Principles of Polymer Chemistry
|
|
|
- Chad Gibson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Principles of Polymer Chemistry A. Ravve Consultant in Polymer Chemistry Lincolnwood, Illinois PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK AND LONDON
2 Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Definitions Nomenclature of Polymers NomenclatureofChain-Growth Polymers Nomenclature of Step-Growth Polymers Structure and Property Relationship in Organic Polymers Effects of Dipole Interactions Induction Forces in Polymers Amorphous and Crystalline Arrangements in Thermoplastic Polymers The Amorphous State Elasticity Crystallinity Liquid Crystal Polymers Orientation First-Order Transition Temperature Second-Order Transition Temperature Effect of Chemical Structure upon Physical Properties Molecular Weights and Molecular Weight Determinations Steric Arrangement in Macromolecules Optical Activity in Polymers 25 Appendix 26 A.l. Additional Definitions 26 A.2. Program for Calculating Molecular Weights from Gel Permeation Chromatograms 26 Review Questions 31 References Free-Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization 2.1. Free-Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization Process Reactions Leading to Formation of Initiating Free Radicals Thermal DecompositionofAzo Compound, and Peroxides Bimolecular Initiating Systems Boron Alkyls and Metal Alkyl Initiators of Free-Radical Polymerizations Photochemical Initiators Initiation of Polymerization with Radioactive Sources and Electron Beams.. 43
3 Vlii 2.3. Capture of the Free Radical by the Monomers Propagation 46 CONTENTS Steric, Polar, and Resonance Effects in the Propagation Reaction Effect of Reaction Medium Ceiling Temperature Autoacceleration Polymerization of Monomers with Multiple Double Bonds The Termination Reaction Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios Q and e Scheme Terpolymerization Allylic Polymerization Inhibition and Retardation Thermal Polymerization l.donor-acceptorcomplexes in Copolymerization Polymerization ofcomplexes with Lewis Acids Steric Control in Free-Radical Polymerization Polymer Preparation Techniques 69 Review Questions 73 References lonic Chain-Growth Polymerization 3.1.Chemistry of IonicChain-Growth Polymerization Kineticsof lonic Chain-Growth Polymerization Cationic Polymerization Two-Electron Transposition Initiation Reactions Initiation by Protonic Acids Lewis Acids in Cationic Initiations Initiation by Stable Cations Metal Alkyls in Initiations of Cationic Polymerizations One-Electron Transposition Initiation Reactions Charge Transfer Complexes in lonic Initiations Radiation-Initiated Polymerizations Electroinitiation of Polymerization Propagation in Cationic Polymerization Steric Control in Cationic Polymerization Pseudocationic Polymerization Isomerization Polymerization Termination Reactions in Cationic Polymerizations Anionic Polymerization ofolefins Initiation in Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization Initiation by Addition of an Anion to an Olefin One-Electron Transfer Initiation Initiations by Alfin Catalysts Electroinitiation of Anionic Polymerizations Propagation in Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization Steric Control in Anionic Polymerization Hydrogen Transfer Polymerization Termination in Anionic Polymerization 118
4 3.5. Coordinated Anionic Polymerizations Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Homogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Steric Control in Polymerizations ofconjugateddienes Current Industrially Developed Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Effect of Lewis Bases Terminations in Coordination Polymerizations Reduced Transition Metal Oxide Catalysts on Support Isomenzation Polymerizations with Coordination Catalysts Polymerization of Aldehydes Cationic Polymerization of Aldehydes Anionic Polymerization of Aldehydes Polymerization of Unsaturated Aldehydes Polymerizations ofdialdehydes Polymerization of Ketones and Isocyanates Copolymerizations by Ionic Mechanism Group Transfer Polymerization Configurational Statistics and the Propagation Mechanism in Chain-Growth Polymerization 142 Review Questions 146 Appendix. Computer Program for Analyses of Polymers with Configurational Statistics and NMR Spectra 148 References Ring-Opening Polymerizations 4.1. Chemistryof Ring-Opening Polymerizations Kinetics of Ring-Opening Polymerizations Polymerization of Oxiranes Cationic Polymerization Anionic Polymerization Polymerization by Coordination Mechanism Steric Control in Polymerizations of Oxiranes Polymerization of Oxetanes The Initiation Reaction The Propagation Reaction Polymerization oftetrahydrofurans The Initiation Reaction The Propagation Reaction The Termination Reaction Polymerization of Oxepanes Ring-Opening Polymerizations ofcyclic Acetals Polymerization oftrioxane Polymerization ofdioxolane Polymerization ofdioxepane Polymerization oflactones Cationic Polymerization oflactones Anionic Polymerization oflactones Polymerization of Lactones by a Coordination Mechanism Special Catalysts for Polymerizations oflactones Polymerization oflactams Cationic Polymerization oflactams 190
5 X Anionic Polymenzation oflactams HydrolyticPolymerizationofLactams 200 CONTENTS Polymenzation of N-Carboxy-a-AminoAcidAnhydrides l.metathesis Polymenzation ofalicyclics Polymenzation ofcyclic Amines Ring-Opening Polymenzation ofcyclic Sulfides Copolymerization ofcyclic Monomers Spontaneous Alternating Zwitterion Copolymerizations Ring-Opening Polymerizations bya Free-Radical Mechanism 213 Review Questions 214 References Common Chain-Growth Polymers 5.1. Polyethylene and Related Polymers Preparation of Polyethylene bya Free-Radical Mechanism Commercial High-Density Polyethylene, Properties and Manufacture Materials Similarto Polyethylene Polypropylene Manufacturing Techniques Syndiotactic Polypropylene Polyisobutylene Higher Poly(a-olefin)s Properties of Poly(a-olefin)s Poly(butene-l) Poly(4-methylpentene-l) CopolymersofEthylene and Propylene Ethylene-Propylene Elastomers Copolymersof Ethylene with a-olefins Copolymersof Propylene withdienes Copolymersof Ethylene with VinylAcetate Ionomers Homopolymers of Conjugated Dienes Polybutadiene Liquid Polybutadiene High Molecular Weight Polybutadiene Polyisoprene Natural Polyisoprenes Synthetic Polyisoprenes Methyl Rubber, Poly(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) Chloroprene Rubber, Poly(2-chloro-l,3-butadiene) Miscellaneous Polymers from Dienes Cyclopolymerization of Conjugated Dienes Copolymersof Dienes GR-S Rubber GR-N Rubber Polystyrene and Polystyrene-Like Polymers Preparation of Polystyrene Polystyrene Prepared bylonic Chain-Growth Polymerization Polymers from Substituted Styrene Copolymersof Styrene High-Impact Polystyrene 252
6 ABS Resins 253 Xi Copolymers of Styrene with Maleic Anhydride Polymers ofacrylic and Methacrylic Esters 254 CONTENTS Polymerizations of Acrylic and Methacrylic Esters Acrylic Elastomers Thermoplastic and Thermoset Acrylic Resins Acrylonitrile and Methacrylonitrile Polymers Polyacrylamide, Poly(acrylic acid), and Poly(methacrylic acid) Halogen-Bearing Polymers Polytetrafluoroethylene Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Poly(vinylidine fluoride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Copolymers offluoroolefins Miscellaneous Fluorine Containing Chain-Growth Polymers Poly(vinyl Chloride) Poly(vinylidine Chloride) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Poly(vinyl acetal)s 268 Review Questions 269 References Step-Growth Polymerization and Step-Growth Polymers 6.1. Mechanism and Kinetics of Step-Growth Polymerization ReactionsofFunctionalGroups Kinetic Considerations, Ring Formation in Step-Growth Polymerization Techniquesof Polymer Preparation Polyesters Linear Saturated Polyesters Synthetic Methods Commercial Linear Saturated Polyesters Copolyesters Linear Unsaturated Polyesters Network Polyesters for Surface Coatings Polycarbonates Polyesters fromlactones Polyamides Nylons Fatty Polyamides Special Reactions for Formation of Polyamides Aromatic Polyamides Aromatic Polyamide-Imides and Aromatic Polyester-Imides Polyimides Polyethers Poly(phenylene oxide)s Phenoxy Polymers Polyacetals and Polyketals Poly(p-xylylene)s Sulfur-Containing Polymers Polysulfones Polythioethers and Polymercaptals 329
7 XÜ Polyurethanes Preparations of Polyfunctional Isocyanates 331 CONTENTS Commercial Polyisocyanates Reactions of the Isocyanates The Effect ofcatalysts Polyurethane Fibers Polyurethane Elastomers Polyurethane Foams 335 ö.ll.epoxy Resins Preparation of Commercial EpoxyResins The Crosslinking Reactions Cycloaliphatic Epoxides Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Resols Novolacs Ammonia-Catalyzed Phenolic Resins Typical Commercial Preparations Aminopolymers Urea-Formaldehyde Resins Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins Silicone Polymers Polysiloxanes Silicone Elastomers Polysiloxane Coating Resins Fluorosilicone Elastomers Polyarylsiloxanes Polysilanes Phosphonitrilic Polymers High-Performance Polymers Fluorine-Containing Aromatic Polymers Polyphenylene Diels-Alder Polymers Silicone-Containing Aromatic Polymers Direct Condensation Polymers Polybenzimidazoles,Polybenzthiazoles, and Related Polymers Oligomers with Terminal Functional Groups Cardo Polymers Double Stranded Polymers,, Poly(aryleneether)s and Poly(arylene ether ketone)s 370 Review Questions 371 References Naturally Occurring Polymers 7.1. Polymers ThatOccur in Nature Polysaccharides Hemicelluloses Starch Cellulose Regenerated Cellulose Derivatives of Cellulose Miscellaneous Polysaccharides 387
8 7.3.Lignin 388 XÜi 7.4. Polyisoprene Proteins 389 CONTENTS a-amino Acids Structures and Chemistryof Proteins Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of Polypeptides Chemical Modification of Proteins Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of Nucleic Acids Polyalkanoates 399 Review Questions 400 References Reactions of Polymers 8.1.Reactivity of Macromolecules Diffusion-Controlled Reactions Paired Group and Neighboring Group Effects Effect ofmolecularsize Effects ofchanges in Solubility Effects ofcrystallinity Reactions That Favor Large Molecules Addition Reactions of Polymers Halogenation Hydrogenation Addition ofcarbenes Electrophilic Additionsof Aldehydes Polar Additions Michael Condensation Hydroboration ,3-Dipolar Additions The EneReaction The Ritter Reaction Diels-Alder Condensations Epoxidation Reactions Rearrangement Reactions Isomerization Reactions Cyclizations and Intramolecular Rearrangements Substitution Reactions Substitution Reactions of Saturated Polymerie Hydrocarbons Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers Substitution Reactions of Polymers with Aromatic Rings Halogenation Reactions ofpolystyrene Chloromethylation Reactions Reactions ofhalomethylated Polymers Friedel-Craft Alkylation Reactions Sulfonation Reactions Nitration, Reduction, and Diazotization Metalation Reactions Reactions of Acrylic, Methacrylic, and Related Polymers Reduction of the Ester Groups Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Substitutions 432
9 XJV Substitution Reactions of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Miscellaneous Exchange Reactions 435 CONTENTS 8.5. Crosslinking Reactions of Polymers Vulcanization of Elastomers Crosslinking With the Aid of Peroxides Miscellaneous Crosslinking Reactions of Polymers Radiation Crosslinking Photocrosslinking of Polymers Photocrosslinkingof Polymers with Light-Sensitive Groups Ultraviolet Light Curing Technology ofcoatings Crosslinking of Polymers With Electron Beams Polymerie Reagents Immobilized Reagents Polymerie Catalysts Formation of Graft Copolymers Free-Radical Graftingby the Chain-Transferring Technique Free-Radical Grafting Reactions to Polymers with Double Bonds Preparation of Graft Copolymers With the Aid ofmacromonomers Initiations of Polymerizations from the Backbone Polymers Photochemical Synthesesof Graft Copolymers Graft-Copolymer Formation With the Aid of High-Energy Radiation Preparation of Graft Copolymers With Ionic Chain-Growth and Step-Growth Polymerization Reactions Miscellaneous Graft Copolymerizations Block Copolymers Block Copolyesters Block Copolyamides Polyurethane-Polyamide Block Copolymers Polyamide-Polyester Block Copolymers Polyurethane Ionomers Block Copolymers ofpoly(a-olefin)s Simultaneous Use of Free-Radical and Ionic Chain-Growth Polymerizations Preparationof Block Copolymers by Homogeneous Ionic Copolymerization Special Reactions for Preparation of Block Copolymers Miscellaneous Block Copolymers l.mechanochemicaltechniques for Formation of Block Copolymers Conductive Polymers 472 Review Questions 475 References 477 Appendix 487 Index 489
POLYMER CHEMISTRY. An Introduction. Malcolm P. Stevens University of Hartford SECOND EDITION
POLYMER CHEMISTRY An Introduction SECOND EDITION Malcolm P. Stevens University of Hartford New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1990 Contents PART I POLYMER STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES 1. Basic principles,
POLYMER CHEMISTRY AN INTRODUCTION. Malcolm P. Stevens. University of Hartford. New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
T H I R D E D I T I O N POLYMER CHEMISTRY AN INTRODUCTION Malcolm P. Stevens University of Hartford New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1999 CONTENTS Preface, PART I xvii POLYMER STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
Paul Rempp and Edward W. Merrill. Polymer Synthesis. 2nd, revised Edition. Hüthig & Wepf Verlag Basel Heidelberg New York
Paul Rempp and Edward W. Merrill Polymer Synthesis 2nd, revised Edition Hüthig & Wepf Verlag Basel Heidelberg New York Table of Contents Part I: Polymerization Reactions Chapter 1: General Considerations
TOPIC 7. Polymeric materials
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid www.uc3m.es MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TOPIC 7. Polymeric materials 1. Introduction Definition General characteristics Historic introduction Polymers: Examples 2.
Chapter 13 - Polymers Introduction
Chapter 13 - Polymers Introduction I. Nomenclature A. Polymer/Macromolecule polymer - nonmetallic material consisting of large molecules composed of many repeating units - from Greek: poly (many) and meros
Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers
Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers Polymer Structure Polymers are found in nature as proteins, cellulose, silk or synthesized like polyethylene, polystyrene and nylon. Some natural polymers can also
MATERIALS SCIENCE POLYMERS
POLYMERS 1) Types of Polymer (a) Plastic Possibly the largest number of different polymeric materials come under the plastic classification. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene,
1.1 Basic Polymer Chemistry. 1.2 Polymer Nomenclature. 1.3 Polymer Synthesis. 1.4 Chain Growth Polymerization. Polymer =
1.1 Basic Polymer hemistry Polymers are the largest class of soft materials: over 100 billion pounds of polymers made in US each year lassification systems 1.2 Polymer Nomenclature Polymer = Monomer =
See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.
INDEX Downloaded via 148.251.232.83 on June 15, 2018 at 06:15:49 (UTC). See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. A Absorption spectra of cellulose
not to be republished NCERT Unit I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Which of the following polymers of glucose is stored by animals?
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. Which of the following polymers of glucose is stored by animals? Cellulose Amylose Amylopectin Glycogen 2. Which of the following is not a semisynthetic polymer?
Combustion and thermal degradation of polymers
Polymers and biomaterials - laboratory Combustion and thermal degradation of polymers Theoretical background dr Hanna Wilczura-Wachnik University of Warsaw Faculty of Chemistry Chemical Technology Division
2. Amorphous or Crystalline Structurally, polymers in the solid state may be amorphous or crystalline. When polymers are cooled from the molten state
2. Amorphous or Crystalline Structurally, polymers in the solid state may be amorphous or crystalline. When polymers are cooled from the molten state or concentrated from the solution, molecules are often
Polymers in Modified Asphalt Robert Q. Kluttz KRATON Polymers
Polymers in Modified Asphalt Robert Q. Kluttz KRATON Polymers Polymers in Modified Asphalt Types of Polymers Compatibility of Polymers Effects of Polymers Analysis of polymers Recovery of PMA What Is a
Appendix A: The Names of Polymers and Polymeric Materials
Appendix A: The Names of Polymers and Polymeric Materials Every newcomer to the study of polymers is inevitably troubled by the profusion of names for individual polymer materials. Some of the difficulties
Downloaded from Unit - 15 POLYMERS. Points to Remember
Unit - 15 POLYMERS Points to Remember 1. Polymers are defined as high molecular mass macromolecules which consist of repeating structural units derived from the appropriate monomers. 2. In presence of
Chapter 11. Polymer Structures. Natural vs man-made
. Polymer Structures Polymers: materials consisting of long molecules - the word polymer comes from the Greek Polys = many Meros = parts Macromolecules (long size of the chains) many parts - typically,
Experiment 5. Synthetic Polymers.
Experiment 5. Synthetic Polymers. References: Brown & Foote, Chapters 24 INTRODUCTION: A polymer (Greek: polys + meros = many parts) is a giant or macromolecule made up of repeating structural units. The
Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural
Question 15.1: Explain the terms polymer and monomer. Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural units derived from monomers. Polymers have a high molecular mass (10
Polymers and Composite Materials
Polymers and omposite Materials Shibu G. Pillai hemical Engineering Department shibu.pillai@nirmauni.ac.in ontents lassification of Polymers Types of polymerization Elastomers/ Rubber Advanced Polymeric
The functionality of a monomer is the number of binding sites that is/are present in that monomer.
Question 15.1: Explain the terms polymer and monomer. Polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules composed of repeating structural units derived from monomers. Polymers have a high molecular mass (10
Appendix. o 5. The following data are for use with the programs on the diskette included in this volume. GPC of a Low Molecular We1ght Acryl1c ReS1n
Appendix The following data are for use with the programs on the diskette included in this volume. Normal1zed Detector Response 100 50 ElutlOn Volumes 21 0 GPC of a Low Molecular We1ght Acryl1c ReS1n 33
The vibrational spectroscopy of polymers
D. I. BOWER Reader in Polymer Spectroscopy Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology Department of Physics, University of Leeds W.F. MADDAMS Senior Visiting Fellow Department of
NMR SPECTROSCOPY AND STEREOREGULARITY OF POLYMERS
NMR SPECTROSCOPY AND STEREOREGULARITY OF POLYMERS Kei Matsuzaki, Toshiyuki Uryu, and Tetsuo Asakura with 148 Figures and 80 Tables JAPAN SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES PRESS Tokyo KARGEH Basel-Freiburg-Paris-London-New
Unit - 15 POLYMERS Points to Remember 1. Polymers are defined as high molecular mass macromolecules which consist of repeating structural units derived from the appropriate monomers. 2. In presence of
Keynotes in Organic Chemistry
Keynotes in Organic Chemistry Second Edition ANDREW F. PARSONS Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK Wiley Contents Preface xi 1 Structure and bonding 1 1.1 Ionic versus covalent bonds 1 1.2
Anionic Polymerization - Initiation and Propagation
Anionic Polymerization Initiation and Propagation As in free radical polymerization, there are initiation and propagation steps. NH 2 NaNH 2 Na + + NH 2 + H 2 N CH: Propagation proceeds in the usual manner,
Index. Cationic polymerization alkene monomer, 286
Index A Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics, 44, 179 Active material, 76 Additive lubricant, 85, 287 odorant, 85 pigment, 85 plasticizer, 85 Anionic co, 236, 237, 259, 296, 297 Anionic carbonyl
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Fifth Edition. Stanley H. Pine
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Fifth Edition Stanley H. Pine Professor of Chemistry California State University, Los Angeles McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London
Chapter : 15. POLYMERS. Level-1:Questions
1) What are polymers? Chapter : 15. POLYMERS Level-1:Questions A: These are referred to as Macromolecules which are formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale. 2) Give two examples
POLYMER CHEMISTRY Lecture/Lession Plan -2
Chapter 6 POLYMER CHEMISTRY Lecture/Lession Plan -2 POLYMER CHEMISTRY 6.0.1 Classification on the basis of tactility On the basis of orientation of functional group or side groups throughout the long backbone
COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
COMPOSITE MATERIALS Office ours: Tuesday, 16:30-17:30 akalemtas@mu.edu.tr, akalemtas@gmail.com Phone: +90 252 211 19 17 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department ISSUES TO ADDRESS Polymers Applications
Introduction to Synthetic Methods in Step-Growth Polymers 1.1 INTRODUCTION Historical Perspective Some of the earliest useful polymeric
Synthetics Polymers Introduction to Synthetic Methods in Step-Growth Polymers 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Historical Perspective Some of the earliest useful polymeric materials, the Bakelite resins formed from
(1) (2) (3) (4) Quantity
Chapter 39 In primary form (1) (2) (3) (4) 39.01 Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms. 3901.10 000 - Polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94 kg 20 12 5 0 0 0 3901.20 000 - Polyethylene
KOT 222 Organic Chemistry II
KOT 222 Organic Chemistry II Course Objectives: 1) To introduce the chemistry of alcohols and ethers. 2) To study the chemistry of functional groups. 3) To learn the chemistry of aromatic compounds and
Organic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers
Chapter Organic Chemistry 112 A B C - Syllabus Addendum for Prospective Teachers Ch 1-Structure and bonding Ch 2-Polar covalent bonds: Acids and bases McMurry, J. (2004) Organic Chemistry 6 th Edition
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 14: Polymer Structures. Dr. Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 14: Polymer Structures Dr. Coates 14.1 Introduction Naturally occurring polymers Wood, rubber, cotton, wool, leather, silk Synthetic polymers Plastics,
Top concepts Chapter : Polymers 1. Polymers are high molecular mass substance consisting of large number of repeating structural units. As polymers are single, giant molecules i.e. big size molecules,
POLYMER SCIENCE : lecture 1. Dr. Hanaa J. Alshimary Second class Poly. Eng. Dep. Introduction of Polymers Polymer poly mer Monomer Polymerization
Introduction of Polymers Polymer - The word polymer is the Greek word : poly means many and mer means unit or parts, A Polymer is a large molecule that comprises repeating structural units joined by the
JEFFERSON COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS CHM201 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II. 5 Credit Hours. Prepared by: Richard A. Pierce
JEFFERSON COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS CHM201 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II 5 Credit Hours Prepared by: Richard A. Pierce Revised Date: January 2008 by Ryan H. Groeneman Arts & Science Education Dr. Mindy Selsor, Dean
Periodic table with the elements associated with commercial polymers in color.
Polymers 1. What are polymers 2. Polymerization 3. Structure features of polymers 4. Thermoplastic polymers and thermosetting polymers 5. Additives 6. Polymer crystals 7. Mechanical properties of polymers
A polymer is a very large molecule that is built from monomers. A monomer is one of the repeating units that make up a polymer.
1.8 Polymers The General Structure of Polymers A polymer is a very large molecule that is built from monomers. A monomer is one of the repeating units that make up a polymer. Many biological molecules,
Hyperlearning MCAT Instructor Qualifying Exam Organic Chemistry
Hyperlearning MCAT Instructor Qualifying Exam Organic Chemistry 30 Questions (5 pages); Time limit = 45 minutes Use of books or notes is not permitted. 1. When analyzed with a polarimeter, which of the
Polymers Reactions and Polymers Production (3 rd cycle)
MEQ, MQ, DEQuim, DQuim 2 nd semester 2017/2018, IST-UL Science and Technology of Polymers (2 nd cycle) Polymers Reactions and Polymers Production (3 rd cycle) Lecture 1 Block 1 Fundamentals of Macromolecular
Materials of Engineering ENGR 151 POLYMER STRUCTURES
Materials of Engineering ENGR 151 POLYMER STRUCTURES LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand different molecular and crystal structures of polymers What are the general structural and chemical characteristics of
P O L Y M E R S. The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 106, Page 1 of 25
P O L Y M E R S The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 106, Page 1 of 25 POLYMERS Polymers are large, long-chain molecules. found in nature, including cellulose in plants, starches
SUBJECT: Polymer Chemistry. STAFF NAME: DrA.Vijayabalan and S.Immanuel. UNIT-I (Part-A)
SUBJECT: Polymer Chemistry SUB.CODE: ECH618 STAFF NAME: DrA.Vijayabalan and S.Immanuel UNIT-I (Part-A) 1. Polymers are obtained by which of the following polymerization reaction. (a) Addition (c) Both
POLYMERS: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF MODERN MATERIALS
POLYMERS: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF MODERN MATERIALS THIRD EDITION J.M.G. COWIE Heriot-Watt University Scotland,UK VALERIA ARRIGHI Heriot-Watt University Scotland,UK Contents Preface The Authors xv xvii
SCH4U Synthesis and Polymers. Synthesis Reactions and Addition and Condensation Polymers
SCH4U Synthesis and Polymers Synthesis Reactions and Addition and Condensation Polymers ADDITION POLYMERS ADDITION POLYMERS A + A + A + A A A A A monomers polymer + + + ethylene (ethene) polyethylene
September [KV 804] Sub. Code: 3804
![September [KV 804] Sub. Code: 3804](/thumbs/89/97855699.jpg "September [KV 804] Sub. Code: 3804")
September 2009 [KV 804] Sub. Code: 3804 (Regulations 2008-2009) (Candidates admitted from 2008-2009 onwards) Paper IV PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Time : Three hours Maximum : 70 marks Answer All questions
Polypropylene. Monomer. mer
Polymer Polymer: Maromolecule built-up by the linking together of a large no. of small molecules Ex. Nucleic acid, paper, bakelite,pvc Monomer: The small molecule which combine with each other Mer: The
Lecture 4 Chapter 13 - Polymers. Functional Groups Condensation Rxns Free Radical Rxns
Lecture 4 Chapter 13 - Polymers Functional Groups Condensation Rxns Free Radical Rxns Chemistry the whole year on one page Last semester Basic atomic theory Stoichiometry, balancing reactions Thermodynamics
Hydrocarbon Molecules Polymer Molecules The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules
CHAPTER 14 POLYMER STRUCTURES PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Hydrocarbon Molecules Polymer Molecules The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 14.1 On the basis of the structures presented in this chapter, sketch repeat unit
CHEMISTRY. Organic Polymer [Macromoleculers] weight and are made up of a great many simpler units identical to each other
![CHEMISTRY. Organic Polymer [Macromoleculers] weight and are made up of a great many simpler units identical to each other](/thumbs/91/105614595.jpg "CHEMISTRY. Organic Polymer [Macromoleculers] weight and are made up of a great many simpler units identical to each other")
1 EMISTRY rganic Polymer [Macromoleculers] By Dr. B.. Dixit. Definitions : (a) Monomer : The individual small molecules from which the polymer is formed are known as monomers. (b) Polymer : Polymers are
UNIT 4 REVISION CHECKLIST CHEM 4 AS Chemistry
UNIT 4 REVISION CHECKLIST CHEM 4 AS Chemistry Topic 4.1 Kinetics a) Define the terms: rate of a reaction, rate constant, order of reaction and overall order of reaction b) Deduce the orders of reaction
ADVANCED CHEMISTRY 2
ADVANCED CHEMISTRY 2 Philip Matthews ±m±l CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Acknowledgements How to use this book INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 88 Periodicity of physical properties 88.1 Periodicity of ionisation energies
Name Date Class. aryl halides substitution reaction
23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Section Review Objectives Explain how organic compounds are classified Identify the IUPAC rules for naming halocarbons Describe how halocarbons can be prepared Vocabulary
Polymeric Materials. Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng.
Polymeric Materials Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaen Saen Campus, Nakorn Phathom, 73140 Thailand. Introduction Material
Introduction to Polymerization Processes
Introduction to Polymerization Processes Reference: Aspen Polymers: Unit Operations and Reaction Models, Aspen Technology, Inc., 2013. 1- Polymer Definition A polymer is a macromolecule made up of many
Introduction to Macromolecular Chemistry
Introduction to Macromolecular Chemistry aka polymer chemistry Mondays, 8.15-9.45 am except for the following dates: 01.+29.05, 05.+12.06., 03.07. Dr. Christian Merten, Ruhr-Uni Bochum, 2017 www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/chirality
JEFFERSON COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS CHM201 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II. 5 Credit Hours. Prepared by: Richard A. Pierce. Revised by: Sean Birke October, 2013
JEFFERSON COLLEGE COURSE SYLLABUS CHM201 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II 5 Credit Hours Prepared by: Richard A. Pierce Revised by: Sean Birke October, 2013 Ms. Linda Abernathy, Math, Science & Business Division Chair
Exam 1 (Monday, July 6, 2015)
Chem 231 Summer 2015 Assigned Homework Problems Last updated: Friday, July 24, 2015 Problems Assigned from Essential Organic Chemistry, 2 nd Edition, Paula Yurkanis Bruice, Prentice Hall, New York, NY,
A. Loupy, B.Tchoubar. Salt Effects in Organic and Organometallic Chemistry
A. Loupy, B.Tchoubar Salt Effects in Organic and Organometallic Chemistry 1 Introduction - Classification of Specific Salt Effects 1 1.1 Specific Salt Effects Involving the Salt's Lewis Acid or Base Character
Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy Used to identify organic compounds IR spectroscopy provides a 100% identification if the spectrum is matched. If not, IR at least provides information about the types
Basic Principles of Polymer Chemistry (Part I - Chapter 1 in Stevens) 1. Polymer derives from Greek terms Polymer = poly + mer
Chemistry 5861 - Polymer Chemistry 1 Basic Principles of Polymer Chemistry (Part I - Chapter 1 in Stevens) 1 I Polymer Age A) Classes of Molecules Polymer derives from Greek terms Polymer = poly + mer
Crosslinking and Scission
Radiation Effects on Polymeric Systems Crosslinking and Scission Both crosslinking and scission occur on irradiation of polymers; however, their relative importance varies from polymer to polymer Predominant
EL 3004 Material Biomedika Bab 22-23
BAB 22 EL 3004 Material Biomedika Bab 22-23 POLYMERS [Adopsi dari: Zbigniew D Jastrzebski, The Nature And Properties of Engineering Materials, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-63693-2, 1987, CHAPTER 10.]
Downloaded from Polymer. (one mark questions Q1 to Q20)
Polymer (one mark questions Q1 to Q20) Q1.Give the name and structure of reagent used for initiating a free radical chain reaction. Ans: Name- benzoylperoxide,c 6H 5-CO-O-O-CO-H 5C 6 Q2.Classify them as
HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY
HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY George A. Olah Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Ärpäd Molnär Department of Organic Chemistry
Ahmet Gürses. Introduction to Polymer Clay Nanocomposites
Ahmet Gürses Introduction to Polymer Clay Nanocomposites Introduction to Polymer Clay Nanocomposites Introduction to Polymer Clay Nanocomposites Ahmet Gürses Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte.
12/27/2010. Chapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Arene (Ar-H) is the generic term for an aromatic hydrocarbon The aryl group (Ar) is derived by removal of a hydrogen atom
Chapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 15 1 Chapter 15 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Arene (Ar-H) is the generic term for an aromatic hydrocarbon The aryl group (Ar) is derived by removal of a hydrogen
Liquid Crystal. Liquid Crystal. Liquid Crystal Polymers. Liquid Crystal. Orientation of molecules in the mesophase
Liquid Crystal - Liquid crystals (LCs) are a state of matter that have properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal. (Fourth state of matter) Liquid Crystal Orientation
Detailed Course Content
Detailed Course Content Chapter 1: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds The Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry 4 Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule 6 Lewis Structures 8 Formal Charge 11 Resonance 14 Quantum
Polymers. Steep Slope = 3/5 : Self-Avoiding Walk (Polymer Solution) Shallow Slope = 1/2 : Gaussian Random Walk (Polymer Melt)
Polymers 1 Polymers Steep Slope = 3/5 : Self-Avoiding Walk (Polymer Solution) Shallow Slope = 1/2 : Gaussian Random Walk (Polymer Melt) 2 If we consider a series of chains = 0 Except when i = j, and
Thermoplastic. Condensation. Homopolymer. Polymer POLYMERS. Synthetic. Natural. Addition. Copolymer. Polymer. Thermosetting
Thermoplastic Homopolymer Condensation Polymer Natural POLYMERS Synthetic Addition Polymer Copolymer Thermosetting Polymers are very large covalent molecular substances containing tens of thousands of
A Technical Whitepaper Polymer Technology in the Coating Industry. By Donald J. Keehan Advanced Polymer Coatings Avon, Ohio, USA
A Technical Whitepaper Polymer Technology in the Coating Industry By Donald J. Keehan Advanced Polymer Coatings Avon, Ohio, USA INTRODUCTION Polymer Technology in the Coating Industry To properly understand
POLYMERS: MACROMOLECULES
C21 11/08/2013 16:8:37 Page 311 CHAPTER 21 POLYMERS: MACROMOLECULES SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. An addition polymer is one that is produced by the successive addition of repeating monomer molecules.
Chemistry Class 12 th NCERT Solutions
This e-book is prepared by the CBSE board exam experts of jagranjosh.com, an online educational portal of Dainik Jagran. The purpose of providing solutions for CBSE class 12 th Science and Mathematics
Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The
Module9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy - Chemical shift - Integration of signal area
1 CHEMISTRY 263 HOME WORK Lecture Topics: Module7. Hydrogenation of Alkenes The Function of the Catalyst - Syn and anti- addition Hydrogenation of Alkynes - Syn- addition of hydrogen: Synthesis of cis-alkenes
Lecture 25 POLYMERS. April 19, Chemistry 328N
Lecture 25 POLYMERS Wallace Carothers April 19, 2016 Paul Flory Wallace Hume Carothers 1896-1937 Carothers at Dupont 1.Commercializion of Nylon https://www.chemheritage.org/ Nylon was first used for fishing
Organic Chemistry of Drug Degradation
Organic Chemistry of Drug Degradation Li New Jersey Email: minli88@yahoo.com Publishing Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Drug Impurities, and the Importance of Understanding Drug Chemistry 1 Characteristics
Organic Chemistry Curriculum Content Outline
Organic Chemistry 2014-15 Curriculum Content Outline CHEM 0203: Organic Structure and Reactivity 1. Structure & Bonding (Brief Review from General Chemistry) a. Ionic & Covalent Bonding b. Lewis Structures
Solution problem 22: Non-Benzoid Aromatic Sytems
Solution problem 22: on-enzoid Aromatic Sytems 22.1 & 22.2 Each double bond and each heteroatom (, ) with lone pairs donates 2 π- electrons as well as a negative charge. oron or a positive charge does
Dr. Dina akhotmah-232 1
Dr. Dina akhotmah-232 1 Chemistry of polyfunction 1. Types of carbon atom Dr. Dina akhotmah-232 2 Classification of multiple bonds of polyunsaturated compounds Dr. Dina akhotmah-232 3 Organic chemistry,
Category Major Groups Products
Polyester Filament Yarn 1562.48 1803.873 1874.268 1877.529 1811.283 2178.749 2179 2200.91 1127.08 Nylon Filament Yarn (NFY) 30.306 33.429 30.388 21.943 24.324 32.449 37.251 40.906 19.373 Nylon Industrial
II. Submolecular Structure Chapter Chemical Composition
II. Submolecular Structure Chapter 2. 2. Chemical Composition Chemical Composition atoms (elements) functional groups impurities additives (Table 2.1) 2-1. Chemical composition (atoms & functional groups)
Photoinitiation, Photopolymerization, and Photocuring
Jean-Pierre Fouassier Photoinitiation, Photopolymerization, and Photocuring Fundamentals and Applications Hanser Publishers, Munich Vienna New York Hanser/Gardner Publications, Inc., Cincinnati Contents
An alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group.
Derivatives of Hydrocarbons A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions. All other organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (i.e.,
Alkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone.
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes: Often called by their common names instead of IUPAC names. Ketones: Derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded
CHEMICAL KINETICS C.H. BAMFORD C.F.H. TIPPER WSSSKUH EDITED BY
CHEMICAL KINETICS EDITED BY C.H. BAMFORD M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D. (Cantab.), F.R.I.C., F.R.S. Campbell-Brown Professor of Industrial Chemistry, Uniuersity of Liverpool AND C.F.H. TIPPER Ph.D. (Bristol), D.Sc.
Name Date Class FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. SECTION 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (pages )
Name Date lass 23 FUNTINAL GRUPS SETIN 23.1 INTRDUTIN T FUNTINAL GRUPS (pages 725 729 This section defines a functional group and gives several examples. It also describes halocarbons and the substitution
Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes APTER SUMMARY Addition is the characteristic reaction of alkenes and alkynes. Since the carbons of a double or triple bond do not have the maximum number
The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry By Ball, Hill and Scott Download PDF at https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=40 Page 5 Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Measurement
Common Keyword Catalog for Wiley Polymer Journals Revised January 2004
Common Keyword Catalog for Wiley Polymer Journals Revised January 2004 activation energy addition polymerization additives adhesion adhesives adsorption ageing alloys amorphous amphiphiles anionic polymerization
III. Molecular Structure Chapter Molecular Size Size & Shape
III. Molecular Structure Chapter 3. 3. Molecular Size Size & Shape Molecular Structure (1)Molecular Size & Shape Size : molecular weight molecular weight distribution Shape : branching (2) Molecular Flexibility
CHEMISTRY 263 HOME WORK
Lecture Topics: CHEMISTRY 263 HOME WORK Module7: Hydrogenation of Alkenes Hydrogenation - syn and anti- addition - hydrogenation of alkynes - synthesis of cis-alkenes -synthesis of trans-alkenes Text sections:
SYLLABUS OF THE CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS ( ) CLASS-XII
Experiment 1. SYLLABUS OF THE CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS (28-19) CLASS-XII Qualitative analysis: To analyze the given salt for acidic and basic radicals. (08 marks) Experiment 2. Volumetric analysis: (08 marks)
Chemistry Notes. Daniel P
Chemistry Notes Daniel P Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Production of Materials 4 2.1 Ethylene and its Uses...................................... 4 1. Chemical Equations...................................
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE. B. C. Trivedi. B. M. Culbertson Ashland Chemical Company Dublin, Ohio. and SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE B. C. Trivedi and B. M. Culbertson Ashland Chemical Company Dublin, Ohio SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Trivedi, B. C. Maleic anhydride. Library of Congress Cataloging