What do you think? Should the development of cold environments continue? Is there a better way?

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1 What do you think? Should the development of cold environments continue? Is there a better way? What is the future for the development of cold environments?

2 d) With reference to one or more examples, Outline the opportunities for and the problems caused by resource exploitation (9 marks).

3 Level 1 (0-4) Limited little reference to case study, little locational detail- poor structure, inaccurate spelling and use of geography terminology. Cold environments can provide many opportunities for development. These include agriculture, tourism and mineral extraction. Cold environments are under pressure to exploit these resources but this sometimes poses problems. For example, ski slopes can harm the local environment and disturb the habitats of animals. Level 2 (5-7) Clear use one example locational detail poor structure, inaccurate spelling and use of geographical terminology. Cold environments provide many opportunities for development. There are many resources that can be used, such as the land for farming, mineral to extract and climate for tourism. However, with the development of these resources are many problems. For example, the development of ski tourism in the Alps has results in a degradation of the environment and destruction in many endemic animals habitats. Level 3 (8-9) Thorough reference to example (s) good locational information well structured and effective use of grammar and spelling geography terminology used accurately. Development in cold environments is now possible and can bring many opportunities, These include mineral extraction, agriculture and tourism. The opportunity to develop an area into a ski resort brings money and resources into the area. It provides jobs of the local people and improves the infrastructure, However, as a result there are many problems caused by this resource exploitation. For example the Alps receives about 100 million tourists each year. This leads to the removal of habitats, removal of vegetation which protects against avalanches and pollution from vehicles. Ski lift also has a damaging effect

4 How can environments be managed to Alpine Convention ensure sustainability? Signed by all 8 Alpine states aims to harmonise policies and promote sustainable development. Need to find a balance between economic viability and sustainability. But implementation is difficult why? Funding lack of funding available money needed to promote environmental and economic policies. Sanctions no sanctions that can be taken against any side who breaches the convention. Convention is regarded as model for other areas. Complete notes under the heading: Sustainable development in the Alps

5 Key Word Bingo! Pick 6 words Insolation Striations Carbonation Roche Mountonee Chatter Marks Glacial climate Katabatic Winds Chatter marks Divergent Flow Hydrolysis Insolation Periglacial climate Orographic Rainfall Mountainous climate

6 Why do we need to manage cold environments in a sustainable way? Case studies Antarctica and Alps

7 Case Study Managing Antarctica Fill in the case study sheet by using p in the text book. Make sure you pick out the figures and main points.

8 Himalayas

9

10 Case Study - Himalayas Using the resource sheet complete the worksheet about the Himalayas.

11 Glaciation and Maps! You need to know for your exam how to recognise certain features from an OS map.

12 Glacial trough contour pattern

13 Corrie contour pattern tarn contours close together

14 Snowdonia Glacial troughs

15 Arête formation What are arêtes? Arêtes are knife-edged ridges formed between two corries. arête corrie corrie arête corrie arête How do the corries erode backwards to form the arêtes?

16 Pyramidal peak formation arête corrie corrie arête corrie arête

17 Grade boundaries (ish) A 80% B 69% C 61% D 51% E 40% Below 40% U

18 Use fig 3 to describe the main features of the climate at Frobisher Bay (4) Low total precipitation, summer and autumn max, low annual range of precipitation, low temp overall ranging from -25ºC in winter to 10ºC in July. Large temp range of 35ºC. 9 months below freezing. Level 2: Uses the data to describe patterns of rainfall and temperature and identifies seasonal differences across the year. [3-4] Level 1: Basic description which identifies patterns of rainfall and temperature or lists figures. [0-2]

19 Account for the weathering processes that are likely to occur in cold environments. (6) Majority will focus on freeze-thaw but equally valid is chemical (solution) biological (organic acids) which may be related to summer thaw. In summer wet-dry and thermal contraction (warm days/cold nights) may operate. Max Level 1 if only one process explained. Level 2: Uses named example(s) of processes with clear links to cold climates and detailed explanation of the processes. Good use of technical language. [5-6] Level 1: Explains how the particular process(es) operate in general terms with some use of technical language and tentative links to climate. [0-4]

20 Explain the formation of either outwash plains or cirques (6). Cirques basic answer is about freeze-thaw and ice rotation (top of L1). Higher level answers may start with nivation hollows before looking at ice patch processes with clear cause-effect. Level 2: Uses technical language to name and explain the formation of the particular landform. Thorough understanding of the range of processes involved in its formation. [5-6] Level 1: Limited or basic appreciation of the processes involved in its formation. Some limited use of technical language. [0-4]

21 Comment on the problems associated with the sustainable management of 2 contrasting cold environments (9). Physical problems such as harsh climate, perma-frost, pollution, soil erosion and landslides, destruction of habitats, deforestation, etc. Economic problems such as cost, road building, labour, need for power supplies etc and Social such as modification of existing traditional cultures etc. The stress is on sustainable management and the problems there in rather than problems per se. Level 3: Very thorough reference to contrasting examples and brings in good locational detail. Identifies a range of problems which goes well beyond the simple physical and ties them into sustainable management. Answer is well structured with effective use of grammar and spelling. Geographical terminology is used accurately. [8-9] Level 2: Clear reference to contrasting examples and brings in locational detail. Identifies a limited range of problems which may not go beyond physical but makes a limited attempt to tie them into sustainable management. Answers may have poor structure with some inaccurate spelling and inaccurate use of geographical terminology. [5-7] Level 1: Limited, if any, reference to contrasting examples and little locational detail. Identifies few problems which may not go beyond basic physical and there is no attempt to tie them into sustainable management. Communication is basic with little structure and inaccurate spelling. [0-4]

22 Practice Essay Question With reference to named examples, explain how cold environments can be managed to ensure their sustainability (25).

23 AO1 Knowledge and understanding Total 25 marks Level Mark Descriptor L3 (11 13 marks) Detailed knowledge and understanding of how management might ensure sustainability. Cause and effect are well understood, and there is effective use of detailed examples. L2 (7 10 marks) Some knowledge and understanding of how management might ensure sustainability. Cause and effect are understood and some examples are given. L1 (1 6 marks) Limited knowledge and understanding of how management might ensure sustainability. Cause and effect are not well understood and there is limited use of examples. AO2 Analysis and application Level Mark Descriptor L3 (5 marks) Clear analysis of how management might ensure sustainability, and an effective evaluation of the strategies used. L2 (3 4 marks) Some analysis of how management might ensure sustainability. Limited (if any) evaluation. L1 (1 2 marks) Limited analysis of how management might ensure sustainability, and no attempt to evaluate strategies used. AO3 Skills and communication Level Mark Descriptor L3 (6 7 marks) Answer is well structured, with effective use of grammar and spelling. Geographical terminology is used accurately. There is a clear conclusion. L2 (4 5 marks) Answer may have poor structure, with some inaccurate spelling and inaccurate use of geographical terminology. There is a limited conclusion. L1 (1 3 marks) Communication is basic, with little structure and inaccurate spelling. There is no attempt at a conclusion.

24 The term sustainability requires definition. This can be followed by an explanation of management approaches, which include designated conservation areas and conservation measures. It would then be useful to discuss action by governments and businesses to minimise the environmental impact of settlements, infrastructure and economic activities (e.g. oil exploration and production). Good answers will be well grounded in examples, such as Annapurna and the Arctic Wildlife Refuge. There is scope for evaluating the attempts at sustainable development and questioning if activities such as mineral and oil production can ever be sustainable.

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