Fu), Length of overland flow (Lo), Bifurcation ratio (Rb) and aerial or shape morphometric parameters are Circularity Ratio (Rc), Elongated ratio (Re), Form factor (Rf), Shape factor (Bs), Compactness coefficient (Cc). The morphometric parameters computed for the analysis include linear and aerial aspects (Table:1). The parameters were calculated from area, perimeter, basin length, drainage density, and stream length but bifurcation ratio was calculated from the number of streams in particular micro-watershed. Bifurcation ration being the one of the very important parameter plays significant role in prioritization of micro-watershed. All these parameters were computed using ARC/INFO and MS Excel Software. The values of all morphometric analysis are given in below (Table 2). Linear aspects have a direct relation with the erodability and aerial or shape aspect have indirect relation with the erodability. The highest value of the linear parameters was ranked as 1 and next highest value was ranked 2 and so on, as well as the lowest value of aerial or shape factor was ranked 1 and next lowest value was ranked 2 and so on (Table:3). After ranking of every single parameter, the ranking value for every micro-watershed was averaged to arrive at a compound value (Cp). The Compound value is based on the average of all parameters in single micro-watershed. Based on the derived Cp values priority fixation was assigned to all the micro-watershed. The priority fixation was categorized in the five categories very high ( 30), high (>30 37), medium (>37 43), low (>43 50), very low (>50). Thus, out of 77 micro-watershed 14 were assigned very high priority as they have very low compound values, 17 micro-watersheds were assigned high priority, 15 micro-watersheds were assigned medium priority having moderate compound values, 23 micro-watersheds assigned low priority with high compound values and the remaining 6 micro-watersheds were assigned very low prioritiy as they have very high compounds values. The prioritization based on morphometric analysis of all micro-watersheds of Simlapal is shown in Table 3. V. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Prioritization of Micro-Watershed has been done by using compound values derived by morphometric analysis. Attributes of morphometric analysis is based on three aspects namely linear, aerial and shape. These three aspects were taken in consideration for deriving ten parameters and computation of compound values. Based on compound values 14 micro-watersheds were found very high category, 17 micro-watersheds were found high priority, 15 micro-watersheds were found medium priority, 23 micro-watersheds were found low category and 6 micro-watersheds were found very low priority. Maximum prioritized watersheds are medium to low category which falls eastern and southern part of the study area. The highly prioritized watersheds are covered north western part of the area and it s decreased from the western side to the eastern and southern side of the study area. (Fig: 5) VI. CONCLUSION The results of morphometric analysis can be considered as first hand information for the positioning the check dams. Main focus have been given to the high priority micro-water shed and considering the drainage pattern 17 location have been marked for the construction of check dams on 3 rd and 4 th order of streams. If needed detailed analysis of land use/ land cover, soil and slope maps can be performed for the better location of check dams. Hence, it will be worth to mention here that the morphometric analysis alone may not be sufficient for the full proof decision on the construction of check dams other related physical parameters also required to be studied. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the capabilities of remote sensing and GIS to study the geometrical aspect of the watershed which are very important in managing the watershed. The derived information could be very much useful for the administrative authorities to take certain measures in management of water resources in the study area and they can also performed certain decision making planning activities for construction of check dam for improving water availability. REFERENCE [1] Biswas, S., Sudhakar, S., and Desai, V.R, Prioritization of Sub-watershed based on Morphometric Analysis of Drainage Basin: A remote sensing and GIS approach, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, , [2] Sachin, Prioritization of Micro-Watershed of Upper Bhama Basin on the Basis of Soil Erosion Risk Using Remote Sensing and GIS technology. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pune, Department of Geography [3] K. Nookaratnam et al., Y.K.Srivastava, V.VenkateswaraRao, E.Amminedu and K. S. R.Murthy, Check Dam positioning by prioritization of micro-watershed using SYI models and Morphometric Analysis : A remote sensing and GIS approach journal of Indian society of Remote Sensing, Vol 33, No.1,2005 [4] S. K. Nag et al., Morphometric Analysis using Remote Sensing techniques in the Chakra sub-basin Purulia district,- journal of Indian Society of remote-sensing,vol.26, no.1&2, [5] JVS MURTHY. Watershed Management In India,21-34 [6] Suresh. R, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Standard published distr., Delhi , 1997 [7] Strahler, Quantitative Geomorphology of basins and channel networks, Handbook of applied hydrology, Published Mc. Grew Hill book, New York Mr. V.S.S.KIRAN was born in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand India, on July 26, 1986.He received his B.A degree in Geography Honors in 2008 from Ranchi University, Ranchi and M.Sc. degree in Remote Sensing and GIS in 2010 from Vidyasagar University Paschim Midnapur. Presently he is working as Geospatial Application Engineer in the Defense field at RSI Softech India Pvt.ltd, Siliguri. His areas of interest are Watershed management, Land Use/Land cover mapping, 2d and 3d GIS and Other Remote Sensing and GIS applications. He has presented many papers in national. He is a member of Geospatial Development Organization. He received a President Rover award in 2007 from Bharat Scouts and Guides.Mr. Y K Srivastava, MSc, working as scientist/engr - SE at Regional Remote Sensing Centre - E, Indian Space Research Organisation, Kolkata.

5 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July Areas of interest are; water resource management and urban related studies using remote sensing and gis. Also got some international publication as well as national publication. Attended several workshops and seminars and presented technical paper on application of remote sensing and gis.

6 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July MWS ID AREA (Kms²) PERIMETER (Kms) DRAINAGE LENGTH (Kms) N N1 DRAINAGE DENSITY (Dd) BASIN LENGTH (Lb) STREAM FREQUENCY (Fu) TEXTURE RATIO (T) FORM FACTOR (Rf) CIRCULA-RITY RATIO (Rc) ELONGA-TED RATIO (Re) COMPACT-NESS COEFFI-CIENT (Cc) SHAPE FACTOR (Bs) Length of Overland Flow (Lo) BIFURCATION RAIO (Rb)

7 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July DRAINAGE DRAINAGE BASIN STREAM FORM COMPACT-NESS SHAPE Length of MWS AREA PERIMETER TEXTURE CIRCULA-RITY ELONGA-TED LENGTH N N1 DENSITY LENGTH FREQUENCY FACTOR COEFFI-CIENT FACTOR Overland Flow ID (Kms²) (Kms) RATIO (T) RATIO (Rc) RATIO (Re) (Kms) (Dd) (Lb) (Fu) (Rf) (Cc) (Bs) (Lo) BIFURCATION RAIO (Rb)

8 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July MWS ID AREA (Kms²) PERIMETER (Kms) DRAINAGE LENGTH (Kms) N N1 DRAINAGE DENSITY (Dd) BASIN LENGTH (Lb) STREAM FREQUENCY (Fu) TEXTURE RATIO (T) FORM FACTOR (Rf) CIRCULA-RITY RATIO (Rc) ELONGA-TED RATIO COMPACT-NESS COEFFI-CIENT (Cc) SHAPE FACTOR (Bs) Length of Overland Flow (Lo) BIFURCATION RAIO (Rb) Table 2: Morphometric Analysis Results of All Micro-Watersheds

9 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July MWS id PRIORITIZATION BASED ON Final Priority No Dd Fu T Rf Rc Re Cc Bs Lo Rb Cp

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11 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July MWS id PRIORITIZATION BASED ON Final Priority No Dd Fu T Rf Rc Re Cc Bs Lo Rb Cp Table 3: Prioritization Weightage of Micro-watersheds of Simlapal Block from Morphometric Parameters

12 Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, July PRIORITY Fixation PRIORITY VALUES Micro-Watershed No Very High (Cp<=30) 1 1,4,5,7,9,13,15,17,18,20,41,42,59,76 High (30<Cp<=37) 2 2,3,6,14,19,23,24,37,39,40,,46,48,49,50,51,52,58,62,77 Medium (37<Cp<=43) 3 12,16,22,27,30,31,32,34,36,38,53,61,67,68,75 Low (43<Cp<=50) 4 8,10,21,25,26,28,29,33,35,43,44,45,47,54,56,57,63,65,66,69,70,71,73 Very Low(Cp<50) 5 11,55,60,64,72,74 Table 4: Final Prioritization of Simlapal Block based on Morphometric Analysis Figure 3: Stream ordering of Study Area Figure 3.1: Stream Ordering of Study Area Figure 4: Land use/land Cover of Study Area Figure 5: Micro-Watershed Priority with Check Dam Location