Chapter 11 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Law of Conservation of Matter:

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Law of Conservation of Matter: Humanly speaking, matter is neither created nor destroyed...therefore in a chemical reaction, both sides (reactants and products) must contain the same number of atoms of each element. Balancing Chemical Equations: General Rule: Start with the most complicated compounds and work your way down to the simplest (elements). Ex: Balance the following equations: Mg + O2 MgO CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O NH3 + O2 N2 + H2O C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O When balanced, the coefficients in the equation show MOLE ratios. CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 1

2 Chemical Reactions Combination Mg + Fe + O2 O2 H2 + O2 H2O Na + I2 Decomposition H2O2 H2O Li2O Single Replacement [see Table 11.2, p. 361] Na + HOH K + HOH Mg + HCl Al + CuCl2 Cl2 + NaBr CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 2

3 Double Replacement forms ppt CuSO4 + NaOH forms H2O HCl + NaOH forms gas HCl + Na2CO3 forms gas HI + Li2S NaOH + H2SO4 Pb(NO3)2 + NaI Combustion Complete methanol CH3OH + O2 ethanol C2H5OH + O2 octane C8H18 + O2 Incomplete octane C8H18 + O2 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 3

4 ws - Balancing Equations Practice 1 Directions: Balance the following equations classify each by type. Column I Balancing Equations Column II ID Reaction Type 1. BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 BaCO3 + NH4Cl 2. KClO3 KCl + O2 3. C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O 4. Na + H2O NaOH + H2 5. MnO2 + Al Al2O3 + Mn 6. Na2O + P4O10 Na3PO4 7. PCl5 + H2O H3PO4 + HCl 8. KOH + H2SO4 H2O + K2SO4 9. Cu2SO4 + Zn Cu + ZnSO4 10. Al + O2 Al2O3 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 4

5 ws -Balancing Equations Practice 2 Balanced Equation 1 H2 + O2 H2O 2 KClO3 KCl + O2 CODES for Type of Chemical Reaction below: Combination (C) Double Replacement (DR) Decomposition (D) Complete Combustion (CC) Single Replacement Incomplete Combustion (IC) [anionic or cationic] (SRa) or (SRc) 3 AgNO3 + CaCl2 AgCl + Ca(NO3)2 4 CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O 5 CaBr2 + K2SO4 CaSO4 + KBr 6 C3H8 + O2 CO + H2O 7 H2O2 H2 + O2 8 Na + HOH NaOH + H2 9 C + O2 CO 10 Cl2 + KBr KCl + Br2 11 NaCl + F2 NaF + Cl2 12 Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + CO2 13 Ca(OH)2 + HCl CaCl2 + HOH 14 P4 + O2 P2O5 15 C2H5OH + O2 CO + H2O 16 Na2O Na + O2 17 C8H18 + O2 CO2 + H2O 18 Mg + FeCl3 MgCl2 + Fe 19 Cu + O2 CuO 20 CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Type CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 5

6 ws - Word Equations 1 CODES for Type of Chemical Reaction below: Combination (C) Double Replacement (DR) Decomposition (D) Complete Combustion (CC) Single Replacement Incomplete Combustion (IC) [anionic or cationic] (SRa) or (SRc) 1 Directions: Write the Word Equations below in balanced Chemical Equations. Iron(III) oxide + carbon iron + carbon monoxide Type 2 Barium chloride + nitric acid barium nitrate + hydrochloric acid 3 Sulfur dioxide + water sulfurous acid 4 Tin(II) chloride + lithium hydroxide tin(ii) hydroxide + lithium chloride 5 Potassium bromide + chlorine potassium chloride + bromine 6 Propanol (C3H7OH) + oxygen carbon dioxide + water 7 calcium hydroxide + sulfuric acid calcium sulfate + water 8 Magnesium + hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen 9 Mercury(II) oxide (heated) mercury + oxygen 10 Methane (CH4) + oxygen carbon monoxide + water CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 6

7 ws - Word Equations 2 CODES for Type of Chemical Reaction below: Combination (C) Double Replacement (DR) Decomposition (D) Complete Combustion (CC) Single Replacement Incomplete Combustion (IC) [anionic or cationic] (SRa) or (SRc) 1 Directions: Write the Word Equations below in balanced Chemical Equations. Zinc + hydrobromic acid zinc bromide + hydrogen Type 2 Potassium hydroxide + sulfurous acid potassium sulfite + water 3 Pentane (C5H12) + oxygen carbon monoxide + water 4 Lithium chloride + fluorine lithium fluoride + chlorine 5 Potassium chlorate (heated) potassium chloride and oxygen 6 Sodium carbonate + barium hydroxide sodium hydroxide + barium carbonate 7 Water (electricity) hydrogen + oxygen 8 Hexane (C6H14) + oxygen carbon dioxide + water 9 Ammonium carbonate ammonia + carbon dioxide + water 10 Dinitrogen trioxide and water yield nitrous acid CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 7

8 ws - Word Equations 3 CODES for Type of Chemical Reaction below: Combination (C) Double Replacement (DR) Decomposition (D) Complete Combustion (CC) Single Replacement Incomplete Combustion (IC) [anionic or cationic] (SRa) or (SRc) 1 Directions: Write the Word Equations below in balanced Chemical Equations. Sodium reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen Type 2 Potassium oxide and water yield potassium hydroxide 3 Aluminum and oxygen react to form aluminum oxide 4 Silver nitrate and sodium bromide yield sodium nitrate and silver bromide 5 Iron and oxygen form iron(iii) oxide 6 Sodium peroxide and water yield sodium hydroxide and oxygen 7 calcium oxide and water yield calcium hydroxide 8 Diphosphorus pentoxide reacts with water to make phosphoric acid 9 10 Iron(III) chloride and ammonium hydroxide form iron(iii) hydroxide and ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfide and lead(ii) nitrate yield ammonium nitrate and lead(ii) sulfide CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 8

9 ws Solubility Rules Practice Salt for each of the following determine if it is soluble or insoluble in water and check appropriate column at right CaCl2 Ni(NO3)2 SrSO4 Ba(OH)2 KC2H3O2 Na2SO4 Zn(NO3)2 Li2Cr2O7 ZnBr2 Na3PO3 Fe(NO3)3 LiOH PbSO4 PbI2 RbCN AgNO3 Ca3(PO4)2 (NH4)2S2O3 AgBr Mg(NO3)2 Soluble Insoluble CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 9

10 ws Solubility Rules Practice Salt for each of the following determine if it is soluble or insoluble in water and check appropriate column at right NaCl Ba(C2H3O2)2 CuCl2 MgBr2 Pb(OH)2 CaCrO4 Mg(NO3)2 (NH4)2CO3 BaSO4 Pb(C2H3O2)2 MgCO3 Ca(ClO3)3 KNO2 KCl KOH Na2CrO4 KIO3 Pb(C2H3O2)2 NH4Cl Fe(OH)3 Soluble Insoluble CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 10

11 ws Solubility Rules Practice Salt for each of the following determine if it is soluble or insoluble in water and check appropriate column at right (NH4)2S Cu(OH)2 CaBr2 K2CO3 Ag2CrO4 ZnSO4 Ca(C2H3O2)2 CuS PbCl2 AlPO4 AgI K2CrO4 (NH4)2C2O4 BaSO4 Pb(ClO3)2 MgCO3 Na3PO4 Co(NO3)2 LiSCN NaOH Soluble Insoluble CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 11

12 Writing Equations Worksheet Determining the products in a reaction... - Fill in the missing products in each of the following equations with correct formulas - all ionic compounds must be NEUTRAL and remember your diatomic elements. - THEN balance the equation with coefficients. Equation Reaction Type a. Ca + F2 Combination b. Be + N2 Combination c. Na + S Combination d. N2 + O2 (dinitrogen pentoxide) Combination e. CaCO3 CaO + (carbon dioxide) Decomposition f. CO + Decomposition g. Mg + FeCl3 + Single Replacement * h. Zn + HCl + Single Replacement * i. Ag + CuSO4 + Single Replacement * j. KBr + Cl2 + Single Replacement (see p.361 paragraph) [nonmetal replaces nonmetal] k. Ca(OH)2 + HNO3 + Double Replacement** l. Pb(NO3)2 + NaI + Double Replacement** m. NaOH + Cu(NO3)2 + Double Replacement** n. C6H12O6 + + Combustion (complete) o. C8H Combustion (incomplete) * Check Activity Series of Metals [Table 11.2, p. 361] to see if this Single Replacement rxn occurs. ** There will always be either water, a gas, or a solid precipitate in the products of a Double Replacement rxn (use solubility rules) Hint: Lead(II) iodide is a solid according to our solubility rules Hint: Remember that copper(ii) hydroxide is a blue solid from our previous lab and demo and according to our solubility rules. CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 12

13 Activity - Writing Equations Chemistry Name Date Period Partner Directions: Fill in the blanks below for each reaction. Balanced Equation Reaction Type 1. copper(ii) sulfate + magnesium Al + O2 3. CO + 4. Al2(SO4)3 + NH4OH + 5. sulfuric acid + barium chloride complete combustion of C12H22O combination of elements to form iron(iii) oxide incomplete combustion of glycerol, C3H8O3 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 13

14 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 14

15 LAB- Activities of Metals Name Period Introduction: Certain metals are more active than other metals. This is due to differences in ionization energies. Metals react by losing their valence electrons to form positive ions. The more loosely the atom attracts its valence electrons, the more reactive it is. Metals replace one another in single replacement reactions. The more active metal is a solid that becomes aqueous in solution, causing the less active aqueous metal to become a solid and come out of the solution. You saw an example of this in our demonstration involving the aluminum foil boat in the ocean of cupric chloride, where the more active aluminum replaced the less active copper: 3Al(s) + 2CuCl2(aq) 3AlCl3(aq) + 2Cu(s) Metals can also replace hydrogen from acids as you saw in our class demonstrations: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) The most reactive metals can also replace hydrogen from water as you saw in our class demonstrations: 2K(s) + 2HOH(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) In this lab you will attempt 20 single replacement reactions in order to determine the activity series for iron, copper, magnesium, zinc, silver, and hydrogen. Procedure: 1. Obtain all aqueous solutions and solids listed on the template for this lab. 2. Place a plastic sheet over the template on the next page and lay them on your lab bench. 3. Add 2-3 drops of each solution in the appropriate boxes, and small samples (ie-a few grains) of solids to the solutions in the appropriate boxes. 4. Watch for a few minutes and record YES on your data sheet where you saw a reaction, and NO on your data sheet where you did not see a reaction. 5. Dispose of your chemicals and plastic sheet as instructed by your teacher and return all materials. Pre-Lab Questions: 1. What evidence will reveal that a chemical reaction has occurred? 2. Determine the activity series for the hypothetical data given below: Soln of A Soln of B Soln of C Soln of D Soln of E Soln of F A(s) X Yes Yes Yes Yes No B(s) No X No No No No C(s) No Yes X Yes Yes No D(s) No Yes No X No No Activity Series: > > > > > most least CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 15

16 LAB- Activities of Metals Reaction Template FeCl3(aq) CuCl2(aq) MgSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) AgNO3(aq) HCl(aq) Fe(s) X Cu(s) X Mg(s) X Zn(s) X CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 16

17 LAB- Activities of Metals (ROUGH Copy) Data Sheet Name Date Period Partner(s) Fill in the information below: Purpose: Materials: Solutions (aq) Metals (s) Data: Fill in YES if you saw a reaction or NO for no reaction. FeCl3(aq) CuCl2(aq) MgSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) AgNO3(aq) HCl(aq) Fe(s) Cu(s) Mg(s) Zn(s) X X X X Activity Series: > > > > > most least CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 17

18 LAB- Activities of Metals (ROUGH Copy) Lab Write Up Name Date Period Partner(s) For each of the reactions that occurred: a) the Complete Molecular Single Replacement reaction [BALANCED!] b) the Complete Ionic Single Replacement reaction [BALANCED!] c) the Net Ionic Equation [BALANCED!] a) Al(s) + 3 AgNO3(aq) Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3 Ag(s) b) Al(s) + 3 Ag + (aq) + 3NO3 - (aq) Al +3 (aq) + 3NO3 - (aq) + 3 Ag(s) c) Al(s) + 3 Ag + (aq) Al +3 (aq) + 3 Ag(s) metal & solution & a) _ b) _ c) _ & a) _ b) _ c) _ & a) _ b) _ c) _ & a) _ b) _ c) _ & a) _ b) _ c) _ CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 18

19 LAB- Activities of Metals (FINAL Copy) Data Sheet Name Date Period Partner(s) Fill in the information below: Purpose: Materials: Solutions (aq) Metals (s) Data: Fill in YES if you saw a reaction or NO for no reaction. FeCl3(aq) CuCl2(aq) MgSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) AgNO3(aq) HCl(aq) Fe(s) Cu(s) Mg(s) Zn(s) X X X X Activity Series: > > > > > most least CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 19

20 LAB- Activities of Metals (FINAL Copy) Lab Write Up Name Date Period Partner(s) For each of the reactions that occurred: a) the Complete Molecular Single Replacement reaction [BALANCED!] b) the Complete Ionic Single Replacement reaction [BALANCED!] c) the Net Ionic Equation [BALANCED!] a) Al(s) + 3 AgNO3(aq) Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3 Ag(s) b) Al(s) + 3 Ag + (aq) + 3NO3 - (aq) Al +3 (aq) + 3NO3 - (aq) + 3 Ag(s) c) Al(s) + 3 Ag + (aq) Al +3 (aq) + 3 Ag(s) metal & solution & a) _ b) _ c) _ & a) _ b) _ c) _ & a) _ b) _ c) _ & a) _ b) _ c) _ & a) _ b) _ c) _ CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 20

21 LAB- Double Replacement Reactions Name Period Introduction: Double replacement reactions result in the formation of either a precipitate, water, or a gas. This lab will focus on reactions which form precipitates. You will be reacting six different solutions with each other and noting which combinations yield a precipitate. The precipitates will have distinct colors. After recording all of your data, you will be able to deduce the correct formulas of the precipitates through logic, and consequently write the double replacement reaction and net ionic equation for each. Example: Double Replacement Reaction: Net Ionic Equation: 3Na2CO3(aq) + 2NiCl3(aq) Ni2(CO3)3(s) + 6NaCl(aq) 2 Ni +2 (aq) + 3 CO3-2 (aq) Ni2(CO3)3(s) Procedure: 1. Obtain all aqueous solutions. 2. Place a plastic sheet over the template for this lab and lay them on your lab bench. 3. Add 2-3 drops of each solution in the appropriate boxes for all columns and rows. 4. Watch for a few minutes and record the color and PPT on your data sheet where you saw a precipitate formed, and NO on your data sheet where you did not see a reaction. 5. Dispose of your chemicals and plastic sheet as instructed by your teacher and return all materials. Pre-Lab Questions: 1. What evidence will reveal that a chemical reaction has occurred? 2. Determine the formulas of precipitates for the hypothetical data given below: Solution #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Formula: CaBr2 CaCl2 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 LiBr Ca(NO3)2 Solution Ions Product #1 Product #2 Precipitate (PPT) Combos. present formula formula color 1 & 3 Ca +2 Br - Na + CrO4-2 CaCrO4 NaBr yellow 1 & 4 Ca +2 Br - Na + Cr2O7-2 CaCr2O7 NaBr orange 2 & 3 Ca +2 Cl - Na + CrO4-2 CaCrO4 NaCl yellow 2 & 4 Ca +2 Cl - Na + Cr2O7-2 CaCr2O7 NaCl orange 3 & 6 Na + CrO4-2 Ca +2 NO3 - NaNO3 CaCrO4 yellow 4 & 6 Na + Cr2O7-2 Ca +2 NO3 - NaNO3 CaCr2O7 orange CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 21

22 LAB- Double Replacement Reactions Reaction Template X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 22

23 LAB-Double Replacement Reactions (Rough Copy) Data and Results Name Date Period Partner(s) DATA: List the ions present in each solution next to each numbered solution below. Fill in the grid below with your experimental results: NR or [color] ppt Ions present in solution 1 XXX 2 XXX XXX XXX XXX Where a precipitate was formed fill in the following table: XXX Solution Combos. Ions present Product #1 formula Product #2 formula Precipitate (PPT) color & & & & & & * One formula out of each pair of products is a SOLID. CIRCLE each one. * Solution #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Conc. Formula: NAME: color: CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 23

24 LAB- Double Replacement Reactions (Rough Copy) Lab Write Up Name Date Period Partner(s) For each of the precipitates that were formed write: a) the entire Double Replacement reaction [BALANCED!] b) the Net Ionic Equation [BALANCED!] Solution Combos. a) CuSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) CuCl2(aq) + BaSO4(s) b) Ba +2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) BaSO4(s) PPT Color & a) b) & a) b) & a) b) & a) b) & a) b) & a) b) CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 24

25 LAB-Double Replacement Reactions (FINAL Copy) Data and Results Name Date Period Partner(s) DATA: List the ions present in each solution next to each numbered solution below. Fill in the grid below with your experimental results: NR or [color] ppt Ions present in solution 1 XXX 2 XXX 3 XXX 4 XXX 5 XXX 6 Where a precipitate was formed fill in the following table: XXX Solution Ions Product #1 Product #2 Precipitate (PPT) Combos. present formula formula color & & & & & & * One formula out of each pair of products is a SOLID. CIRCLE each one. * Solution #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Conc. Formula: NAME: color: CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 25

26 LAB- Double Replacement Reactions (FINAL Copy) Lab Write Up Name Date Period Partner(s) For each of the precipitates that were formed write: a) the entire Double Replacement reaction [BALANCED!] b) the Net Ionic Equation [BALANCED!] Solution Combos. a) CuSO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) CuCl2(aq) + BaSO4(s) b) Ba +2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) BaSO4(s) PPT Color & a) b) & a) b) & a) b) & a) b) & a) b) & a) b) CHEMISTRY Chapter 11 Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Page 26