Instruction for practical work No 2. The Determination of Viscosity-Average Molecular Weight of Polymers
|
|
- Shanon Sharp
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Instruction for practical work No 2 The Determination of Viscosity-Average Molecular Weight of Polymers THEORETICAL PART Molecular weight of polymers Molecular weight is one of the most fundamental parameters in characterizing a polymer. Measurements of the viscosity of dilute polymer solution provide the simplest and most widely used technique for routinely determining molecular weights of polymer samples. The molecular weight of the polymer is measured by using viscometer and the molecular weight obtained by this technique is called viscosity average molecular weight. The molecular weight of the polymer solution is very high so the viscosity of polymer solution is very high compared to that of pure solvent. The dilute solution viscosity measurement is applicable to all polymers, which dissolve to give solutions at a temperature between ambient to about C. Viscosities are measured at concentrations of about 0.5 g/100 ml of solvent by determining the flow time of a certain volume of solution through a capillary of fixed length. Flow time in seconds is recorded as the time for the meniscus to pass between two designated marks on the viscometer. Viscosities of the polymer solutions are measured at constant temperature; usually at ± 0.1 C. The intrinsic viscosity, η, as the function of average molecular weight, M, is represented by Mark-Houwink equations [η] = KM α (1) where K and α are constants for a given polymer solvent temperature system. These constants can be determined experimentally by evaluating a plot of log [η] versus log molecular weight which the molecular weight has been determined by an absolute method such as light scattering method or these constants can be found from Hand-books of polymers. 1
2 The Ubbelohde Capillary Viscometer Flow marks Capillary Picture 1. The Ubbelohde type of viscometer The Ubbelohde viscometer (Picture 1) is the most common type of viscometer used for the determination of the intrinsic viscosity. It was originally introduced in For the operation of the viscometer, a polymer solution of known concentration is put in the reservoir and aspirated to the upper bulb, usually by creating some vacuum in that chamber; then air is admitted so the solution flows down the capillary by gravity. The time for the liquid to flow between the two marks is recorded. This operation is repeated for increasingly dilute solutions of the same polymer/solvent. A duct parallel to the capillary allows pressure equilibration, so the flow of the fluid is only due to the hydrostatic head. The Ubbelohde type of viscometer is the most convenient to use as it is not necessary to have exact volumes of solution to obtain reproducible results. Furthermore, additional solvent can be added (as long as the total volume can be accommodated by the reservoir); thus concentration can be reduced without having to empty and refill the viscometer. CAUTION: It is necessary to ensure that the polymer solution is free from solid particles, either due to dust or incompletely dissolved polymer, as any particle that got stuck at the capillary tube would affect the flow time. 2
3 Measurement of the Intrinsic Viscosity Sevearl important viscosity functions are used in viscosity method for the determination of polymer molecular weight: - The relative viscosity is the dimensionless ratio of solution viscosity to solvent viscosity. - The specific viscosity is related to the fluid viscosity increase due to all polymer solute molecules. - The reduced viscosity is the fluid viscosity increase per unit of polymer solution concentration. - The intrinsic viscosity is the limit of the reduced viscosity as the polymer solute concentration approaches zero. The intrinsic viscosity is also the limit of the inherent viscosity as the solution polymer concentration approaches zero. The principle behind capillary viscometry is the Poiseuille s law, which states that the time of flow of a polymer solution (ps) through a thin capillary is proportional to the viscosity of the solution. The latter increases with increasing solution concentration. From Equation (2), the time of flow of the solvent (solv) or of the polymer solution will be proportional to the viscosity, and inversely proportional to the density: t solv = μ solv ρ solv (2) t ps= μps μps (3). It is convenient to define some terms related to the viscosity of polymer solutions: µ r is the relative viscosity (or viscosity ratio according to the IUPAC), defined as the ratio μ r= μps μ solv (4). µ sp is the specific viscosity, which is defined as the ratio μ sp= μps μ solv μ solv µ sp = µ r 1 (5). 3
4 µ red is the reduced viscosity (or viscosity numberaccording to the IUPAC), which is defined as μ red = μ sp c (6) where c is the polymer solution concentration. At the low polymer concentrations used in viscometry, ρ ps ρ solv, therefore, from Equations (2) (6), the relative viscosity becomes μ r = t ps t solv (7) By similar arguments, the specific viscosity can be expressed by the following equation: μ sp = μ r 1 = t ps t solv t solv (8). Both µ r and µ sp depend on the polymer concentration. Not uncommonly, viscosities are determined at a single concentration and the inherent viscosity (η inh ) as defined below is used as an approximate indication of molecular weight. η inh = ln η r / C (9) where concentration C is commonly expressed as g per 100 ml. The change in solution viscosity with increasing concentration can be expressed as a series in concentration C as given by the Huggins Equation and the Kraemer equation as shown below. η sp / C = [η] + k 1 [η] 2 C (10) ln η r / C = [η] k 1 [η] 2 C (11) Both the inherent and reduced viscosities extrapolate to give the intrinsic viscosity, [η], at zero concentration. [η] = (η sp / C) C=0 = (ln η r / C) C=0 (12). 4
5 For measuring intrinsic viscosity of polymer sample, solutions of known concentrations are prepared, the flow times of solvent (s) and the solutions (s) are measured using viscometer. Double extrapolation plots of reduced viscosity against concentration and inherent viscosity against concentration is plotted by calculating the corresponding reduced viscosity and inherent viscosity. The intrinsic viscosity is given by the common ordinate intercept of these graphs. From the Mark-Houwink equation the relationship among the molecular weight and viscosity are given below [η] = KM α (13) Where [η] is the intrinsic viscosity, M is Molecular weight, K and α are constants for a particular polymer solvent system. K and α can be found from literature. EXPERIMENTAL PART NOTE: Perform this laboratory work in a hood (if the polymer solution is prepared in toxic solvent) or by using local hood and wear coat, gloves and safety goggles. Reactive substances used in this practical work 1. Caprolactam (CPL) solution (with initial concentration 0.8%) in water 2. Distilled water The polymer investigated Caprolactam (CPL) is a widely used synthetic polymer that is the precursor to Nylon 6. 5
6 Tools needed in the work ml volumetric flasks, stoppered 2. Pippetes as required 3. Ubbelohde viscometer 4. Timer Procedure (a) Solution Preparation 1. Prepare solutions of CPL in water of different concentrations 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05% from the initial solution made. (b) Determination of t solv 1. Measure ml (depending on viscometer used) of proper solvent into an Ubbelohde viscometer. 2. Allow the solution to flow under gravity. Start timing with a stop-watch when the upper meniscus reaches X, and stop the stop-watch when the meniscus reaches Y. Repeat 4 to 5 times, and take the average of the three most consistent readings to be the solvent flow time t solv. 3. Pour out all the solvent, and hang the viscometer upside down. (c) Determination of solution flow time t ps 1. Pipette ml of polymer solution into the viscometer. Follow the same procedure as in (b) to measure the solution flow time. 6
7 2. Reduce the concentration of the initial solution preparing the solution with a new concentration needed in the procedure. 3. Repeat the dilution 4 to 5 times. For each concentration repeat the measurement of flow time at least 4 times and the average value is computed. NOTE: At the end of the experiment, pour the content of the viscometer into a waste bottle. Analysis of Experimental Data 1. Tabulate your results as follow: Table1. Measurement of solvent flow time t 0 No. Solvent flow time t solv, s Average of three most consistent measurements = Table 2. Measuerement of solution flow time t and calculated viscosities C Solution flow time, s Average η r= t ps /t solv η sp η sp /C Ln η r /C g/ml t ps, s 2. Calculate reduced viscosity (η r ), specific viscosity (η sp ) and inherent viscosity (η inh ) by using the equations described above. 3. Plot (η sp /c) and (ln η r /c ) versus C in the same graph paper, and determine the intrinsic viscosity [η ]. Read [η] as the common intercept at C = 0 of the best straight lines through the two sets of points. 7
8 4. Determine the viscosity average molecular weight of your polymer sample. The intrinsic viscosity of a polymer is related to the viscosity average molecular weight by the Mark-Houwink Equation. Mark-Houwink parameters for caprolactam water solution at 25 0 C K = α = Make the conclusion. 8
THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A POLYMER
Name: Date: THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A POLYMER Introduction A polymer is a macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits, called monomers linked together by the process of polymerization. Many of the
More informationExperiment#1 Beer s Law: Absorption Spectroscopy of Cobalt(II)
: Absorption Spectroscopy of Cobalt(II) OBJECTIVES In successfully completing this lab you will: prepare a stock solution using a volumetric flask; use a UV/Visible spectrometer to measure an absorption
More informationMacromolecular Chemistry
Macromolecular Chemistry Vacuum Degasser Pump and Pulse Controller Autosampler Solvent and Filter In-Line Filter Column Oven and Columns Injection Loop Sample Source Detector 1 Detector 2 Detector 3 Waste
More information#09 Investigating the Relationship between the Mass of a Liquid and its Volume Ken Lyle, St. John s School, Houston, TX
#09 Investigating the Relationship between the Mass of a Liquid and its Volume Ken Lyle, St. John s School, Houston, TX INTRODUCTION To close the yellow note, click once to select it and then click the
More informationExperiment 18 - Absorption Spectroscopy and Beer s Law: Analysis of Cu 2+
Experiment 18 - Absorption Spectroscopy and Beer s Law: Analysis of Cu 2+ Many substances absorb light. When light is absorbed, electrons in the ground state are excited to higher energy levels. Colored
More informationSem /2007. Fisika Polimer Ariadne L. Juwono
Chapter 8. Measurement of molecular weight and size 8.. End-group analysis 8.. Colligative property measurement 8.3. Osmometry 8.4. Gel-permeation chromatography 8.5. Ultracentrifugation 8.6. Light-scattering
More informationEXPERIMENT 20. Solutions INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 20 Solutions INTRODUCTION A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The solvent is the dissolving substance, while the solute is the dissolved substance. A saturated solution is one in which the
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Research Article INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (p-issn: 2348-5213: e-issn: 2348-5221) www.ijcrcps.com VISCOMETIC STUDY ON UBBELOHDE VISCOMETER 1 K.M.DARJI
More informationViscosity and Polymer Melt Flow. Rheology-Processing / Chapter 2 1
Viscosity and Polymer Melt Flow Rheology-Processing / Chapter 2 1 Viscosity: a fluid property resistance to flow (a more technical definition resistance to shearing) Remember that: τ μ du dy shear stress
More informationChemical Reactions: Titrations
1 Chemical Reactions: Titrations ORGANIZATION Mode: laboratory work, work in pairs Grading: lab notes, lab performance (titration accuracy), and post-lab report Safety: goggles, lab coat, closed-toe shoes,
More informationGE 6163 CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE S.R.M NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR 603 203 Department of Chemistry (2015-2016) GE 6163 CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL Step I : Standardization of sodium thiosulphate Titration I (Standard
More informationDETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF SUGAR SOLUTION FROM VISCOSITY
Name: Section: Class Roll No: University Roll No: Stream: D.O.E D.O.S DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF SUGAR SOLUTION FROM VISCOSITY THEORY: The coefficient of viscosity (η) of a liquid is defined
More informationVISCOSITY MEASUREMENT MEAN MOLECULAR MASS DETERMINATION
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT MEAN MOLECULAR MASS DETERMINATION Author: dr Marek Studziński Editor: dr hab. Agnieszka Ewa Wiącek Task 11 VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT MEAN MOLECULAR MASS DETERMINATION I. Aim of the task
More informationCHEM 334 Quantitative Analysis Laboratory
Calibration of Volumetric Glassware Introduction Volumetric glassware is a class of glass vessels that are calibrated to contain or deliver certain volumes of substances. Graduated cylinders, pipettes
More informationChemical Reactions: The Copper Cycle
1 Chemical Reactions: The Copper Cycle ORGANIZATION Mode: pairs assigned by instructor Grading: lab notes, lab performance and post-lab report Safety: Goggles, closed-toe shoes, lab coat, long pants/skirts
More informationPolymers Reactions and Polymers Production (3 rd cycle)
EQ, Q, DEQuim, DQuim nd semester 017/018, IST-UL Science and Technology of Polymers ( nd cycle) Polymers Reactions and Polymers Production (3 rd cycle) Lecture 5 Viscosity easurements of the viscosity
More informationUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DULUTH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ChE CONTINUOUS BINARY DISTILLATION
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DULUTH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ChE 3211-4211 CONTINUOUS BINARY DISTILLATION OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to determine the overall column efficiency for
More informationPractice Examination #1
Practice Examination #1 Name: Date: 1. Which diagram shown represents a pipette? A. B. 3. Which diagram shown represents an Erlenmeyer flask? A. B. C. D. C. D. 2. The process of filtration is performed
More informationThe physical characterisation of polysaccharides in solution. Stephen Harding University of Nottingham
The physical characterisation of polysaccharides in solution Stephen Harding University of Nottingham The physical characterisation of polysaccharides in solution Viscometry SEC-MALLs Analytical Ultracentrifugation
More informationCHEM 254 EXPERIMENT 5. Solubility and Enthalpy of Fusion of Ammonium Oxalate in Water
CHEM 254 EXPERIMENT 5 Solubility and Enthalpy of Fusion of Ammonium Oxalate in Water In general solubility (g/100 ml) is defined as amount of substance that dissolved in a given solvent at a given temperature.
More information1. Bulk polymerization of styrene at 60 C with four different initiator concentrations
Learning targets: ideal kinetics of chain growth, I rule, viscometry, characteristics of polymers (number-, weight- and viscosity-average) Assignment of tasks: 1. Bulk polymerization of styrene at 6 C
More informationHydrodynamic Characterisation
Hydrodynamic Characterisation Viscometry SEC-MALLs Analytical Ultracentrifugation Stephen Harding, NCMH University of Nottingham NCMH at Nottingham: An International Facility for characterising sizes/shapes
More informationAcid-Base Titration. M M V a
Acid-Base Titration Pre-Lab Discussion In the chemistry laboratory, it is sometimes necessary to experimentally determine the concentration of an acid solution or a base solution. A procedure for making
More informationThe Thermodynamics of the Solubility of Borax
Experiment 10 Pre-Lab Assignment Before coming to lab: Read the lab thoroughly. Answer the pre-lab questions that appear at the end of this lab exercise. The questions should be answered on a separate
More informationChemistry 143 Acid Base Titration Dr. Caddell. Titrating Acid
Titrating Acid In this lab you will first determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide in a stock solution that you prepare. You will then use that stock sodium hydroxide solution to titrate a solution
More informationExperiment 8 Introduction to Volumetric Techniques I. Objectives
Experiment 8 Introduction to Volumetric Techniques I Objectives 1. To learn the proper technique to use a volumetric pipette. 2. To learn the proper technique to use a volumetric flask. 3. To prepare a
More informationHOW TO MAKE STANDARD SOLUTIONS FOR CHEMISTRY
HOW TO MAKE STANDARD SOLUTIONS FOR CHEMISTRY Phillip Bigelow Chemists make two common types of "standard solutions": Molar solutions Normal solutions Both of these solutions are concentrations (or strengths
More informationMETU Chem. Eng. Dept. Ch.E. 320 Chem. Eng. Lab I EXPERIMENT 33 MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION OF POLYMERS BY CAPILLARY FLOW METHOD
EXPERIMENT 33 MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION OF POLYMERS BY CAPILLARY FLOW METHOD OBJECTIVE The objetive of this experiment is to determine the intrinsi visosity of a polymersolvent system and to determine
More informationObjectives To prepare a dilute solution of a weak acid. To prepare a buffer of a specific ph value.
E x p e r i m e n t Chemistry Is phun! Objectives To prepare a dilute solution of a weak acid. To prepare a buffer of a specific ph value. To observe the effects of adding acid and base to a buffer solution.
More informationANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. Basic Skills in Chemical Laboratory
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Basic Skills in Chemical Laboratory by Wan Norfazilah Wan Ismail Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology norfazilah@ump.edu.my Chapter Description Expected Outcomes Understand
More informationKEMS448 Physical Chemistry Advanced Laboratory Work. Viscosity: Determining the Molecular Mass of Polyvinyl Alcohol
KEMS448 Physical Chemistry Advanced Laboratory Work Viscosity: Determining the Molecular Mass of Polyvinyl Alcohol 1 Introduction The internal friction in fluids, or viscosity, is caused by the cohesion
More informationName Period Date. Lab 9: Analysis of Commercial Bleach
Name Period Date Lab 9: Analysis of Commercial Bleach Introduction Many common products are effective because they contain oxidizing agents. Some products, which contain oxidizing agents, are bleaches,
More informationApply the ideal gas law (PV = nrt) to experimentally determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas generated
Teacher Information Ideal Gas Law Objectives Determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas generated during a reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Through this investigation,
More informationEXPERIMENT 7- SAPONIFICATION RATE OF TERT- BUTYL CHLORIDE
1 THEORY EXPERIMENT 7- SAPONIFICATION RATE OF TERT- BUTYL CHLORIDE The field of chemical kinetics is concerned with the rate or speed at which a chemical reaction occurs. Knowledge of a chemical reaction
More informationExperiment 2 - Using Physical Properties to Identify an Unknown Liquid
Experiment 2 - Using Physical Properties to Identify an Unknown Liquid We usually think of chemists as scientists who do things with chemicals. We can picture a chemist's laboratory with rows of bottles
More informationChemistry 143 Experiment #11 Acid Base Titration Dr. Caddell. Titrating Acid
Titrating Acid In this lab you will first determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide in a stock solution that you prepare. You will then use that stock sodium hydroxide solution to titrate a solution
More informationDetermination of an Equilibrium Constant
Last updated 1/29/2014 - GES Learning Objectives Students will be able to: Determine the numerical value of an equilibrium constant from measured concentrations of all reaction species. Use an absorption
More informationENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF MgO
ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF MgO ELECTRONIC LABORATORY NOTEBOOK (ELN) INSTRUCTIONS All work for this experiment must be recorded, attached, or answered in the ELN. Create a pre & inlab page in the Experiment
More informationExperiment 2: Analysis of Commercial Bleach Solutions
Experiment 2: Analysis of Commercial Bleach Solutions I. Introduction The ability of household bleach to remove stains is related to the amount of oxidizing agent in it. The oxidizing agent in bleach is
More informationClassification of Mystery Substances
Classification of Mystery Substances This document supports the safety activity Mystery Substance Identification: The Identification of Unlabeled Chemicals Found on School Premises from Flinn Scientific.
More informationChesapeake Campus Chemistry 111 Laboratory
Chesapeake Campus Chemistry 111 Laboratory Objectives Calculate the density of a sugar solution. Evaluate lab sources of error and their effect on an experiment. Introduction The density of an object is
More informationChemistry Gas Chromatography: Separation of Volatile Organics
Chemistry 3200 Gas chromatography (GC) is an instrumental method for separating volatile compounds in a mixture. A small sample of the mixture is injected onto one end of a column housed in an oven. The
More informationTHE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA A. M. E. C. E. A
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA A. M. E. C. E. A MAIN EXAMINATION P.O. Box 62157 00200 Nairobi - KENYA Telephone: 891601-6 Fax: 254-20-891084 E-mail:academics@cuea.edu JANUARY APRIL 2014 TRIMESTER
More informationPAPER No.6: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-II (Statistical
Subject PHYSICAL Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 6, PHYSICAL -II (Statistical 34, Method for determining molar mass - I CHE_P6_M34 Table of Contents 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction
More informationThe formal lab reports should use the format given below.
Lab Reports - First Four Experiments General comments on the lab reports. You will do formal lab reports for the first four experiments (lattice energy of argon, chain length in polyvinyl alcohol polymer,
More informationTitration with an Acid and a Base
Skills Practice Titration with an Acid and a Base Titration is a process in which you determine the concentration of a solution by measuring what volume of that solution is needed to react completely with
More informationCOURSE MATERIAL: Unit 3 (Part 1) Polymer Science LT8501 (Click the link Detail to download)
COURSE MATERIAL: Unit 3 (Part 1) Polymer Science LT8501 (Click the link Detail to download) Dr. Debasis Samanta Senior Scientist & AcSIR Assistant Professor Polymer Science & Technology Department., CSIR-CLRI,
More informationSkill Building Activity 2 Determining the Concentration of a Species using a Vernier Spectrometer
Skill Building Activity 2 Determining the Concentration of a Species using a Vernier Spectrometer Purpose To use spectroscopy to prepare a Beer s Law plot of known dilutions of copper(ii) sulfate so that
More information#26 Preparation of Solutions
#26 Preparation of Solutions Purpose: This experiment provides practical experience in preparing solutions using the concentration units of molarity and molality. Introduction Preparing solutions is one
More informationUNIT 5 VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS 5.1 INTRODUCTION. Objectives. Structure
UNIT 5 VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS Structure 5.1 Introduction Objectives 5.2 Viscosity of Liquids The Coefficient of Viscosity Units 5.3 Effect of Temperature 5.4 Measurement of the Coefficient of Viscosity Ostwald
More informationThermodynamics and the Solubility of Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate
Thermodynamics and the Solubility of Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate In this experiment you, as a class, will determine the solubility of sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 10 H 2 O or Na 2 [B
More informationExperiment 7A ANALYSIS OF BRASS
Experiment 7A ANALYSIS OF BRASS FV 10/21/10 MATERIALS: Spectronic 20 spectrophotometers, 2 cuvettes, brass sample, 7 M HNO 3, 0.100 M CuSO 4, 2 M NH 3, two 50 ml beakers, 100 ml beaker, two 25 ml volumetric
More informationIntroductory Remarks:
Introductory Remarks: At all times while you are in the laboratory you should wear safety spectacles or own spectacles if they have been approved. Eating of any kind of food or drinking is strictly prohibited
More informationaa + bb cc + dd Equation 1
Experiment: The Determination of K eq for FeSCN 2+ Introduction For any reversible chemical reaction at equilibrium, the concentrations of all reactants and products are constant or stable. There is no
More informationHYDROCARBONS: STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES
YDROARBONS: STRUTURE & PROPERTIES PURPOSE: To discover the physical and chemical properties of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. To identify an unknown hydrocarbon by comparing it to known samples.
More information17 th Chemistry Olympiad of the Baltic States
17 th Chemistry Olympiad of the Baltic States Riga, Latvia, 2009 Practical examination Introduction General information Keep your safety or optical glasses on, while working in laboratory. Fill pipettes
More information#30 Thermochemistry: Heat of Solution
#30 Thermochemistry: Heat of Solution Purpose: You will mix different salts with water and note any change in temperature. Measurements using beakers will be compared to measurements using polystyrene
More informationPhotosynthesis Lab. Table 1: Comparison of the two parts of photosynthesis.
Revised Fall 2016 Photosynthesis Lab **Lab coat, eye goggles and gloves (nitrile or latex) are required for this lab. You will not be allowed to participate without this equipment. Before coming to lab:
More informationDensity of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions
Experiment 3 Density of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions Prepared by Ross S. Nord and Stephen E. Schullery, Eastern Michigan University PURPOSE Determine the concentration of an unknown sodium chloride
More informationFig.8-1 Scheme of the fluidization column
8 Fluidization Lenka Schreiberová, Martin Kohout I Basic relations and definitions Fluidization is a process where the liquid flows in opposite direction the gravitation and creates a suspension together
More informationGel Permeation Chromatography
Gel Permeation Chromatography Polymers and Coatings Laboratory California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has become the most widely used technique
More informationRegents review Math & measurement
2011-2012 1. During a laboratory activity, a student combined two solutions. In the laboratory report, the student wrote A yellow color appeared. The statement represents the student s recorded A) conclusion
More informationExample: How would we prepare 500. ml of M sodium sulfate in water?
95 Example: How would we prepare 500. ml of 0.500 M sodium sulfate in water? Dissolve the appropriate amount of sodium sulfate into enough water to make 500. ml of solution. A VOLUMETRIC FLASK is a flask
More informationExperiment 20: Analysis of Vinegar. Materials:
Experiment 20: Analysis of Vinegar Materials: graduated cylinder 6 M NaOH: Dilute Sodium Hydroxide 1000 ml Florence Flask & stopper KHC 8 H 4 O 4 : Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP) 125 ml Erlenmeyer
More informationChemistry 1B Experiment 17 89
Chemistry 1B Experiment 17 89 17 Thermodynamics of Borax Solubility Introduction In this experiment, you will determine the values of H and S for the reaction which occurs when borax (sodium tetraborate
More informationBiology behind the Floating Disk Method
Name: Bio AP Lab: Photosynthesis (Modified from AP Biology Investigative Labs) BACKGROUND: Photosynthesis fuels ecosystems and replenishes the Earth s atmosphere with oxygen. Like all enzyme-driven reactions,
More informationVolumetric Analysis. Quantitative analysis answers the second question
Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis is a form of quantitative analysis involving the measuring of volumes of reacting solutions, it involves the use of titrations. When buying food we often have two
More informationDensity of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions
Experiment 3 Density of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions Prepared by Ross S. Nord and Stephen E. Schullery, Eastern Michigan University PURPOSE Determine the concentration of an unknown sodium chloride
More informationCl 2(g) + NaCl + H 2 O. light. 2Cl. Once formed, the chlorine radical can react with the heptane as shown below: + Cl
Experiment Free Radical Chlorination of Heptane In today s experiment, you will be chlorinating n-heptane with chlorine atoms (radicals) to form monochlorination products of that alkane. You will analyze
More informationExperimental Procedure. Lab 406
Experimental Procedure Lab 406 Overview This experiment is to be complete in cooperation with other chemists/chemist groups in the laboratory. In PART A, a standardized solution of hydrochloric acid is
More informationThe Determination of an Equilibrium Constant
The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Computer 10 Chemical reactions occur to reach a state of equilibrium. The equilibrium state can be characterized by quantitatively defining its equilibrium
More informationDetermination of the K a Value and Molar Mass of an Unknown Weak Acid
10 Determination of the K a Value and Molar Mass of an Unknown Weak Acid Introduction In this experiment you will titrate a monoprotic weak acid with a strong base, and measure the titration curve with
More informationLab Investigation 4 - How could you make more of this dye?
Lab Investigation 4 - How could you make more of this dye? USING SPECTROSCOPY TO DETERMINE SOLUTION CON- CENTRATION Guiding Question How could you make more of this dye? INTRODUCTION A solution is a homogeneous
More informationEXPERIMENT 17. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENT 17 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions INTRODUCTION Oxidizing agents are compounds or ions that contain an element capable of achieving a lower oxidation state by gaining electrons The stronger the
More informationDynamic Light Scattering Study of Polymer Chain Dimensions
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 3.014 Laboratory Module A, Fall 2009 Dynamic Light Scattering Study of Polymer Chain Dimensions Professor Geoffrey
More informationTitration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar Minneapolis Community and Technical College v.9.17
Titration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar Minneapolis Community and Technical College v.9.17 Objective: To practice the correct use of the burette, volumetric pipette, and volumetric flask in analytical titrations.
More informationTHE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
Experiment 7B THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT Prepared by Ross S. Nord, Chemistry Department, Eastern Michigan University PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between the equilibrium
More informationElectrochemistry. Conductivity of strong and weak electrolytes LEC 06. What you need: What you can learn about. Principle and tasks
LEC 06 Electrochemistry What you can learn about Kohlrausch s law Equivalent conductivity Temperature-dependence of conductivity Ostwald s dilution law Principle and tasks It is possible to differentiate
More informationVolumetric Measurement Techniques. Technique #1 Use of a Burette. Technique #2 Use of a Pipette. Technique #3 Use of a Volumetric Flask
Volumetric Measurement Techniques Technique #1 Use of a Burette Technique #2 Use of a Pipette Technique #3 Use of a Volumetric Flask Technique #4 Use of a Bottle-Top Dispenser Last updated 12/6/2009 5:46
More informationElectricity. Electrolysis. Current and the transport of charge DETERMINATION OF THE FARADAY CONSTANT BASIC PRINCIPLES
Electricity Current and the transport of charge Electrolysis DETERMINATION OF THE FARADAY CONSTANT Production of hydrogen by means of electrolysis and determining the volume of the hydrogen V. Determining
More informationDetermination of Isocyanate Equivalent Weight (in toluene solution)
Product Information ISONATE Pure and Modified Test Procedures Pure and Modified This bulletin describes the nonstandard test methods used to determine values for several physical properties of Isonate
More informationSchools Analyst Competition
Royal Society of Chemistry Analytical Division North West Region Schools Analyst Competition 19 th April 2005 Experimental Handbook Adran Cemeg - Department of Chemistry Prifysgol Cymru - University of
More informationCHAPTER 4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS
50 CHAPTER 4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the development of any energy-efficient heat transfer fluids for enhanced heat transfer performance, in practical applications,
More informationCH 112 Special Assignment #4 Chemistry to Dye for: Part C
CH 112 Special Assignment #4 Chemistry to Dye for: Part C PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT: Make sure that you read this handout and bring the essentials to lab with you. Review Light, energy and color (pp 17-18), Measuring
More informationGRIGNARD REACTION Synthesis of Benzoic Acid
1 GRIGNARD REACTION Synthesis of Benzoic Acid In the 1920 s, the first survey of the acceleration of chemical transformations by ultrasound was published. Since then, many more applications of ultrasound
More informationGRAFT COPOLYMERS OF STYRENE AND METHYL METHACRYLATE
GRAFT COPOLYMERS OF STYRENE AND METHYL METHACRYLATE PART 11: VISCOSITY ABSTRACT A study of the viscosity behavior of the graft copolymers described in Part I has been made with dilute solutions in benzene
More informationExperiment 2: THE DENSITY OF A SOLID UNKNOWN AND CALIBRATION WITH DATASTUDIO SOFTWARE
Experiment 2: THE DENSITY OF A SOLID UNKNOWN AND CALIBRATION WITH DATASTUDIO SOFTWARE Concepts: Density Equipment Calibration Approximate time required: 90 minutes for density 90 minutes for two thermometers
More informationGel Permeation Chromatography
Gel Permeation Chromatography Polymers and Coatings Laboratory California Polytechnic State University Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has become the most widely used technique for determination of
More informationActivity Sheet Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Density of water
Activity Sheet Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Density of water Name Date DEMONSTRATION 1. One of your classmates lifted different amounts of water. The largest amount of water also had the most mass. You know how
More informationCHEM E7115 Experimental Assignments in Chemical Engineering Internal mass transfer in a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction
CHEM AXXX Kurssin nimi CHEM E7115 Experimental Assignments in Chemical Engineering Internal mass transfer in a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction 1. Before you come to the lab Before you come to do the
More informationDendritic Star Polymer of Polyacrylamide Based on β-cyclodextrin Trimer: A. Flocculant and Drug Vehicle
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for New Journal of Chemistry. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2016 Electronic Supporting Information
More informationCENG 501 Examination Problem: Estimation of Viscosity with a Falling - Cylinder Viscometer
CENG 501 Examination Problem: Estimation of Viscosity with a Falling - Cylinder Viscometer You are assigned to design a fallingcylinder viscometer to measure the viscosity of Newtonian liquids. A schematic
More informationInvestigating the Relationship Between the Rheological Properties of Hyaluronic Acid and its Molecular Weight and Structure using Multidetector
Investigating the Relationship Between the Rheological Properties of Hyaluronic Acid and its Molecular Weight and Structure using Multidetector SEC and SEC-MALS Presented by Bassem Sabagh, PhD Technical
More informationCharacterisation of Viscosity and Molecular Weight of Fractionated NR
Characterisation of Viscosity and Molecular Weight of Fractionated NR ENG A.H. Science & Technology Innovation Centre, Ansell Shah Alam, Malaysia (e-mail: engah@ap.ansell.com) Abstract Viscosity of a rubber
More informationMeasuring the size and shape of macromolecules. Hydrodynamics: study of the objects in water How do the move? Translation Rotation
Measuring the size and shape of macromolecules Hydrodynamics: study of the objects in water How do the move? Translation Rotation 1) Movement with no external forcefree diffusion 2) Movement under the
More informationPrepared By: R. W. Waggoner, Jr. Effective Date: August 18, 2008
Name of Procedure: Use of the Dade Behring Viva Jr. EMIT Analyzer as a Drug Screen Suggested Uses: This procedure does not cover every aspect of the instrument used. The operator of the instrument should
More informationTo understand concept of limiting reagents. To learn how to do a vacuum filtration. To understand the concept of recrystallization.
E x p e r i m e n t Synthesis of Aspirin Experiment : http://genchemlab.wordpress.com/-aspirin/ objectives To synthesize aspirin. To understand concept of limiting reagents. To determine percent yield.
More informationON THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON WATER PROPERTIES
SCIENTIFIC ANNALS OF ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA DIN IAŞI UNIVERSITY Tomul I, s. Biomaterials in Biophysics, Medical Physics and Ecology 2008 ON THE INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON WATER PROPERTIES Catalin
More information2. MASS AND VOLUME MEASUREMENTS Mass measurement Analytical and standard laboratory balances Pre-lab Exercises
Name:. Date: Objectives 2. MASS AND VOLUME MEASUREMENTS To overview the metric and SI units of mass and volume measurements. To introduce the laboratory equipment used for mass and volume measurements.
More informationPRETREATMENT TECHNICAL DATA SHEET CHROMIUM-FREE ORGANIC PASSIVATING RINSE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL COATINGS CS100 PRETREATMENT TECHNICAL DATA SHEET CHROMIUM-FREE ORGANIC PASSIVATING RINSE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION is a chromium-free organic passivating rinse. It is formulated to provide improved
More information