20.2. Oxidation Numbers
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2 20.2 Oxidation Numbers When aluminum or magnesium powder in fireworks are heated to high temperatures in the explosion, they burn with an intense white light. As elements burn, their oxidation numbers change. You will learn about how oxidation and reduction are defined in terms of a change in oxidation number. 2 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
3 Determine the oxidation number of any element in a pure substance. Learn rules for assigning oxidation numbers on page 639. Identify atoms being oxidized or reduced in redox reactions by analyzing their change in oxidation number. 3 of 28
4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Reactions that involve the transfer of ELECTRONS Whenever there is an oxidation reaction there is also a reduction reaction: one s loss is the other s gain (of electrons) Partial losses or gains of electrons count as redox reactions: 4 of 28
5 Oxidation number A positive or negative # assigned to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation(= to its ionic charge or.. ) The charge the atom would have if the electrons in a polar covalent bond were given to the more electronegative atom Written ABOVE each element Example H 2 O 5 of 28
6 20.2 Oxidation Numbers > Assigning Oxidation Numbers The oxidation number of any element in the free or uncombined state is zero. 6 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
7 Assigning oxidation numbers 1. The oxidation number of an ion is equal to the charge of the ion: Br 1 - = -1, Iron III = The oxidation number of hydrogen is almost always The oxidation number of oxygen is almost always -2 7 of 28
8 4. The oxidation number of an uncombined element is zero: potassium metal, K = 0 nitrogen gas N2 = 0 5. For any neutral compound, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in the compound must equal zero 8 of 28
9 6. For a polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers must equal the charge of the ion 9 of 28
10 7. Others: Many elements can have several different oxidation # s Use the rules above to figure these out 10 of 28
11 20.2 Oxidation Numbers > Assigning Oxidation Numbers K 2 CrO 4 Cr oxidation number = +6 Cr 2 O 3 Cr oxidation number = of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12 Practice What is the oxidation number of each element in the compound SO 2 12 of 28
13 What is the oxidation number of each element in the compound 13 of 28
14 What is the oxidation number of each element in the compound 14 of 28
15 What is the oxidation number of each element in the compound 15 of 28
16 Oxidation number changes The increase of an oxidation number signifies oxidation The decrease of an oxidation number signifies a reduction 16 of 28
17 20.2 Oxidation Numbers > Oxidation-Number Changes in Chemical Reactions 17 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18 Which element is oxidized in the following reaction? Which element is reduced in the following reaction? 18 of 28
19 Assign oxidation numbers to the elements in the following reaction and determine which is oxidized and which is reduced. chlorine is reduced, bromine is oxidized 19 of 28
20 20.2 Oxidation Numbers > Oxidation-Number Changes in Chemical Reactions When an iron nail is placed in a copper(ii) sulfate solution, the iron reduces Cu 2+ ions in solution and is simultaneously oxidized to Fe 2+ The iron becomes coated with metallic copper. 20 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
21 Assign oxidation numbers to the elements in the following reaction and determine which is oxidized and which is reduced. carbon is oxidized, oxygen is reduced 21 of 28
22 Assign oxidation numbers to the elements in the following reaction and determine which is oxidized and which is reduced aluminum is oxidized, chlorine is reduced 22 of 28
23 Assign oxidation numbers to the elements in the following reaction and determine which is oxidized and which is reduced hydrogen is oxidized (the reducing agent) oxygen is reduced (the oxidizing agent 23 of 28
24 20.2 Section Quiz. Which of the following oxidation numbers is INCORRECT? A. ClO 3 ; Cl +5, O 2 B. SO 3 2 ; S +4, O 2 C. H 2 O 2 ; H +1, O 1 D. Ca(ClO) 2 ; Ca +2, Cl +2, O 2 24 of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
25 20.2 Section Quiz. What is the oxidation number of Co in CoCl 6 3? A. 3 B. 6 C. +9 D of 28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
26 20.2 Section Quiz. In the reaction: PbO 2 (aq) + 4HBr(aq) PbBr 2 (aq) + Br 2 (l) + 2H 2 O(l) which element has the greatest change in oxidation number? A. hydrogen B. oxygen C. bromine D. lead Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26 of 28
27 CONGRATULATIONS!!!! NO MORE NEW NOTES FOR CHEMISTRY 27 of 28
28 Section Review 20.2 Acid and Base Review WS Begin studying for finals Ch 19 & 20 Test Wed 28 of 28
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