International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 20; November 2011

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1 Iteratioal Joural of Busiess ad Social Sciece Vol. No. 0; November Research o Scietific ad Techological Cooperatio Network of Cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta of Chia:Based o Social Network Aalysis Abstract Feg Feg School of Maagemet, Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology of Chia No.65, Maage School buildig, East Campus, USTC, Hefei, Chia Leiyog Zhag School of Maagemet, Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology of Chia No.3, 365 buildig, East Campus, USTC, Hefei, Chia Yueg Du The School of Public Affairs, Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology of Chia No. 03,7 buildig, We yua, Shu sha district, Hefei, Chia Lei Ma School of Maagemet, Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology of Chia No.607, Maage School buildig, East Campus, USTC, Hefei, Chia Miao Fu School of Maagemet, Uiversity of Sciece ad Techology of Chia No.511, 366 buildig, East Campus, USTC, Hefei, Chia The cultivatio ad costructio of scietific ad techological cooperatio betwee cities play a importat role i stregtheig the regioal techology iovatio ad competitiveess. Based o the perspective of cooperatio etwork, this paper studied the scietific ad techological cooperatio etwork of cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta by the method of SNA (Social Network Aalysis). We foud that the desity ad itermediary were the key factors which affected the fuctio of the etwork. The some policy suggestios i costructio of scietific ad techological cooperatio etwork of cities were give, fially the promotio ways of scietific ad techological cooperatio betwee cities were proposed. Keywords: Social Network Aalysis; Cooperatio Network; Pa-Yagtze River Delta; Mediatig Effect 1. Itroductio Pa-Yagtze River Delta is the largest urba agglomeratio ad the most well developed regio i Chia. With the upgradig of traditioal idustries ad the rapid growth of high-tech idustries, the developmet of cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta deped more ad more o sciece ad techology (S.&T.) (Li, 010). With the developmet of the Yagtze River Delta regioal itegratio, the establishmet of regioal syergistic iteractio mechaism to develop scietific ad techological cooperatio ad techology trasfer activities became more ad more urget (Liu, 009). The developmet level of the cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta is sigificat differet, so does the developmet of the S.&T. The cooperatio betwee cities i oe area will optimize the allocatio of resources withi the regio, stregthe iovatio ability ad competitiveess of cities, chage the mode of ecoomic growth ad achieves better ad faster developmet to the cities. The cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta area have good traditio of S.&T. cooperatio, ad already formed a tightly cooperatio etwork. Optimizatio of cooperatio etwork characteristics ca sigificatly improve the quality ad quatity of the cooperatio betwee cities (Feg et al., 011). May scholars studied the partership betwee cross-regioal cities from the perspective of cooperatio etwork, but few study it i oe regio (Feg et al., 009). The purpose of this research is to study the S.&T. cooperatio etwork of cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta area from cooperative etwork perspective, build the etwork map ad idetify the problems by aalyzig the characteristics of the map. The some policy suggestios to improve the S.&T. cooperatio etwork of cities were proposed. Network is oe of the most importat carriers of S.&T. cooperatio betwee cities. By studyig the relatioship of S.&T. cooperatio betwee cities from the perspective of SNA (Social Network Aalysis), we ca fid its characteristics ad existig problems more clearly. This paper is sposored by Natural Sciece Foudatio of Chia (Grat NO ).

2 Cetre for Promotig Ideas, USA At preset, scietific ad techological cooperatio etwork of cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta is ot mature ad i the stage of costructio. Thus this paper bega with the aalysis of the preset situatio, ad the the problems, fially the improvemet suggestios.. Methods.1 The route of the methods SNA has bee used sice 70 years before. Through costat developmet, it has become a clear set of specific area or research method. The mai applicatio area is o loger restricted i the traditioal small group relatios, but exteds to iclude from the social lives to political ad ecoomic activities, ad also the iterpersoal relatioships to all aspects of the world system (MEJ, 001). The itroductio of computer techology makes the large ad complex etworks simplified ad structured easily. Some of the social etwork aalysis software, such as Uciet ad NetDraw, eable the visualizatio of social etwork, ad allow people to process ad aalysis a large umber of abstract data (Zhao & Wag, 011). The frame of the methods i this paper is usig the etwork model to describe the structure of S.&T. cooperatio of cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta, which ca be used to study the persistet patter of S.&T. cooperatio relatioships i the cities. The method was formed as follow: firstly, selected the city odes, ad the foud out the data of S.&T. cooperatio of the cities i the method of etwork retrieval; secodly, i order to directly fid the characteristics of the S.&T. cooperatio etwork ad use as the basis for further research, the cooperatio relatioship data was visualized with NetDraw, ad forms the S.&T. cooperatio etwork diagram of cities of Pa-Yagtze River Delta; thirdly, we used Uciet to do the cetrality aalysis, itermediary aalysis ad cluster aalysis; fially, the qualitative suggestios were give based o the problems we have foud.. The S.&T. Cooperatio Network Diagram.1 Selected of the City s Based o the city's list from The Yagtze River Delta City Ecoomic Coordiatio Meetig ad the urba ecoomic developmet level of each city, we select 3 Pa-Yagtze River Delta cities: Hefei, Wuhu, Ma'asha i Ahui provice, Najig, Suzhou, Wuxi, Chagzhou, Natog, Yagzhou, Taizhou, Zhejiag, Huaia,Yacheg i Jiagsu Provice, Hagzhou, Nigbo, Quzhou, Shaoxig, Jiaxig, Taizhou, Huzhou, Zhousha, Jihua i Zhejiag provice, ad city of Shaghai. The cities selected have a well relatioship ad traditio o city cooperatio, ad they are more active i the urba ecoomy ad techology iovatio... Measuremet of Coectio ad Data Selectio The existece of S.&T. cooperatio betwee cities has o statistics available for referece, to gather relevat iformatio, we used the etwork retrieval method. I order to esure the retrieval process comprehesive, complete ad accurate, the data acquire from the followig two ways: Searched the cities i pairs o the iteret, judged ad selected the iformatio obtaied, ad determie if there is S.&T. cooperatio betwee the two cities. If the govermets of the two cities have siged S.&T. cooperatio agreemets or framework, or there are research istitutes or uiversity located i oe city sigig framework or agreemet with the other civic govermet, we believe that the two cities have a S.&T. cooperatio relatioship. Through home pages of all cities' techology departmet, read through ad judge the iformatio of the colums such as the techology cooperatio or exteral cooperatio, ad amed the data obtaied before. The itegrated use of the two meas, covered the most likely source of the required data chaels, ad esured the itegrity of the iformatio. As well, the cross-use of the two meas ca test the data with each other, ad esures the accuracy of the iformatio. If two cities have a S.&T. cooperatio relatioship, we mark there relatioship as 1. Or we mark i as 0. We search 53 times for 3 cities ad fid that 69 groups have established a S.&T. cooperatio relatioship ad 184 groups have ot..3. Visualizatio of S.&T. Cooperatio Network We formed the relatioship iformatio above as biary data matrix, ad draw the S.&T. cooperatio etwork diagram of cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta with the software of NetDraw, as i Figure1. Isert Figure1 here.3 The Characteristics of S.&T. Cooperatio Network.31. The Basic Characteristics 117

3 Iteratioal Joural of Busiess ad Social Sciece Vol. No. 0; November 011 I the social etwork, Network Size meas the umber of the actors. Network Size is the importat variable that reflects the complexity of the etwork. The Network Size of S.&T. Cooperatio Network of Pa-Yagtze River Delta cities is 3. Degree refers to the umber of lies that associated with the ode, also kow as Correlatio. I the etwork diagram, we ca see that Shaghai has the highest ode degree, but Taizhou, Huaia ad Yagzhou have the lowest ode degree. The Average Degree ca reflect the average correlatio idex of the etwork. It ca be calculated as d=l/n, where L idicates the umber of lies ad N is the umber of odes. The average ode degree of the etwork is 6. I SNA, Desity refers to the proportio those real lies i the etwork of all possible lies. If there are N odes i a udirected graph, ad the actual umber of coectios is L, the the desity ca be calculated as Δ = L / N (N-1). Ad desity reflects the degree of relatioship of social etworks. Based o the differeces i the desity, etworks diagram ca be divided ito Whole Map, High-Desity Map, Low-Desity Map, ad No-Joi Map. The Desity of the etwork this paper metioed is 0.73, ad we claim that it belogs to the low-desity map..3 The Aalysis of Cetrality Cetrality is the measuremet cocept about the actors' locatio i the social etworks, reflectig differeces of the actors' structure or the advatages of the locatio i the social etwork (Freema, 1979). Scholars geerally classified it ito the Cetrality, the Closeess ad the Betweeess (Che, 005). The Cetrality of each city ode determied the cocetratio of the city, ad high Cetrality meas the city is i a more "ceter" positio. Scholars geerally use stadardized methods to calculate the ode cetrality. The formula is as follows (Li, 008): ' C ( i) d( i) ( N 1) D The Cetrality of cities i Pa-Yagtze River Delta Area ca be listed as show i Table 1. The Cetrality of Shaghai is the highest ad it is the absolute ceter of the etwork. Hagzhou, Najig, Hefei have the relatively high ode cetrality, which are the sub-ceters of the etwork. 118 Isert Table 1 here The Closeess cetrality ca be used to determie the Closeess or distace betwee oe actor ad all other actors. High level of Closeess cetrality idicates that the city is closely to the other cities. The Closeess cetrality of oe city ca be measured by the degree of the distace betwee cities. Ad the distace ca be measured by the geodesic. The formula is as below (Li, 008): C C [ j 1 d(, )] i j 1 The results are show i table.. We ca foud that Shaghai has the highest degree of tightess with rest cities, ad Shaghai is followed by Hagzhou, Najig, ad Hefei. Taizhou, Huaia, ad Yagzhou have the lowest Closeess cetrality. Isert Table here The Betweeess ca be used to measure the extet of oe city to be the itermediary of other cities. Itermediary role is ofte played a role of a bridge or a role of cotrol, so i a sese, it ca measure the extet that oe city ca cotrol the S.&T (Rowley, 1997) cooperatio relatioship of other cities. If g jk is the umber of geodesics that existig betwee city j ad city k, the the probability that all these shortlies are selected as the commuicatio path is 1/g jk. If we make g jk ( i ) the umber of geodesics of the two cities which are coected with city ode i. Ad the Betweeess of i will be the sum of the probabilities of g jk ( i )/g jk, as show below (Li Jure, 008): C g ( ) B j k jk i g jk The we ca calculate the Betweeess of the city odes. The results are show i Table3. Isert Table 3 here As show i the table, i the S.&T. cooperatio etwork of Pa-yagtze River Delta Area, Shaghai, Hagzhou, Najig, Hefei ad Suzhou have higher Betweeess level. That meas these cities are itermediate odes ad play a importat role i commuicatio etwork.

4 Cetre for Promotig Ideas, USA Ad givig more policy support to these cities ca help them to be full ito playig their roles of itermediary ad improve the S.&T. cooperatio etwork..4 The Similarity of the Cities i S.&T. Cooperatio Network Accordig to the structure of the S.&T. cooperatio etwork, this paper use Cluster method to aalyze the similarity of the cities. Cluster method is based o the relevat methods, ad the mai priciple is usig the correlatio coefficiet to measure the degree of correlatio betwee variables, which ca show the degree of similarity betwee actors. This paper used the Pearso product-momet correlatio coefficiet, ad the formula is: r ij ( x x )( x x j ) ik i jk k 1 ( x x ) ( x x ) ik i jk j i 1 j 1 x x i is the average value of the i-th row of the matrix,ad j is the average value of the j-th colum of the matrix. The results of the umerical rage are from -1 to 1. Higher value shows more similarity betwee two city odes (Luo Jiade,1998). Accordig to the results, we ca divide the cities ito four categories, amely Category 1: Shaghai, Hagzhou; Category : Shaoxig, Jiaxig, Taizhou, Nigbo, Zhousha, Huzhou; Category 3:Yacheg, Najig, Hefei, Wuhu; Category 4:Zhejiag, Wuxi, Suzhou, Natog, Chagzhou, Taizhou, Jihua, Huai'a, Maasha, Yagzhou. We marked them i Figure. Isert Figure here I Figure, all the cities i Category are i Zhejiag provice, ad most cities i the Category 4 are i Zhejiag provice. So we thik that cities i the same provice have more similarity rather the cities i differet provice. This shows that the admiistrative boudaries hider the S.&T. cooperatio of two cities. 3. Coclusios ad Suggestios Through the aalysis of the S.&T. cooperatio etwork of Pa-Yagtze River Delta, we discovered these followig fidigs:this area has formed a etwork of S.&T. cooperatio, ad Shaghai is its cetral city, Hagzhou, Najig, Hefei, are the sub-cetral cities. Some cities are still margialized i the etwork. As a example, Suzhou has the secod bigger total ecoomy, but its S.&T. cooperatio with other cities still has great developmet potetial. Hagzhou, Najig, Hefei are the sub-cetre of the etwork, but the umber of cities they cooperate with are small, ad they eed to expad their scope of cooperatio. Cities i the etwork have differet structure ad Shaghai, Hagzhou, Najig, Hefei ad Suzhou is playig a itermediary role. A city with high degree itermediate ca be a bridge to other cities i a large extet. So the use of the city with high Betweeess ca promote the S.&T. Cooperatio(Mitzberg H,1983). The admiistrative boudaries to some extet hider the S.&T. cooperatio betwee two cities. The o-core cities i the same provice have a closer relatioship o S.&T. cooperatio, but it shows weaker betwee o-core cities i differet provices. For example, cities i Zhejiag provice, or cities i Jiagsu provice show more similarities o the S.&T. cooperatio, but cities i Zhejiag provice ad aother city i Jiagsu provice show little similarities. Accordig to these fidigs we suggest that: Though expadig chaels of cooperatio, iovatig ways of cooperatio, stregtheig the desity of Pa- Yagtze River Delta, the civic techological developmet ad competitiveess ca be promoted. Stregthe the itermediary role of cities such as Shaghai, Hagzhou, Najig, Hefei ad Suzhou. Icrease the capital ivestmet ad policy guidace to ecourage these cities to expad their cooperatio. Ehacig the cetral ad radiatio fuctio of these cities. Focus o the regioal collaboratio ad iovatio of S.&T. policy, ad gradually break the policy grid of S.&T. cooperatio, ad accelerate itegratio process of regioal S.&T. cooperatio. Refereces Che C. (005). The Cetrality of Pivotal Poits i the Evolutio of Scietific Networks. Proceedigs of the Iteratioal Coferece o Itelliget User Iterfaces (IUI005). Sa Diego,CA. Feg Feg, Liu Yubi, Si Shagqi (011). Research o the Mechaism of Network Goverace of the Yagtze River Delta Regioal Techology Trasfer Cooperatio. Sciece of Sciece ad Maagemet of S.& T.,,

5 Iteratioal Joural of Busiess ad Social Sciece Vol. No. 0; November 011 Feg Feg, Si Shagqi, Li Xuwei (009). Chia's iter-provicial differeces i aalysis of techology trasfer - techology trasfer based o provicial data of Forum o Sciece ad Techology i Chia, 11, Freema L.C. (1979). Cetrality o Social Networks. Social Networks, 1, Li Jure. (008). Social Network Aalysis: Theory, Methods ad Applicatios. Beijig: Beijig Normal Uiversity Press. pp, 4-58 Li Sida (010). Research o Sci-Tech Cooperatio i Yagtze Delta Based o Regioal Iovatio System. Joural of Nigbo Uiversity (Liberal Arts Editio), 1, Liu Wexia (009). Suggestios o Deepeig the Scietific ad Techologic Cooperatio i Yagtze River Delt. Sciece ad Maagemet, 1, Luo Jiade. (1998). Social Network Aalysis Notes. Beijig: Social Sciece Documetatio Publishig House, Ecoomic Sciece Press, pp, Mitzberg H. (1983). Power i ad aroud orgaizatios. Eglewood Cliffs, NJ: Pretice- Hal Newma MEJ. (001). The structure of scietific collaboratio etworks. Proceedigs of the Natioal Academy of Scieces of the Uited States of America, 98, Rowley T J. (1997), Movig beyod dyadic ties: a etwork theory of stakeholder iflueces. Academy of Maagemet.Review,, Zhao Rogyig, Wag Jig (011). Research of Iteratioal Social Network Aalysis i Frotier Domais i Visualized Iformatio. Documet,Iformatio & Kowledge,1, Figure1 S.&T. cooperatio etwork diagram of cities ID Table1. The Cetralityof The Cities i the S.&T. Cooperatio Network City Cetrality ID City Cetrality ID City Cetrality 17 Taizhou 13.64% 1 Shaghai Hagzhou 100% 68.18% 9 10 Zhejiag Maasha 7.7% 7.7% 18 Jiaxig 13.64% 3 Najig 59.09% 11 Jihua 7.7% 19 Wuhu 13.64% 4 Hefei 45.46% 1 Huzhou 18.18% 0 Yacheg 13.64% 5 Wuxi 31.8% 13 Zhousha 18.18% 1 Tàizhou 9.09% 6 Suzhou 31.8% 14 Quzhou 18.18% Huaia 9.09% 7 Nigbo 7.7% 15 Shaoxig 18.18% 3 Yagzhou 9.09% 8 Chagzhou 7.7% 16 Natog 13.64%