Dutch spatial planning: from implicit to explicit sustainable urban development
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1 Dutch spatial planning: from implicit to explicit sustainable urban development Jan Goedman (VROM*) Wim Heiko Houtsma (VROM) Wil Zonneveld (Delft University) *Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM)
2 In short Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
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4 Europe
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6 In short Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
7 Implicit sustainable urbanization : 1 st report on spatial policy Green Heart: containment urbanization Randstad: functional interrelationship cities 1966: 2 nd report on spatial policy Concentrated deconcentration: Spillover centres Growth centres 1974: 3 rd report on spatial policy Link to public transport system Maximum distance growth centre-city inner city problems (social cohesion)
8 Randstad Green Heart
9 Green Heart
10 Concentrated deconcentration
11 Growth centres Donor cities Growth centres
12 Concentrated deconcentration in practice
13 Implicit sustainable urbanization : 4 th report on spatial policy Extra Large-scale house-building programs (Vinex) Compact city (in or adjacent to city) 2001: 5 th report on spatial policy Urban networks as search area for new building sites Integrated, self-contained housing / labour markets, self-sufficient urban functions Layer approach
14 National urban networks
15 Layer approach occupation yr network yr ground >100 yr
16 Implicit sustainable urbanization : National Spatial Strategy Basic quality standards (environmental legislation, process criteria) Layer approach: relate processes in different layers 2005 Not clearly sustainable: Shift of power: local when possible, central when necessary (subsidiarity) Emphasis on spatial development lowering of restrictions
17 Sustainable development 1960: 1 st wave - environmental awareness Same roots as spatial planning (slums) Emerging environmental problems 1990: 2 nd wave - sustainable development Coalition of discourses: P ánd P ánd P Dept. environment dept. spatial planning 2000: 3 rd wave - embracement of long term Long term studies since 1988 didn t make it Quest for bringing future concerns in political balancing processes
18 From sectoral to integral, using all timescales
19 Overview Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
20 Sustainable spatial development today in the Netherlands Spatial aspects of sustainability: Layer approach Concentration strategies Saving precious landscapes Building ecological structure Spatial quality (using, future and experience) Location of activities / urban services
21 Persistent unsustainable trends Climate change / dependence exhausting energy supplies Polarisation in society Loss of natural resources, ecosystems and biodiversity Increasing environmental damage Unsustainable production and consumption
22 What is sustainable? Unsustainability often facilitated by spatial developments People, Planet, Prosperity (Participation) Long term In policy: Policy reports use unclear definitions Used to distinguish from others
23 Two aspects of sustainability 1. Value: - No irretrievable environmental damage - Renewable stocks: not beyond regeneration - Biodiversity kept intact 2. Meta-concept : - Everything relates to everything - Find a balance!
24 Overview Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
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31 Randstad: explicitly sustainable? Boosting the economic motor of NL Urgency Program Randstad Long-term vision on Randstad (2040) Sustainable development means using a comprehensive approach to relate people, planet and profit, preserving the possibilities for future development.
32 Randstad: explicitly sustainable? Boosting the economic motor of NL Urgency Program Randstad Long-term vision on Randstad (2040) Sustainable development means using a comprehensive approach to relate people, planet and profit, preserving the possibilities for future development.
33 Randstad: explicitly sustainable? Boosting the economic motor of NL Urgency Program Randstad Long-term vision on Randstad (2040) Sustainable development means using a comprehensive approach to relate people, planet and profit, preserving the possibilities for future development.
34 Demand for urbanization 2040
35 Sustainable Randstad in effect houses ( ) Increase densities working / living Adaptation to climate change Increased accessibility public transport, roads, development of nodes Reinforce Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Enhance co-operation between ports
36 Randstad 2040 priorities
37 Sustainable? Long term, layer approach, 3 P s Selective choice/elaboration of topics Unclear value-aspect of sustainability Linkage long-term view short-term policy No traceable change of policy
38 In short Historic overview Dutch policy Sustainability in urban development Sustainable development When is urban development sustainable? Illustration: Randstad 2040 Concluding remarks
39 Concluding remarks Sustainability more and more explicit Comprehensive, long-term perspective Focus on contrast red green Randstad: sustainable as meta-concept Value aspect is less clear / selective Needs further elaboration
40 Thank you!!
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42 Historic overview Dutch spatial policy st report spatial planning nd report spatial planning rd report spatial planning th report spatial planning th report spatial planning extra (Vinex) th report on spatial planning 2005 National Spatial Strategy
43 st report spatial planning Discussion on new spatial concepts Processes like urban deconcentration Formation of urban regions Did not make it into 1 st report Green Heart / Randstad (Rim City) Functional interrelationship between cities Containment of urban development
44 nd report spatial planning Thinking in urban regions Concentrated deconcentration / spillover centres) Structural scheme main roads inserted vague relation between infrastructure, mobility and pattern of urbanization
45 Concentrated deconcentration
46 rd report spatial planning Enormous shortage of houses growth centre policy Distance growth centre / donor city large Later: linked to public transport system Maximum distance (30 min. / 4 km) focus on city & inner city problems Social and employment issues: social cohesion
47 Growth centres Donor cities Growth centres
48 th report spatial planning Improve competitive position new spatial-economic concepts
49 th report spatial planning Extra (Vinex) Management of urban deconcentration Large-scale house-building programmes Compact city: in or adjacent to city Goals: reduction in growth of mobility Improve competitive position Infrastructure approach: ICES-investments
50 th Report Spatial Planning Urban networks urban centres and nodes Integrated, self-contained housing / labour markets, self-sufficient urban functions Entire territory of network city is search area no longer concentric urbanization Layer approach
51 Layer approach occupation yr network yr ground >100 yr
52 2005 National Spatial Strategy (NR) Emphasis on spatial development lowering restrictions Shift of power: local when possible, central when necessary (subsidiarity) Basic quality standards (environmental legislation) Layer approach: processes in different layers more in relation to each other
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