Study Guide for Bio101 Lecture Exam 1

Transcription

1 Study Guide for Bio101 Lecture Exam 1 Please note that this study guide is a listing of objectives that you are required to master for this course. However, items mentioned in class or in laboratory as being important for you to know may also appear on the exams. **This is NOT a legal contract it is a STUDY GUIDE designed to help you focus your study efforts. This exam will cover Marieb s Chapters 1, 2, and 3, and Lectures 1-6. This exam is worth 100 points. The 50 questions on this exam may be multiple choice, true-false, or matching questions. Some bonus questions will be given. Bonus questions can come from ANY of the material in this study guide, and are usually short answer type questions and typically worth about 5 points. RESOURCES YOU MAY WANT TO USE TO AID YOUR UNDERSTANDING: 1. Study aids and quizzes on the Mastering A&P Web site. 2. 'Links to Explore' (if any) in the Supporting Materials column of the Lecture materials for each lecture. **INFORMATION IN SQUARE BRACKETS [ ] IS OPTIONAL MATERIAL AND WILL NOT BE TESTED ON THE MAIN BODY OF THE EXAMS, BUT MAY BE ASKED IN THE BONUS QUESTIONS. Chapter 1 (The Human Body: An Orientation) - Lecture 1 1. What is the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy? How does histology differ from cytology? 2. List the eleven organ systems and name at least one function for each of them. 3. Serous membranes a. Describe the structure, location, and purpose of serous membranes in the body b. Correctly label/identify the serous membranes given a transverse section of the abdomen or thorax (See slides 29 and 30 from Lecture 1 slides). 4. List the major organs contained in the membrane-bound body cavities, and state which body system (cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive) the organs are part of. 5. Define the mediastinum. How does the mediastinum differ from body cavities?

2 6. Homeostasis a. Define homeostasis. b. Describe the components that homeostasis needs to operate. c. Identify/compare the two major types of feedback mechanisms that function to maintain homeostasis. d. Provide an example of a negative and positive feedback loop and describe the body system(s) used in your examples. Chapter 2 (Chemistry Comes Alive) Lectures Atomic number and atomic mass 2. Ions a. Define atomic number and atomic mass number (weight) b. Identify an element s atomic number/weight when given a chemical symbol with the appropriate subscript/superscript notation. c. Given an atom's atomic number and/or atomic weight, calculate the number of protons/neutrons/electrons contained in the atom. d. Relate the atomic number to an atom's valence (number of outer shell electrons) and its ability to form chemical bonds. For example, if given an element and its atomic number, you should be able to state how many valence electrons it has, and what type of bond it s likely to form, based on its valence. a. Define the term ion. b. Explain how ions form. c. State the terms used to describe positively or negatively charged ions. 3. Isotopes a. Explain what an isotope of an element is. b. Calculate the number of subatomic particles (electrons, protons, neutrons) in an isotope given its atomic weight and atomic number. 4. List the most common elements in the human body (the ones that constitute 96% of body weight). 5. Define the different types of biologically important bonds discussed in lecture. 6. Chemical reactions a. List the general types of chemical reactions b. State whether each type of reaction is anabolic or catabolic c. State whether a type of chemical reaction requires or releases energy. (How does energy relate to the terms anabolic or catabolic?)

3 7. Define equilibrium 8. Define the terms acid, base, and electrolyte 9. ph and solutions a. Define ph; as ph goes up/down, what happens to [H + ]? b. For every jump of 1 unit on the ph scale, how much does [H + ] change? c. List normal values (the average and the range) for human blood plasma ph. Is the average human plasma ph acidic, basic, or neutral? d. Define the following terms: solute, solvent, mole, molarity. If the molarity of a solution increases is that solution more, or less, concentrated? 10. Macromolecules and Organic/Biochemistry - Define the general components, structure, and functions of a. Carbohydrates ii) Which sugars are mono-, di-, and polysaccharides? iii) Which polysaccharide is used for energy storage in humans? In what organs is this form of energy mainly stored? b. Lipids (including neutral fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol/steroids) of each type ii) Which fats are found in adipose tissue? In Cell membranes? In Hormones? c. Proteins ii) Levels of structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) iii) Name of bonds between building blocks iv) What are di-, tri-, and polypeptides? How are they different from proteins? d. Nucleic acids ii) Where are nucleic acids found? 11. Enzymes a. Define the term enzyme, provide the names for the parts of an enzyme that help it function, and explain in general what enzymes do in the cell. b. State the major molecular mechanism by which enzymes work. c. What factors regulate enzyme activity? d. What are cofactors and coenzymes? 12. ATP a. List/identify the structural components of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). b. Write the chemical reaction by which ATP formed and broken down in the cell c. Explain why ATP is an energetically valuable molecule for metabolism in the cell.

4 NOTE: You will NOT be responsible for chemical structures except as indicated in class. However, you will be expected to know the names of the components ('building blocks') that comprise each type of macromolecule, e.g., proteins are composed of amino acids, etc. Chapter 3 (Cells: The Living Units, Part I) - Lecture 5 1. Diagram/label the structure of the cell membrane and explain how its structure relates to the selective permeability of hydrophobic (non-polar) and hydrophilic (polar) molecules. What substances can pass easily through the cell membrane, and which cannot? For those that can t, how do they get from one side of the membrane to the other? 2. Transport processes in the cell a. Define/explain each of the following processes: i. Simple diffusion ii. Facilitated diffusion iii. Osmosis iv. Active transport b. For each of the transport processes, explain how each process differs from the others in terms of (see summary table at end of the slides for this lecture): i) energy use ii) direction of flow of solute or solvent molecules. 3. Tonicity (Understanding required!) a. Define tonicity and its various states (isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic). b. Explain the effect seen, i.e., how water moves, when a cell (isotonic) is placed in each of the different types of solutions. Why does this happen? c. State the percent (%) concentrations of isotonic NaCl and glucose (dextrose). It may help to complete the Osmolarity Study Guide available on the GSerianne.com Web Site for this course. 4. Define phago- and pinocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis. (See summary table at end of the slides for this lecture.) 5. List/identify the function of the major cellular organelles and cellular structures listed in the summary tables for this Lecture and in your Exam 1 Review slides. Chapter 3 (Cells: The Living Units, Part II) - Lecture 6 NOTE: This Lecture's material will be tested as a TAKE-HOME TEST and will count as 20% of your Lecture 1 exam grade. The material tested on the Lecture 1 Exam in class will count for 80% of your Lecture 1 Exam grade. The Take-Home Test will be posted online. 1. Describe the anatomical structure of mitochondria and relate the structure to their function in cellular respiration.

5 2. Define the terms: aerobic and anaerobic, anabolism (anabolic), catabolism (catabolic), and metabolism. 3. Name the two different reaction sequences of cellular respiration that are carried out inside the mitochondria of the cell. Is each of these processes aerobic or anaerobic? 4. What is the purpose of NAD + and FAD in cellular metabolism? 5. For glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain be able to describe/explain/list (see the summary table at the end of the slides for this lecture): a. the name (or names) of the process b. where in the cell the process takes place c. the starting materials that enter the process d. the basics of what goes on in each process e. what products (not the numbers) are produced from each process f. the processing of pyruvate in the presence or absence of O 2. g. What are three different names for the production of ATP by the electron transport system/chain? 6. Which set of metabolic reactions you summarized above generates the most ATP? Where do these reactions take place? What do these reactions require in order to function? 7. Name the parts of the cell nucleus and state the function of each part. 8. Cell Cycle a. Identify the parts of the cell cycle, and whether each is a part of mitosis or interphase. b. State briefly what occurs in each stage of the cell cycle. c. Explain why cells need controls on the cell cycle, and name at least three of these controls. 9. Mitosis a. What is the purpose of mitosis (think about what is the end result of the process)? b. In order, what are the phases of mitosis. c. Identify the mitotic phase of a cell given a photograph. d. What are sister chromatids? By what structure are they joined together? 10. Meiosis a. What is the purpose of meiosis (think about what is the end result of the process)? b. Name the cells/cell types in the body undergo meiosis? c. What is the purpose of chromosomal crossing-over in meiosis? 11. Cell Death a. List the two major ways in which cell death can occur. b. Explain the different outcomes that occur as a result of each of these cellular death processes. 12. Define: i) stem cell ii) progenitor cell