FDE 211 Material & Energy Balances. Instructor: Dr. Ilgin Paker Yikici Fall 2015
|
|
- Derrick Reynolds
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 FDE 211 Material & Energy Balances Instructor: Dr. Ilgin Paker Yikici Fall 2015
2 Agenda Process classification General mass balance equation Basic functions of Processes Process Flow Diagram Degree of Freedom Analysis Independent Equations
3 Flow streams Industrial plants, manufacturing plants and waste treatment plants have at least two things in common: Energy usage Material flow Conservation of Mass. If one or more streams of material are flowing into a region of space, a process unit with boundaries, then material must be either flowing out of that region at the same rate or accumulating in the region. Measurement of Rate of Flow. Units must be correct all the time regardless of conditions such as mass/time or moles/time.
4 Process Classification and Material Balance Batch: In batch processes no material is transferred into or out of the system over the period of time of interest (e.g., heating a sealed bottle of milk in a water bath). Continuous: A material is transferred into and out of the system continuously (e.g., pumping liquid at a constant rate into a distillation column and removing the product streams from the top and bottom of the column). Semibatch: Any process that is neither batch nor continuous (e.g., slowly blending two liquids in a tank). Steady state: Process variables (i.e., T, P, V, flow rates) do not change with time. Transient: Process variables change with time.
5 Questions Classify the following processes as batch, continuous, semibatch, transient, or steady state. a) A balloon is being filled with air at a steady rate. Semibatch b) A bottle of soft drink is taken from the refrigerator and left on the kitchen table. Transient heat
6 Material and Energy Balances Material balances can be used to describe material quantities as they pass through a process operation (system). Such balances are statements on the conservation of mass. If no accumulation and generation occur in the system, what goes into a process is equal to what comes out. Material and energy balances can be simple; however, sometimes they can be very complicated. In all cases, the basic approach is the same. A balance on a conserved quantity (i.e., mass or energy) in a system may be written as: Accumulation=(in out) + (generation consumption)
7 General balance equation Input + generation output consumption = accumulation
8 a brief description is given of the most frequently used unit operations in chemical & food engineering processes. The explanation is focused on typical operations involving the transfer of mass through physical or chemical routes
9 Splitter or Divider A splitter is used to divide the flow rate in a certain stream into two or more streams with different flow rates. In figure above, the composition of streams F1, F2, and F3 is the same since no operation is taking place between inlet and exit streams. There is only one independent material balance even in the case of a multicomponent system, since all compositions are equal. Mass flow rates F1, F2, and F3 may be different.
10 Mixer (Blender) The mixing process has the following characteristics: There are two or more entering streams, and only one exit stream resulting from the blending of the incoming streams. The streams can be in any phase, that is, gas, liquid, or solid.
11 Dryer (Direct heating) Drying is a mass transfer process resulting in the removal of moisture by evaporation from a solid, semisolid, or liquid to produce a solid state. To achieve this operation, the dryer is supplied with a source of heat. Vapor is produced in the process. Resulting dried products are in solid phase. Dried solids may not be solvent free. Feed can be solid, slurry, or solution.
12 Dried Fruit
13 Filter Filtration is a technique used either to remove impurities from a liquid or to isolate a solid from a fluid. Filtration is commonly a mechanical or a physical operation that is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass. Filtration can also be used to separate particles that are suspended in a fluid, where the latter can be a liquid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid.
14 Filter Depending on the application, either one or both of the components may be isolated. In the filtration process, filtrate, the exit liquid, is free of solids. The filtrate is saturated with soluble components. The filter cake remains with some liquid left out.
15 Rainwater Filtration
16 Distillation Column Distillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on differences in their volatilities. Distillation usually forms part of a larger chemical process. In the distillation column, more volatile components are in the distillate, while less volatile components are in the bottoms. Separation is accomplished by boiling. However, perfect separation is not possible.
17 Distillation Column Each tray accomplishes a fraction of the separation task by transferring the more volatile species to the gas phase and the less volatile species to the liquid phase. Material and energy balances can be performed on an individual tray, the column, bottom reboiler, or top condenser, or the entire system.
18 Distillation in Beverage Processing
19 Multieffect Evaporator The process of evaporation is used in the different branches of the industry for food or chemicals processes, in which the concentration of the solutions is required. Theoretically, multiple-effect evaporators allow decreased consumption of energy for a concentration almost proportionally equal to the number of effects (evaporators). However, being expensive, evaporators require the reduction in the number of effects, in order to be cost-effective. The optimal number of effects is generally determined via calculations. The specifications of an evaporator are similar to those of a dryer, except that both process streams (feed and condensate) are liquids in the case of an evaporator.
20 Multi-effect Evaporator
21 Milk Processing
22 Humidification Humidifier is a device that increases the amount of moisture in indoor air or a stream of air. It operates by allowing water to evaporate from a pan or a wetted surface, or by circulating air through an air-washer compartment that contains moisture. Humidifier processes have the following characteristics: Feed gas is not saturated, liquid is evaporated in the process unit, and exit product may or may not be saturated. Gas humidifier
23 Dehumidification A dehumidifier is a device that reduces the level of humidity in air or a gas stream. A dehumidification process has the following characteristics: Feed stream contains a condensable component and a noncondensable component, and the condensate is a liquid with the condensable component only, such as water in air. A dehumidifier with internal cooling or heating coils
24 Dehumidifiers in Food Industry High-performance dehumidifiers provide an ideally balanced, constant ambient humidity level essential for the ripening of cheese
25 Dehumidifiers in Food Industry Preventing condensation, odor nuisance and the spread of germs the perfect humidity control!
26 Benefits of Dehumidifiers in Food Industry no condensation less hygiene-related risks the prevention of germ formation quick drying of cut surfaces more agreeable perceived coldness for the staff significantly lower odor nuisance quick drying after cleaning work no slip hazard Closed system, no additional fresh air supply needed, temperature controlled
27 Dehumidification in Food Industry In the food production with deep-freeze sections, even in case of wellequipped air locks, it cannot be completely avoided that humid air flows into dry air zones. Due to the sub-zero temperatures prevailing there, the moisture first precipitates in form of condensate on walls, ceiling, floor, products and technology and then freezes.
28 Leaching and Extraction Leaching is the removal of materials from solids by dissolving them. The chemical process industries use leaching, but the process is usually called extraction. Leaching of toxic materials into groundwater is a major health concern. Extraction processes have the following characteristics: Two liquid solvents must be immiscible and have different specific gravities, and at least one component is transferred from one solvent to the other by a difference in solubility. The process is often called liquid liquid extraction. If one of the feed streams is a solid, the process is called leaching or liquid solid extraction.
29 Extraction Column
30 Absorber In gas absorption, a soluble component is absorbed by contact with a liquid phase in which the component is soluble. An absorber is often called a scrubber. This system is used for absorbing impurities from a gas stream of certain components such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, using a suitable solvent. Absorption processes have the following characteristics: The purpose of the unit is to have the liquid absorb a component from the feed gas. The liquid stream flows down through the tower due to gravity, while the gas stream is pumped upward through the tower. No carrier gas is transferred to the liquid. Generally, no liquid solvent is transferred to the gas stream. Desorption is the same process as gas absorption except that the component transferred leaves the liquid phase and enters the gas phase.
31 Absorber In general, in an absorption tower (absorber), a gas is contacted with a liquid such that one or more components in the gas are transferred into the liquid. A stripping tower also involves a gas contacting a liquid, but components are transferred from the liquid into the gas.
32 Partial Condenser A partial condenser partly condenses a vapor stream. Partial condensers have the following characteristics: Feed stream contains only condensable vapor components, and exit streams contain liquid, L, and vapor, V, which are in equilibrium. Condensation is caused by cooling or increasing pressure. Liquid and vapor emerging from the partial condenser are separated using a flash separator.
33 Flash Separator Flash separator splits a liquid feed into vapor- and liquidphase products. Flash units have the following characteristics: The process is the same as that of a partial condenser except that the feed is a liquid, and vaporization is caused by reducing the pressure or by heating. Vapor and liquid streams are in equilibrium.
34 Crystallizer Crystallizers are used in industry to achieve liquid solid separation. The process for a crystallizer involves a crystallizer filter combination so as to separate solid crystals from a solution. Solid crystals are formed in the unit by a change in temperature. Crystallization is capable of generating high purity products with a relatively low energy input
35 Reactors A chemical reactor carries out a chemical reaction that converts molecular species in the input (whereby a species loses its identity) to different molecular species in the output. A typical reactor has two reactant feed streams and a recycle stream.
36 Reactors Multiple exit streams are shown to remind you to watch for streams that separate because of their different phases. There are various types of reactors used in industry. The most common ones are the batch reactor, plug flow reactor (PFR), packed bed reactor (PBR), continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and fluidized bed reactor.
37 Batch Reactor The reactor content is loaded all at once and continuously mixed. The key characteristics of a batch reactor are unsteady-state operation (by definition) and spatial uniformity of concentration and temperature (perfectly mixed); that is, the reactor is a lumped parameter system.
38 Batch Reactors Batch operation is mainly used for small-scale production and is suitable for slow reactions. A batch reactor is mainly (not exclusively) for liquid-phase reactions with large charge-in/cleanup times.
39 Batch Reactors The key characteristics of a PFR are steady-state operation, variation of concentration and temperature on space, no mixing along the reactor but complete mixing in the radial direction of the reactor. PBR is suitable for fast reactions and mainly used for gas-phase reactions with difficult temperature control, and no moving parts.
40 Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) In Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), inlet and outlet streams are continuously fed and removed, respectively. Fluidized bed reactors are sometimes treated as stirred tank reactors. The key characteristics of a CSTR are steady-state operation, good mixing leading to spatially uniform concentration and temperature, and the condition of the outlet stream being the same as the condition in the reactor. CSTR is used for liquid-phase reactions and is suitable for viscous liquids.
41
42 Process Flow Diagram (PFD) A PFD is a diagram commonly used in food and process engineering to describe the general flow of plant processes and equipment. PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping and control designations. Another commonly used term for a PFD is a flow sheet. In drawing the flowchart, one must know (or be able to determine) the total amount of the flow within the stream and composition of the stream.
43 PFDs Label what you do not know with variables. Major flow streams are represented by arrow lines directed from left to right in a diagram. Each stream line should have a specification indication as a minimum unit number and line number. PFDs are considered as preliminary drawings and are used to develop initial project estimates. A piping and instrumentation diagram, sometimes called process and instrumentation diagram (P&ID), is a diagram that shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process.
44 Labeling a PFD - Problem An amount of 100 kg/h of a mixture of 50% benzene and 50% toluene is separated in a distillation column. The distillate contains 90% benzene and the bottom stream composition is 95% toluene (compositions are in weight percent). Draw and label the process flowchart, and specify vapor and liquid streams.
45 Solution Known quantities: Inlet and exit stream compositions are known. Find: Draw the process flowchart. Analysis: Read the problem statement carefully, start with feed stream, and then connect the distillation column block. Two streams leave the distillation column, that is, top product (distillate) and bottom product. The following process flow sheet can be constructed like the figure in the next slide. Dashed lines indicate vapor streams
46 Separator PFD
47 Heat Exchanger
48 Flash Separator Flash separator splits a liquid feed into vapor- and liquidphase products. Flash units have the following characteristics: The process is the same as that of a partial condenser except that the feed is a liquid, and vaporization is caused by reducing the pressure or by heating. Vapor and liquid streams are in equilibrium.
49 Crystallizer Crystallizers are used in industry to achieve liquid solid separation. The process for a crystallizer involves a crystallizer filter combination so as to separate solid crystals from a solution. Solid crystals are formed in the unit by a change in temperature. Crystallization is capable of generating high purity products with a relatively low energy input
50 Control Loops
51 Degrees of Freedom Analysis When attempting to solve a material balance problem, typical questions that may arise are: How many equations do I need, and where do these potentially come from? The DFA is used to address these questions. DFA is a highly useful tool for a systematic analysis of block flow diagrams. It provides a rapid means for assessing if a specific problem is solvable, that is, if the information available is sufficient, and provides a structured approach to decide on the order the equations must be solved. Basically, one simply counts the number of independent variables and the number of equations. To carry the analysis, you need to draw a flow diagram, label each stream with the components that are present in that stream, and make a list of additional information such as known flow rates, compositions, ratios, and conversions.
52 DFA First draw balance boundaries, the number of systems where you can write the material balance equation. There are three rules for drawing system boundaries: draw a boundary around each process unit, draw a boundary around junction points, and draw a boundary around the entire process (unless there is only one boundary). Second point has to do with how many equations you can write for each drawn boundary. You can write as many equations as there are unique components passing through the boundary. For a reacting system, the number of degrees of freedom (NDF) is defined as NDF = number of unknowns + number of independent reactions number of independent material balance equations number of useful auxiliary relations.
53 Possible Outcomes of DFA The NDF can have three possible values, that is, if 1. NDF = 0, the system is completely defined. You get a unique solution. 2. NDF > 0, the system is under-defined (underspecified). There are an infinite number of solutions. More independent equations are needed. 3. NDF < 0, the system is over-defined (over-specified). There are too many restrictions. Check if you have too many equations or too many restrictions. Over-defined problems cannot be solved to be consistent with all equations.
54 Independent Equations A set of equations are said to be independent, if you cannot derive one by adding and subtracting combinations of the others. Sources of equations that relate unknown process variables include 1. Material balances for a nonreactive process. Usually, but not always, the maximum number of independent equations that can be written equals the number of chemical species in the process. 2. Energy balances.
55 Independent Equations 3. Process specifications given in the problem statement. 4. Physical properties and laws, for example, density relation, gas law. 5. Physical constraints: mass or mole fractions must add to unity. 6. Stoichiometric relations for systems with chemical reactions.
56 Independent Equations For example, the following set of equations derived from a material balance of a unit process is independent because we cannot derive any one by adding and/or subtracting combinations of the others: m 1 +2m 2 +m 3 = 100 2m 1 +m 2 -m 3 = 200 m 1 +m 2 +2m 3 = 500
57 Independent Equations While the following set is not independent because we can obtain the second equation by dividing the third equation by a value of 2: n 1 +2n 2 +n 3 = 100 2n 1 +4n 3 = 100 4n 1 +8n 3 = 200
58 Binary Separation Process- Problem Feed stream to a distillation column flows at a rate of 300 mol/h and contains 50 mol% of component A and 50 mol% of component B. The distillate flow is at a rate of 200 mol/h and contains 60 mol% of component A. Draw and label the process flowchart. Perform a DFA.
59 Solution Known quantities: Feed and distillate stream flow rates and compositions. Find: Draw the PFD and perform a DFA. Analysis: The degree of freedom (DFA) analysis is provided in the table below;
60 Solution The schematic of the of a binary distillation process flowchart
61 Solution The number of unknowns is equal to the number of components. Since we have two components, two independent equations can be written: one is the overall material balance and the second is the component balance for one of either component.
62 Binary Component Separation Process- Problem A feed stream flowing at a rate of 300 mol/h contains 20 mol% of components 1 and 80 mol% component 2. The distillate flow rate is 200 mol/h. Draw and label the process flowchart and perform DFA.
63 Solution Known quantities: Feed flow rate and composition, distillate flow rate. Find: Draw and label the process flowchart, and perform DFA. Analysis: The process flow sheet is shown below:
64 Solution DFA is as follows; Conclusion? NDF is greater than 0 and, accordingly, the problem is under-specified. One extra piece of information is needed for the problem to be solvable.
65 Multicomponent Separation Process- Problem A feed stream to a distillation column contains three components (A, B, and C). Component A s mass flow rate is 100 kg/s, and the flow rates of components B and C are unknown. The distillate flow rate is 100 kg/s and contains 60 kg/s of component A and 40 kg/s of component B. It has been found that 40% of component A in the feed stream ends up in the bottom stream. The distillate and bottoms flow rates are equal. Draw and label the process flowchart, and perform DFA.
66 Solution Known quantities: Distillate components mass flow rates. Find: Draw and label the process flowchart and perform DFA. Analysis: The process flow sheet is shown on the right;
67 Solution The DFA is given below; In the feed stream, two unknowns are considered because the component flow rates are related; that is, their sum is equal to the feed flow rate, F. The same is applied for the bottom stream.
68 Tertiary Component Separation Process- Problem A feed to a distillation column contains 60 kg/s of benzene (B) and 10 kg/s of toluene (T), and a small amount of xylene (X). The distillate contains pure benzene. The bottom stream flow rate is 100 kg/s. Hundred percent of toluene in the feed ends up in the bottom. Draw and label the process flowchart, and perform DFA.
69 Distillation Column- Problem A feed stream flows at a molar flow rate of 100 mol/h and contains three components (20% component A, 30% component B, and the balance, component C). Note that 80% of A in the feed and 50% of feed rate end up in the distillate. The bottom stream contains 10% A, 70% B, and 20% C (by moles). Draw and label the process flowchart and perform DFA.
70 Binary Component Distillation Column- Problem An ethanol (E) methanol (M) stream is fed at a rate of 1000 kg/h to be separated in a distillation column. The feed has 40% ethanol and the distillate has 90% methanol. The flow rate of the bottom product is 400 kg/h. Draw and label the PFD and perform DFA.
71 Drying of Wet Solid Material- Problem Two hundred kilograms of wet leather is to be dried by heating in a dryer. The wet leather enters the drier with 1.5 g H2O per gram bone dry leather (BDL). The leather is to be dried to residual 20% moisture. Draw and label the process flowchart, and perform DFA.
72 Binary Component Separation Process- Problem A stream of ethanol methanol mixture (40 wt% ethanol, 60 wt% methanol) is fed at a rate of 100 kg/h to a distillation column. The distillate has 90% methanol and the balance is ethanol. Eighty percent of methanol fed to the distillation column is to be recovered in the distillate. Draw and label the process flowchart, and perform DFA.
73 Drying Process- Problem One hundred kilograms of wet slurry is to be dried by heating in a furnace. The wet slurry is placed in the furnace with 60% moisture and 40% dry solid (S). Note that 90% of the water is removed. Draw and label the process flowchart, and perform DFA.
74 Extraction mass balance problem
Process Classification
Process Classification Before writing a material balance (MB) you must first identify the type of process in question. Batch no material (mass) is transferred into or out of the system over the time period
More informationComprehend and execute the 10 elements of effective problem
Lecture 8, 3/9/2012 Chapter 7: A GENERAL Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems Objectives: Comprehend and execute the 10 elements of effective problem Drive a flow chart and Place labels on the
More informationLecture 6: 3/2/2012 Material Balances
Lecture 6: 3/2/2012 Material Balances 1 Chapter 6: Introduction to Material Balance Objectives: 1. Understand the features of process, system, open, closed, steady-state, and unsteady-state systems. 2.
More informationMaterial Balances Chapter 6: Introduction to Material Balance Objectives:
Material Balances Chapter 6: Introduction to Material Balance Objectives: 1. Understand the features of process, system, open, closed, steady-state, and unsteady-state systems. 2. Express in words what
More informationPrinciples of Chemical Engineering Processes
Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES SECOND EDITION NAYEF GHASEM REDHOUANE HENDA CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an Informa business Contents
More informationProcesses and Process Variables
FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING Course Learning Outcomes Chapter 2 Processes and Process Variables At the end of this course students will be able to Calculate the composition in term
More informationMethodology for Analysis of Metallurgical Processes
Methodology for Analysis of Metallurgical Processes Metallurgical and chemical processes are classified as batch, continuous and semibatch 1. Batch processes The feed is charged into a vessel at the beginning
More informationFundamentals of Material Balances
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances Material Balance-Part 1 Process Classifications 3 type of chemical processes: - Concept of boundary of the process 1. Batch process Feed is charge to the process
More informationProcesses and Process Variables
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & ENERGY ENGINEERING www.utm.my/petroleum Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Energy Chapter 2 Processes and Process Variables Sem I (2013/14) 1 Course Learning Outcomes At the end of
More informationA GENERAL Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems. Comprehend and execute the 10 elements of effective problem
Chapter 7: A GENERAL Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems Objectives: Comprehend and execute the 10 elements of effective problem Drive a flow chart and Place labels on the diagram. Choose a
More informationMass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 5 Distillation Lecture - 5 Fractional Distillation Welcome to the
More informationCHEMICAL and BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 140 Exam 1 Friday, September 28, 2018 Closed Book. Name: Section:
CHEMICAL and BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 140 Exam 1 Friday, September 28, 2018 Closed Book Name: Section: Total score: /100 Problem 1: /30 Problem 2: /35 Problem 3: /35 1. (30 points) Short answer questions:
More informationChapter 4. Fundamentals of Material Balances
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Material Balances Introduction to Chapter 4 1) Certain restrictions imposed by nature must be taken into account when designing a new process or analyzing an existing one 2) The
More informationChapter 4. Fundamentals of Material Balance
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Material Balance Introduction to Chapter 4 1) In chapter 4 we will present methods for organizing known information about process variables, setting up martial balance equations,
More informationProcess Design Decisions and Project Economics Prof. Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Process Design Decisions and Project Economics Prof. Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 2 Flowsheet Synthesis (Conceptual Design of
More informationC 6 H H 2 C 6 H 12. n C6H12 n hydrogen n benzene. n C6H6 n H2 100 C 6 H 6 n 2 n C6H H 2. n 1
1. Cyclohexane (C 6 H 12 ) can be made by the reaction of benzene (C 6 H 6 ) and hydrogen gas. The products from the reactor are sent to a separator where the cyclohexane and some of the unreacted hydrogen
More informationIntroduction: Introduction. material is transferred from one phase (gas, liquid, or solid) into another.
Introduction: Virtually all commercial chemical processes involve operations in which material is transferred from one phase (gas, liquid, or solid) into another. rewing a cup of Coffee (Leaching) Removal
More informationDistillation is a method of separating mixtures based
Distillation Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process,
More informationLecture (9) Reactor Sizing. Figure (1). Information needed to predict what a reactor can do.
Lecture (9) Reactor Sizing 1.Introduction Chemical kinetics is the study of chemical reaction rates and reaction mechanisms. The study of chemical reaction engineering (CRE) combines the study of chemical
More informationPhysicochemical Processes
Lecture 3 Physicochemical Processes Physicochemical Processes Air stripping Carbon adsorption Steam stripping Chemical oxidation Supercritical fluids Membrane processes 1 1. Air Stripping A mass transfer
More information1. Introductory Material
CHEE 321: Chemical Reaction Engineering 1. Introductory Material 1b. The General Mole Balance Equation (GMBE) and Ideal Reactors (Fogler Chapter 1) Recap: Module 1a System with Rxn: use mole balances Input
More informationFDE 211-MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES: MATERIAL BALANCES ON REACTIVE SYSTEMS. Dr. Ilgın PakerYıkıcı Fall 2015
FDE 211-MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES: MATERIAL BALANCES ON REACTIVE SYSTEMS 1 Dr. Ilgın PakerYıkıcı Fall 2015 Learning Objectives Write a balanced chemical reaction and use stoichiometry to determine the
More informationDEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore. Mass Transfer Lab
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore Mass Transfer Lab Introduction Separation equipments account for a major part of the capital investment in process industry.
More informationChemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Basic Principles: Energy and material balances Transport Processes Momentum Transfer: Fluid Flow Energy Transfer: Heat Mass Transfer: mixing and separation processes Physical and Chemical
More informationTechnical Resource Package 1
Technical Resource Package 1 Green Chemistry Impacts in Batch Chemical Processing UNIDO IAMC Toolkit Images may not be copied, transmitted or manipulated 1/5 The following list provides an overview of
More information2. Review on Material Balances
2. Review on Material Balances Objectives After completing this chapter, students should be able to recall the principle of the conservation of mass recall the principle of the stoichiometry of chemical
More informationIGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry
IGCSE (9-1) Edexcel - Chemistry Principles of Chemistry Element, Compounds and Mixtures NOTES 1.8: Understand how to classify a substance as an element, compound or mixture Classifications: S Class Element
More informationMass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 4 Absorption Lecture - 4 Packed Tower Design Part - 3 Welcome to
More informationLATEST TECHNOLOGY IN Safe handling & Recovery OF Solvents in Pharma Industry
LATEST TECHNOLOGY IN Safe handling & Recovery OF Solvents in Pharma Industry TYPICAL SOLVENT USE IN Pharma Industry Usage of solvents in an API process development is for: Diluent to carry out reaction
More informationFigure 4-1: Pretreatment schematic
GAS TREATMENT The pretreatment process consists of four main stages. First, CO 2 and H 2 S removal stage which is constructed to assure that CO 2 would not exceed 50 ppm in the natural gas feed. If the
More informationExample CHEE C 8 : C 10 : lb-moles/h C 8 : C 10 : C 8 : C 10 : 0.854
Eample A feed stream containing C 8 and C hdrocarbons is split into 3 product streams: an overhead fraction, a middle cut and a bottom fraction, whose mole fraction compositions are shown below. Sevent
More informationProcess Design Decisions and Project Economics Prof. Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Process Design Decisions and Project Economics Prof. Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 2 Flowsheet Synthesis (Conceptual Design of
More informationFundamentals of Combustion
Fundamentals of Combustion Lec 3: Chemical Thermodynamics Dr. Zayed Al-Hamamre Content Process Heat Transfer 1-3 Process Heat Transfer 1-4 Process Heat Transfer 1-5 Theoretical and Excess Air Combustion
More informationStructure of the chemical industry
CEE-Lectures on Industrial Chemistry Lecture 1. Crystallization as an example of an industrial process (ex. of Ind. Inorg. Chemistry) Fundamentals (solubility (thermodynamics), kinetics, principle) Process
More informationLecture 25: Manufacture of Maleic Anhydride and DDT
Lecture 25: Manufacture of Maleic Anhydride and DDT 25.1 Introduction - In this last lecture for the petrochemicals module, we demonstrate the process technology for Maleic anhydride and DDT. - Maleic
More information(Refer Slide Time: 00:00:43 min) Welcome back in the last few lectures we discussed compression refrigeration systems.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Prof. M. Ramgopal Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No. # 14 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems (Refer Slide
More informationEXPERIMENT #4 Separation of a Three-Component Mixture
OBJECTIVES: EXPERIMENT #4 Separation of a Three-Component Mixture Define chemical and physical properties, mixture, solubility, filtration, sublimation, and percent Separate a mixture of sodium chloride
More informationERT 208 REACTION ENGINEERING
ERT 208 REACTION ENGINEERING MOLE BALANCE MISMISURAYA MEOR AHMAD School of bioprocess engineering Unimap Course Outcome No.1: Ability to solve the rate of reaction and their kinetics. objectives DESCRIBE
More informationReactors. Reaction Classifications
Reactors Reactions are usually the heart of the chemical processes in which relatively cheap raw materials are converted to more economically favorable products. In other cases, reactions play essential
More informationPOSITION R & D Officer M.Tech. No. of questions (Each question carries 1 mark) 1 Verbal Ability Quantitative Aptitude Test 34
POSITION R & D Officer M.Tech Candidates having M.Tech / M.E. Chemical Engg. with 60% marks (aggregate of all semesters/years) and 50% for SC/ST/PWD are being called for Computer Based Test basis the information
More informationMODULE 5: DISTILLATION
MOULE 5: ISTILLATION LECTURE NO. 3 5.2.2. Continuous distillation columns In contrast, continuous columns process a continuous feed stream. No interruptions occur unless there is a problem with the column
More informationTypes of Chemical Reactors. Nasir Hussain Production and Operations Engineer PARCO Oil Refinery
Types of Chemical Reactors Nasir Hussain Production and Operations Engineer PARCO Oil Refinery Introduction Reactor is the heart of Chemical Process. A vessel designed to contain chemical reactions is
More informationSystems Engineering Spring Group Project #1: Process Flowsheeting Calculations for Acetic Anhydride Plant. Date: 2/25/00 Due: 3/3/00
10.551 Systems Engineering Spring 2000 Group Project #1: Process Flowsheeting Calculations for Acetic Anhydride Plant Date: 2/25/00 Due: 3/3/00 c Paul I. Barton, 14th February 2000 At our Nowhere City
More informationMass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 5 Distillation Lecture - 6 Fractional Distillation: McCabe Thiele
More information41. Density compares the of substances which have the same. A) mass; weight D) temperature; mass B) volume; mass E) mass; temperature C) mass; volume
Unit 1 Matter - Honors Chemistry Practice Exam. ALL questions need to be completed for credit towards exam. Practice Exams will be subject to spot checks to ensure students actually attempted all problems.
More informationUnit I Unit Operations
Unit I Unit Operations Introduction to process & Instrumentation for Chemical Chemical Process Control and Instrumentation Automatic and Instrument control chemical processes are common and essential.
More informationSEPARATION TECHNIQUES
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES If a substance does not dissolve in a solvent, we say that it is insoluble. For example, sand does not dissolve in water it is insoluble. Filtration is a method for separating an
More informationEXPERIMENT: LIMITING REAGENT. NOTE: Students should have moles of reactants in DATASHEET converted into masses in grams prior to the lab period.
Revised 12/2015 EXPERIMENT: LIMITING REAGENT Chem 1104 Lab NOTE: Students should have moles of reactants in DATASHEET converted into masses in grams prior to the lab period. INTRODUCTION Limiting reactant
More informationDME(10 TPD) Process Simulation Using Aspen Plus Release Dr. Jungho Cho, Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Dong Yang University
DME(10 TPD) Process Simulation Using Aspen Plus Release 12.1 Dr. Jungho Cho, Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Dong Yang University Overall Flowsheet for DME Production Unit 18 TO FLARE 17 DA-103
More informationWINTER-15 EXAMINATION Model Answer
Subject code :(735) Page of 9 Important Instructions to examiners: ) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme. ) The model answer and the
More informationMethods of pollution control and waste management - laboratory. Adsorptive removal of volatile organic compounds from gases streams
Methods of pollution control and waste management - laboratory Adsorptive removal of volatile organic compounds from gases streams Manual for experiment 17 dr Hanna Wilczura-Wachnik and dr inż. Jadwiga
More informationMass Transfer and Separation Processes
Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Processes Binay K. Dutta Universiti Teknologi Petronas Malaysia New Delhi-110001 2009 PRINCIPLES OF MASS TRANSFER AND SEPARATION PROCESSES Binay K. Dutta 2007
More informationWhich particle diagram represents molecules of only one compound in the gaseous phase?
Name: 1) Which species represents a chemical compound? 9114-1 - Page 1 NaHCO3 NH4 + Na N2 2) 3) 4) Which substance represents a compound? Co(s) O2(g) CO(g) C(s) Which terms are used to identify pure substances?
More informationPREFACE. Julian C. Smith Peter Harriott. xvii
PREFACE This sixth edition of the text on the unit operations of chemical engineering has been extensively revised and updated, with much new material and considerable condensation of some sections. Its
More informationChemical Reaction Engineering Lecture 5
Chemical Reaction Engineering g Lecture 5 The Scope The im of the Course: To learn how to describe a system where a (bio)chemical reaction takes place (further called reactor) Reactors Pharmacokinetics
More informationSteady-State Molecular Diffusion
Steady-State Molecular Diffusion This part is an application to the general differential equation of mass transfer. The objective is to solve the differential equation of mass transfer under steady state
More information5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 1: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY SUB-TOPIC 1.2 METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND ANALYSIS LEARNING
More informationChapter 12. Preview. Objectives Solutions Suspensions Colloids Solutes: Electrolytes Versus Nonelectrolytes
Preview Objectives Solutions Suspensions Colloids Solutes: Electrolytes Versus Nonelectrolytes Section 1 Types of Mixtures Objectives Distinguish between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. List three different
More informationCHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Subject Code: CH Course Structure Sections/Units Section A Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Section B Section C Section D Section E Section F Section G Section H Section I
More information1. (25 points) C 6 H O 2 6CO 2 + 7H 2 O C 6 H O 2 6CO + 7H 2 O
MEEBAL Exam 2 November 2013 Show all work in your blue book. Points will be deducted if steps leading to answers are not shown. No work outside blue books (such as writing on the flow sheets) will be considered.
More informationGeneral Separation Techniques
ecture 2. Basic Separation Concepts (1) [Ch. 1] General Separation Techniques - Separation by phase creation - Separation by phase addition - Separation by barrier - Separation by solid agent - Separation
More informationTOPIC: Conceptual Flowsheet for Production of Benzene from Toluene. Proposed Solution:
Norwegian University of Science and Technology Course: Energy and Process Department of Energy and Process Engineering No.: TEP 4230 Trondheim, 17.09.04, T. Gundersen Part: Production Systems Task: 5 Year:
More informationBasic Concepts in Reactor Design
Basic Concepts in Reactor Design Lecture # 01 KBK (ChE) Ch. 8 1 / 32 Introduction Objectives Learning Objectives 1 Different types of reactors 2 Fundamental concepts used in reactor design 3 Design equations
More informationAdsorption (Ch 12) - mass transfer to an interface
Adsorption (Ch 12) - mass transfer to an interface (Absorption - mass transfer to another phase) Gas or liquid adsorption (molecular) onto solid surface Porous solids provide high surface area per weight
More informationLecture 7. Sorption-Separation Equipment
Lecture 7. Sorption-Separation Equipment Adsorption - Stirred-tank, slurry operation - Cyclic fixed-bed batch operation - Thermal (temperature)-swing adsorption - Fluidizing bed for adsorption and moving
More informationDensity: The property that compares an object s mass to its volume. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter that makes up an object.
Science Chapter 6: Matter Study Guide Lesson One: Properties of Matter A property is a characteristic of an object. You can identify properties of matter using your senses. Color, Size, Shape, Texture,
More informationAnalyzing Mass and Heat Transfer Equipment
Analyzing Mass and Heat Transfer Equipment (MHE) Analyzing Mass and Heat Transfer Equipment Scaling up to solving problems using process equipment requires both continuum and macroscopic knowledge of transport,
More informationPre GATE Pre-GATE 2018
Pre GATE-018 Chemical Engineering CH 1 Pre-GATE 018 Duration : 180 minutes Total Marks : 100 CODE: GATE18-1B Classroom Postal Course Test Series (Add : 61C, Kalusarai Near HauzKhas Metro, Delhi 9990657855)
More informationMatter Properties and Changes. Chemistry the study of matter and energy What is Matter?? What isn t Matter??
Matter Properties and Changes Chemistry the study of matter and energy What is Matter?? What isn t Matter?? Matter? Name some matter Matter? Matter? I. Properties of Matter Chemistry is the study of matter
More informationName of Course: B.Tech. (Chemical Technology/Leather Technology)
Name of : B.Tech. (Chemical Technology/Leather Technology) Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur Study and [Effective from the Session 201-1] B. Tech. (Chemical Technology/Leather Technology)
More informationIncorporating Reality Into Process Simulation. Nathan Massey Chemstations, Inc. January 10, 2002
Incorporating Reality Into Process Simulation Nathan Massey Chemstations, Inc. January 10, 2002 Levels of Reality in Process Simulation 1. Data Accuracy and Comprehensiveness Physical Properties Phase
More informationLecture 1: Orientation
Lecture 1: Orientation 1.1 Why a chemical engineer needs expertise in process technology? A process engineer at operation in chemical plant shall have a deeper understanding of the technology on which
More informationAnalyzing solubility of acid gas and light alkanes in triethylene glycol
From the SelectedWorks of ali ali 208 Analyzing solubility of acid gas and light alkanes in triethylene glycol ali ali Available at: https://works.bepress.com/bahadori/8/ Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry
More informationDistillation. This is often given as the definition of relative volatility, it can be calculated directly from vapor-liquid equilibrium data.
Distillation Distillation may be defined as the separation of the components of a liquid mixture by a process involving partial vaporization. The vapor evolved is usually recovered by condensation. Volatility
More informationLesson 02: Physical Properties of Matter. 01 Matter
Chemistry 11, Physical Properties, Unit 02 1 Lesson 02: Physical Properties of Matter 01 Matter Almost everything in the universe is made of matter matter has volume matter has mass matter is made up of
More informationModule 1: Mole Balances, Conversion & Reactor Sizing (Chapters 1 and 2, Fogler)
CHE 309: Chemical Reaction Engineering Lecture-2 Module 1: Mole Balances, Conversion & Reactor Sizing (Chapters 1 and 2, Fogler) Module 1: Mole Balances, Conversion & Reactor Sizing Topics to be covered
More informationShortcut Distillation. Agung Ari Wibowo, S.T., M.Sc Politeknik Negeri Malang Malang - Indonesia
Shortcut Distillation Agung Ari Wibowo, S.T., M.Sc Politeknik Negeri Malang Malang - Indonesia The use of separation column in HYSYS The column utilities in HYSYS can be used to model a wide variety of
More informationCHE 404 Chemical Reaction Engineering. Chapter 8 Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design
Textbook: Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 4 th Edition 1 CHE 404 Chemical Reaction Engineering Chapter 8 Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design Contents 2 PART 1. Steady-State Energy Balance
More informationINDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE WITH HYBRID DISTILLATION PERVAPORATION OR VAPOR PERMEATION APPLICATIONS
INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE WITH HYBRID DISTILLATION PERVAPORATION OR VAPOR PERMEATION APPLICATIONS Mario Roza, Eva Maus Sulzer Chemtech AG, Winterthur, Switzerland; E-mails: mario.roza@sulzer.com, eva.maus@sulzer.com
More informationSt. John s College High School Mr. Trubic AP Midterm Review Packet 1
Name Date Directions: Read each question carefully and write your response in the space provided following each question. Your responses to these questions will be scored on the basis of the accuracy and
More informationAll Rights Reserved. Armando B. Corripio, PhD, P.E., Multicomponent Distillation Column Specifications... 2
Multicomponent Distillation All Rights Reserved. Armando B. Corripio, PhD, P.E., 2013 Contents Multicomponent Distillation... 1 1 Column Specifications... 2 1.1 Key Components and Sequencing Columns...
More informationPut sufficient ice cubes into water (1 M) and wait for equilibrium (both exist) (1 M)
NAME : F.5 ( ) Marks: /70 FORM FOUR PHYSICS REVISION TEST on HEAT Allowed: 70 minutes This paper consists of two sections. Section A (50 marks) consists of the structure-type questions, and Section B (20
More informationScience 8 Chapter 7 Section 1
Science 8 Chapter 7 Section 1 Describing Fluids (pp. 268-277) What is a fluid? Fluid: any thing that flows; a liquid or a gas While it would seem that some solids flow (sugar, salt, etc), they are not
More informationSEPARATION PROCESSES 2018
SEPARATION PROCESSES 2018 1 Contact details: Pavel Hasal Building B, 1 st floor, room: B143 Pavel.Hasal@vscht.cz, tel. 22044 3167 2 AIM OF THE COURSE: i. The aim of the course is to teach students principles
More informationIV Distillation Sequencing
IV Distillation Sequencing Outline 1. Basic Concepts of Distillation Sequence Design 2. Choice of Sequence and its Operating Pressure. 3. Performance of Distillation Column (Sieve tray and packed tower)
More informationTHE FUTURE OF THE CHEMISTRY: CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTIONS BASEL 2016
THE FUTURE OF THE CHEMISTRY: CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTIONS BASEL 2016 CHEMICAL PLANT CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTOR The continuous flow reactor is a safe system, running chemical reactions in reduced volume with
More informationSolid-Liquid Extraction
Chapter (10) Solid-Liquid Extraction (( Leaching )) Leaching: is the separation of a solute from solid mixture by dissolving it in a liquid phase. Leaching occurs in two steps: 1. Contacting solvent and
More informationProcess design decisions and project economics Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of chemical engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Process design decisions and project economics Dr. V. S. Moholkar Department of chemical engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 02 Flowsheet Synthesis (Conceptual Design of a Chemical
More informationHow can homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures be. 1. classified? 2. separated?
How can homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures be 1. classified? 2. separated? 1. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE 2. COLLOID 3. EMULSION 4. SUSPENSION 5. FILTRATION 6. TYNDALL EFFECT 7. HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE 8. SOLUTION
More informationStates of matter. Particles in a gas are widely spread out and can both vibrate and move around freely. They have the most energy of the three states.
States of matter Particles in a solid are closely packed and can vibrate but cannot move around, they have low energies. Particles in a liquid are still closely packed, but can both vibrate and move around
More informationProperties of Vapors
Properties of Vapors Topics for Discussion The Pressure/Temperature Relationship Vaporization Condensation Enthalpy Properties of Vapors Topics for Discussion Entropy Properties of Substances Saturated
More informationCHEMISTRY Topic #2: Thermochemistry and Electrochemistry What Makes Reactions Go? Fall 2018 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises in Topic 8
CHEMISTRY 2000 Topic #2: Thermochemistry and Electrochemistry What Makes Reactions Go? Fall 208 Dr. Susan Findlay See Exercises in Topic 8 Vapour Pressure of Pure Substances When you leave wet dishes on
More informationMatter and Change. Introductory Concepts for Physical Science or Chemistry
Matter and Change Introductory Concepts for Physical Science or Chemistry Properties of Matter Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space VOLUME WEIGHT RELIABILITY How does one describe the quantities
More informationChE 201 August 26, ChE 201. Chapter 8 Balances on Nonreactive Processes Heat of solution and mixing
ChE 201 Chapter 8 Balances on Nonreactive Processes Heat of solution and mixing Definitions A solution is a homogeneous mixture A solute is dissolved in a solvent. solute is the substance being dissolved
More informationMIXTURES, COMPOUNDS, & SOLUTIONS
MIXTURES, COMPOUNDS, & SOLUTIONS As with elements, few compounds are found pure in nature and usually found as mixtures with other compounds. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are
More informationEnergy and Energy Balances
Energy and Energy Balances help us account for the total energy required for a process to run Minimizing wasted energy is crucial in Energy, like mass, is. This is the Components of Total Energy energy
More informationUW Department of Chemistry Lab Lectures Online
Lab 4: Effect of Temperature on Solubility and Fractional Crystallization Part I: Fractional Crystallization of Potassium Nitrate (KNO 3 ) Part II: Determining the Solubility Curve of Potassium Nitrate
More informationVapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems Based On Ammonia- Water Pair Nagendra M CBM Engineer, Hindusthan Zink.Ltd The specific objectives of this lesson are to: 1. Introduce ammonia-water based vapour
More informationTo understand concept of limiting reagents. To learn how to do a vacuum filtration. To understand the concept of recrystallization.
E x p e r i m e n t Synthesis of Aspirin Experiment : http://genchemlab.wordpress.com/-aspirin/ objectives To synthesize aspirin. To understand concept of limiting reagents. To determine percent yield.
More informationScience 14 Unit A: Investigating Properties of Matter Chapter 3 Mixtures and Their Uses pp WORKBOOK Name:
Science 14 Unit A: Investigating Properties of Matter Chapter 3 Mixtures and Their Uses pp. 40-57 WORKBOOK Name: 3.1 Two Kinds of Mixtures pp. 42-44 Read pp. 42-43 Mixtures are represented on the right
More information