Index. batteries 150, 206, 219, 349, 355, rechargeable 139 biosensors 219 bulk materials 9, 19, 362 buoyancy
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1 Index absorption 262, 264, 325, 327, 346 absorption losses , 262, 264 activated carbons 76, 110, granulated adsorption 9 10, 80, 85, 88, 109, 111, , 278, 326 adsorption behavior aeronautics 1 2, AFM, see atomic force microscopy aluminum 80, 171, 260 amine 84, 87, 280 ammonia 82, 112, 114, , 218 anode materials 132, 136, , 161 APCO, see aqueous phase catalytic oxidation aquaporin 105, 108 aqueous phase catalytic oxidation (APCO) arc discharge method 269, 274, 276, 285, 287 atmosphere revitalization 71 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 53 54, 205, 215 audio frequencies 239 batteries 150, 206, 219, 349, 355, rechargeable 139 biosensors 219 bulk materials 9, 19, 362 buoyancy calcium 117, 120 calcium carbonate 118 capacitance , , 247 capacitor , , 318, carbon 115, 117, 134, , , 183, 188, 269, 274, 287, 290, 326, 356, , 362 carbon atoms 87, 269, 271, 274 sp 2 -hybridized 269 carbon black 170, 287, , 311, 318 carbon-coated LiFePO carbon dioxide 6 7, 71 73, 76 87, 91, 111, 114, 124 carbon dioxide control carbon dioxide removal 72, 75, 79, 82, 85 carbon dioxide removal assembly (CDRA) carbon dioxide sorption capacity 86 carbon fiber, conventional carbon fibers 229, 234, 268, 359 carbon materials 268, 278, 287, 325 carbon monoxide 7, carbon nanostructures carbon nanotechnology 274, 276 carbon nanotube fibers carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) 203, 210 carbon nanotube membranes 105, 107 carbon nanotube/polymer blends 359
2 372 Index carbon nanotube yarns 358 carbon nanotubes (CNTs) 49 50, , 201 2, 204, , 214, 230, , 306, 308, , , , 358, carbon nanotubes, high-quality catalysts 21, 56, 58 59, , 113, 115, 120, 180, , , 196, 219, , 327 advanced electrochemical fabrication of 187 iridium-doped 193 lead-doped ruthenium oxide catalytic materials cathode materials 141, , 153, 161, 164, , 170, 173 layered , 163, 165 cathodic fuel cell reaction 184 cations 78 80, 118 extra-framework CDRA, see carbon dioxide removal assembly charge cycle , 187 chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 16, 138, 206, , , 293 chemical vapor transport (CVT) 16 17, 19 chemisorbed oxygen species 58 CMC, see ceramic matrix composites CNTFETs, see carbon nanotube field-effect transistors CNTs, see carbon nanotubes CNTs, conductive coatings 51, , , 237, , , 327 cobalt 86, 150, , composite cathodes , 166 composite materials , 232, 235, 287, 289, 327 concentration polarization 105, 120 conductance 9 10, 247, 278, 300 conduction 252, 293, 296, 321 conductive polymers, intrinsic 267 conductivity 238, 244, 247, 249, , 281, , 300 1, 303 4, 308 9, 314, 316, 318, 323, 326 composite 292, 303 conductors 208, , 253, 323 contact resistances 53 54, 317 copolymers 107, 118 copper 202, 208, 211, , 264, , 277, 348 curing agents 280, , 289 CVD, see chemical vapor deposition CVT, see chemical vapor transport desorption 73, 75 76, 85, 109 dielectric constant 209, 239, , 308, , 325 dielectric materials , , , 249, 311, 315 dielectrics 237, , 244, 246, 249, 311 dielectrophoresis 21, 45 46, 49, 51 dipoles 244, 305, permanent , 243 discharge capacity , 153, , 161, , , 361 discharge capacity retention 157, 159 EAR, see electrochemical ammonia removal
3 Index 373 educational materials 341, 343 educational modules , electric dipoles 243, 325 electric fields 46 47, 49, 237, , 244, 254, , , 296, 305, 308, 311, 323 electrical conductivity 41, 202, 255, 269, 296, , 303 4, , 326, 362 electrocatalysis 109 electrochemical ammonia removal (EAR) electrochemical cell 43, 47, 112, 348 electrochemistry 122, 348 electrode loading electrode materials 132, 136, , 151, 169, 278, nanoscale 133 nanostructured 143, 355 electrodes 45 47, 49, 54, 109, 112, , 138, , , 180, 307, 316, 318, 323, nanostructured 141, 143 electrodialysis 118 electrolysis 112, 123, , 185, 187, 190 electrolytes 123, 138, , 159, , 169, 173, 305, , 361 electrolyzer systems , 188 electrolyzers , 183, 185, 188, 196 electromagnetic compatibility , 253 electromagnetic energy 249, 252 electromagnetic field 246, 256, 305 7, 310, 325 electromagnetic interference 237, electromagnetic interference shielding , 257, 259, 261, 263 electromagnetic waves 237, 246, 254, 259, 262, 325 electronic devices 207, 212, 222, , 362 electronics 61 63, 201, 229, 236, 254, 278, 280, 356, 363 electrospinning electrospun nanofibers 56, 58, 362 EMI shielding 252, , 264, 325 EMI-shielding 324, EMI-shielding materials energy dissipation 247, 249 engineered structured sorbents (ESS) 76, 88 epoxy composites 327 epoxy nanocomposites 279, 281, 287, 303, 327 epoxy resins 234, , 282, 289, 311, 314, 322, 328 ESC, see European Standards Committee ESS, see engineered structured sorbents ETDP, see Exploration Technology Development Program European Standards Committee (ESC) Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) 179 ferromagnetic materials 239, 244 FETs, see field-effect transistors field-effect transistors (FETs) 202 4, 213, 219, 363 FO, see forward osmosis FO membranes 104 5, 125 forward osmosis (FO) 104, 108, , 125
4 374 Index frequency critical 305 6, , 318 resonant fuel cell catalysts 188 fuel cell systems 182, 188 space-rated 183 unitized regenerative 182 fuel cells , , 188, 196, , 355, direct urea 113 regenerative 180, 196 fullerenes 211, 269, 360 hydrogen 3 4, 6, 9 15, 43, 77, 84, 112, 114, 122, , 190 hydrogen evolution reactions 183, hydrogen fluoride (HF) 14, 159 hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) , 188 hydrogen oxidation reactions 183 hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells 181 hydrogen production , 190 hydrogen sensors 4, 42, 61 GAC, see granular activated carbon gelcoats GFETs, see graphene field-effect transistors granular activated carbon (GAC) 74, 83, graphene , , 222, 231, 311, 328, 358, 361, graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) 363 graphene nanoribbons 363 graphite , , 150, 161, , 211, , 273, 278, , 327 graphite sheet , 273 graphitic carbons 132, 135, 141, 143 HF, see hydrogen fluoride high voltage spinel electrode materials , 155, 157, 159 homopolymers 118 HOR, see hydrogen oxidation reaction hydrocarbons 4, 6 7, 21, 23, 275 International Space Station (ISS) 28, 73 74, 79, 83, 109, 111, 117, 356 ISS, see International Space Station Jahn Teller distortion layered materials , Lick and Stick leak sensor system life support 101, 109, 112 lipid-based membranes lithium 132, , 141, 149, 153, 161, 163, , lithium-ion batteries , 139, , 154, , , 173, logic devices 212, 214 Lorentz theory low-conductivity materials 246 magnetic materials 237, 239, 241, , ,
5 Index 375 magnetization 239, 248 mean time between failure (MTBF) 218, 221 MEAs see membrane electrode assemblies commercial 193 membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) 180, , 193 membranes bio-inspired 105, 107 block copolymer 105, 107 cellulosic 103 ceramic 105 mixed matrix reverse osmosis thin-film composite 104 MEMS sensor technology metal organic frameworks (MOFs) metals 9, 11, 41, 43, 85, , , 275, 346 MFCs, see microbial fuel cells microbial fuel cells (MFCs) 114 microbial growth microdevices 19, microfabrication techniques 20, 49 microgravity , 123 microporous materials 13, 78 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 microsensors microstructures 9, 23, 44, 46, 48, 50 51, 287 microsystems 40 microwave applications MOFs, see metal organic frameworks molecular sieves 73, 88, 106, 115, 117 MTBF, see mean time between failure multiwall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors 203 multiwall carbon nanotubes 135, 209, 270, 327 Nafion Nafion membrane 196 nanocomposites , 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, , , 304, , , nanocrystalline materials 20, 41 42, 362 nanoelectronic devices 201 6, 208, 210, , 216, 218, 220, 222 nanoelectronics 202 3, 213, 216, 223 nanofibers 39, 42, 44, 57 59, 207, 215, 230 nanofillers nanoionics 220, 361 nanoionics-based switches nanomaterials 12, 19, 40, 44, 46, 49 50, 55, 134, , 219, 228, 231, 268, 276, 327 nanoparticles 12, 51, 58, 106 7, 140, , 233, 235, 356, 365 nanorods 39, 42, 45, 47 49, 136 nanosensors 217, 219 nanoshells nanostructure-based sensors 44 45, 47, 49 nanostructured materials 51, 228, 230, , 362, 367 nanostructures 13, 16, 19 20, 23, 40, 42, 44 51, 53, 55, 58 59, 63, 135, 140, 231, 235 nanotechnology 2 3, 27 29, 39 42, 44, 63 64, 101 2, 201 2, , 222, , 348, 350, , 360,
6 376 Index implementation of 28 29, 63 nanotechnology-based sensor materials 2 nanowires 2, 10, 13 14, 16, 20, 39 40, 44 45, 51, 53 54, 56 59, , 139, 206 8, 219 kinked 204 NASA missions , , 360, 362, nitrogen 10 11, 21 22, 57, 82 83, 112, 218 OER, see oxygen evolution reaction ORR, see oxygen reduction reaction oxidation 19, 109, 111, 116, 157, 161, 186, 214, 268 electrochemical 123 oxygen 4, 6 7, 21, 41, , , 156, , , 191, 195 adsorbed 185, 187 oxygen evolution 191, 194 oxygen evolution catalysts , 195 oxygen evolution reaction (OER) 183, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) , 188 palladium 9, 11, 52, 56, 109 palladium catalyst palladium nanoshells palladium nanowires PEM, see proton exchange membrane percolation 293, , 302, 310 permittivity , 243, 245, , 306 7, , 313, pervaporation membranes photoresist photoresist suspension 48 49, 51 platinum 52, 109, , , 208 platinum electrodes platinum resistor thermometers (PRT) platinum cobalt alloy PLD, see pulse laser deposition polymer composites 229, 301 polymer nanocomposites 296 portable devices 150, 170, 173 proteins 108, 232 proton exchange membrane (PEM) 109, 115, 179, PRT, see Pt resistor thermometers pulse laser deposition (PLD) radio frequencies 207, 239 radio frequency interference (RFI) 252 RCRS, see regenerative CO 2 removal system regenerative CO 2 removal system (RCRS) 84 regenerative fuel cell systems , , 196 discrete 182 space-rated , 196 regenerative fuel cells , 182, 184, , 190, 192, 194, 196 resistivity 12, 53, 281, , 293, 295, 298 resistors 42 43, 297, RFI, see radio frequency interference scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 17, 90, 208, 215
7 Index 377 Schottky Diode 43, 202, 204, 217 SEM, see scanning electron microscopy semiconductors , 269, , 278, 315 sensing mechanisms 13, 16, 39 41, 44, 51 52, 55, 57, 59, 63 sensor applications 29, 42, 44, 201, 207 sensor development 1 2, 40, 64, 355 sensor fabrication 42, sensor nanostructures 44, 51, 53 sensor performance 10, sensor response 15 16, 21 23, 41, 56, 59 sensor systems 2 3, 5, 20, 23, 28 29, 39 41, 61, 63 conventional 40 smart 27, 60 sensor technology 8, 27, 40, 44, 59 sensors chemical 41, 64 nanostructured oxide 20, 42 shielding effectiveness 255, , , shielding materials 255, 257, 259, 264, silicon 17, 78, 136, , 203, 206, 219, 222, 230 silicon nanorods silicon nanowires 137, 203, 219 single-wall carbon nanotubes 135, 232, 270, size, weight, and power (SWaP) 4, 63, 213, 219 SMAC, see spacecraft maximum allowable concentration smart nanosensor systems 59, 61 smart sensor systems 27 28, 40, 59 61, 63 smart sensors 27, sol-gel method spacecraft maximum allowable concentration (SMAC) 76 SWaP, see size, weight, and power TEC, see thermal evaporationcondensation telemetry tensile properties tensile strength 231, 277, , 363 thermal evaporation-condensation (TEC) 20, trace contaminants 72, 74, 77, 85, 90 transition metal ions tunneling resistance , , 301 urea 108, UV detectors 8, 23, 26 UV light 106, , 125 vehicle health monitoring (VHM) 5, 28 VHM, see vehicle health monitoring Voigt elements volatile removal assembly (VRA) 109, 111 VRA, see volatile removal assembly water 73 74, 84 85, 103 5, , , , 121, 125, , , 191, 289, 346, 350 water electrolysis 113, water purification 112, 350 water reclamation 125
8 378 Index water recycling 101, 109 water vapor 8, 71, 77, 79, 85, 102 zeolites 13 14, 75, 78 80, 82 83, 85, 88 89, 105 6, 115 zeolitic imidazolate frameworks 86 zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) 86 ZIFs, see zeolitic imidazolate frameworks
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