2 An Atom i s the smallest c hemical reaction part an element which can take part in a T he atom consists three fundamental particles P roton + (posit
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1 1 Atoms and Periodic Table Unit Notes (DO NOT LOSE!) Name: Atomic Force Microscope Let s us see some atoms Rutherford s gold foil experiment
2 2 An Atom i s the smallest c hemical reaction part an element which can take part in a T he atom consists three fundamental particles P roton + (positive charge) N eutron 0 (neutral charge / no charge) E lectron ( negative charge) Nucleus - T he positi vely charged dense center an atom Atoms always have the same number protons and electrons, this c alled the a tomic number.
3 3 T he Nucleus has almost all the mass the atom. It is made up p rotons (+) and neutrons (o).
4 4 I sotope: atom with same number d ifferent numbers neutrons. protons and electrons but To find the number neutrons: Subtract the atomic number from t he ato mic mass. Most an atom is empty space, electrons orbit far away from n ucleus 1800 Electrons = Mass 1 proton 1 Neutron = little bit more mass than proton Physicists have discovered that protons and neutrons are c omposed even smaller particles called q uarks. Just bigger a n electron. than
5 5 P article: A tiny piece anything. A n atom or nucleus. E lementary particle, quark, gluon. P roton is composed two up quarks, one down. A neutron is composed two down quarks and one up quark. T he 6 Leptons E lectron M uon T au 3 types Neutrinos
6 6 E verything is made 6 quarks t hat make Protons and Neutrons 6 leptons. The best- k nown lepton is the electron. Force carrier p articles T he four force carrier particles
7 7 f o number The atom. kind one up made is Element Each Electrons. and rotons P elements. table periodic the on arranged are toms A protons, number The Units, Mass AMU Atomic = Mass Atomic electrons. and uetrons, n s electron and protons # find o T r numbe atomic the is t I
8 8 T o find # neutrons Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass to determine t he difference. V alence electrons E lectron s in the outer most shell. The number valence electrons determines the group placement o f an element on the periodic table The rules for the first 18 elements are as follows...sponch inc luded
9 9-2 electrons max in the 1st shell. - 8 electrons max in the 2nd shell. - 8 electrons max in the 3rd shell S-S ulfur P-P hosphorus O-O xygen N-N itrogen C-C arbon H-H ydrogen Hydrocarbon i s an organic h ydrogen and carbon. compound consisting entirely A lcohol M ostly carbon and hydrogen with a OH group
10 10 P rotein: Group nitrogenous p art living cells. ONCH organic compounds that are a essential N EW AREA OF FOCUS P ERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS T he periodic table the elements is a A chart all the known elements. I s in order increasing atomic number and mass. The table puts elements into groups with similar c haracteristics. Allows us to recognize trends over the whole array e lements. Period i s horizontal Group/ Family v ertical A MU increases from left to right and top to bottom. E lectron negativity increases from lower left to upper right. T ransition Metals, found in middle
11 11 Metal s that are malleable and d uctile Ductile- M ade into wire M alleable - M ade into sheets M etals a re also G ood conductors electricity. H ave a high luster (shine). M ostly solid (Hg is a liquid). M ost have a high density. Non-M etals N ot metals
12 12 Non-M etals continued H and He are non-m etals T hey are poor conductors. They are brittle, not d uctile T hey show no metallic luster T hey may be transparent or translucent T hey have low density C ovalently b onded. M etals Conduction: Met als are good at conducting electricity. R eactivity: Metals are very reactive (Alkali Metals) Alloys: Metals are easily combined M etalloids Properties metals and non-m etals Semi-c onductors B rittle C an have luster A tomics Bonds C hemical Bonding T he o ther. attraction that holds atoms close to each I onic, Covalent, Metallic I onic G ain or lose electrons C ovalent S hare electrons Metallic- M any free electrons
13 13 Covalent bonding occurs by a sharing valence electrons ( Strongest) (SPONCH) I onic bonding ( + /-) Bonds created by the attraction opposite c harges. I onic F orms crystal lattice I on A charged atom When strips electron, now one atom has 1+ (cation), and t he other has 1 ( anion), Ionization: The process removing electrons from an atom to f orm ions. M etallic bonding is the bonding between atoms within metals. The s haring many free electrons. S AVE THESE NOTES FOR THE PERIODIC ATOMOFE! D O NOT LOSE! Copyright 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
14 14
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