Density and Walkable Communities

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1 Density and Walkable Communities Reid Ewing Professor & Chair City and Metropolitan Planning University of Utah Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

2 MRC Research at 5 Geographic Scales Region Neighborhood MXD TOD Block Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

3 Elasticities Convenient Way of Summarizing Relationships Dimensionless So Perhaps Transferable

4 NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

5 5Ds of Compact Development Density Mobility Diversity Design Accessibility Distance to Transit Destination Accessibility Livability Sustainability

6 Fairview Village

7 Southern Village

8 Metro Square

9 Meta-Analysis

10 Rich Literature More than 200 Empirical Studies Collectively Relate All Aspects of Travel to All Aspects of Built Environment Vast Majority Control for Sociodemographic Differences Vast Majority Use Statistical Methods A Few Come Close to the Normative Model

11 Weighted average elasticities of walking Distance to nearest transit stop Job within one mile Percentage of 4-way intersection Intersection/street density Distance to a store Jobs-housing balance Land use mix (entropy index) Commercial floor area ratio Job density Household/population density

12 15 Region Database

13 Households and trips Survey Date Surveyed Households Surveyed Trips Atlanta ,575 93,681 Austin ,450 14,249 Boston ,826 86,915 Denver ,551 67,764 Detroit ,690 Eugene ,679 16,563 Houston ,276 59,552 Kansas City ,022 31,779 Minneapolis-St. Paul ,234 79,236 Portland ,513 47,551 Provo-Orem ,464 19,255 Sacramento ,520 33,519 Salt Lake City ,491 44,576 San Antonio ,563 14,952 Seattle ,908 40,450 Total 62, ,732 Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

14 Road network buffer were established around household geocode location at three scales: 0.25 mile, 0.5 mile, 1 mile. Built environmental variables were computed for each household and all three buffer scales. Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

15 Elasticity: number of household walk trips (for households with any walk trips) Regional compactness Transit stop density within 1/2 mile Land use entropy within 1/2 mile Intersection density within 1/4 mile Activity density within 1/4 mile Accessibility to employment within 30 mins by transit

16 MXD SCALE Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

17 Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

18 Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

19 Sample selection Household travel survey Regional household survey with XY coordinates; Parcel level land-use data; Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

20 MXDs selection A mixed-use development or district consists of two or more land uses between which trips can be made using local streets, without having to use major streets. The uses may include residential, retail, office, and/or entertainment. There may be walk trips between the uses. Expert-based process Gateway district, Salt Lake City: dining, entertainment, retail, residential, office Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

21

22 Internal capture rates of trips by MXDs 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Atlanta Austin Boston Denver Eugene Houston Kansas City Minneapolis-St. Paul Portland Sacramento Salt Lake City San Antonio Seattle Overall average Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

23 Total share of walk, bike and transit for external trips to/from MXDs Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

24 Elasticities of Internal Capture Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

25 Elasticities of External Walking Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

26 TOD SCALE Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

27 Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

28 TOD Definition TODs are widely defined as compact, mixed-use developments with high-quality walking environments near transit facilities (ITE 2004, pp. 5-7; Jacobson & Forsyth 2008; Renne 2009). For our purposes, TODs are developed by a single developer under a master development plan, and can also include a clustering of development projects near transit facilities that are developed by one or more developers pursuant to a master development plan. Dense Mixed use Pedestrianfriendly Adjacent to transit Built after transit Fully developed or nearly so Self-contained parking Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

29 Redmond TOD, Seattle Rhode Island Row, Washington D.C. Wilshire/Vermont, Los Angeles Fruitvale Village, San Francisco Englewood TOD, Denver

30 Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

31 Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

32 Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

33 BLOCK SCALE Department of City & Metropolitan Planning, University of Utah

34

35

36 Outcome variable: Pedestrian activity The number of people encountered over a 30 minutes time period for a given block face during peak hours for a typical weekday (September and October of 2012)

37 Imageability Proportion of historic buildings Courtyards/plazas/parks (number) Outdoor dining (yes/no) Buildings with nonrectangular silhouettes (number) Noise level (rating) Major landscape features (number) Buildings with identifiers (number) 262 S Main St

38 Enclosure Proportion street wall same side Proportion street walk opposite side Proportion sky across Long sight lines (number) Proportion sky ahead 311 S Main St

39 Human Scale Long sight lines (number) All street furniture and other street items (number) Proportion first floor with windows Building height same side Small planters (number) 2 E Broadway

40 Transparency Proportion first floor with windows Proportion active uses Proportion street wall same side 254 S Main St

41 Complexity Buildings (number) Dominant building colors (number) Accent colors (number) Outdoor dining (yes/no) Public art (number) 262 S Main St

42 High Value of All 5 Qualities 169 S Main St

43 Low Value of All 5 Qualities 230 W N Temple St

44 Elasticity: pedestrian counts Transparency Imageability Block length Distance to transit Land use entropy Population density

45 Results Density Most Important at the Regional Scale Density Less Important than Other Ds at Neighborhood Scale Density as Important as other Ds at MXD Scale Density and Other Ds Produce High Walk and Transit Mode Shares at TOD Scale Density Less Important than Urban Design Qualities at Block Scale

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