Section Practice Exam II Solutions
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1 Paul Bracher Chem 30 Section 7 Section Practice Exam II s Whether problems old r problems new, You d better practice, r you ll fail exam II. -- Anonymous TF Problem 1 a) Rank the following series of electrophiles in order of decreasing reactivity towards methylmagnesium bromide. Et Br b) Rank this series of electrophiles in order of decreasing reactivity towards sodium borohydride c) Rank this series of nucleophilic reagents in order of decreasing reactivity towards acetone. Li Zn MgBr ab 3 C LiAl 4 ab
2 Problem 2 (Problem Set #2, 1999). Provide a mechanism for the following reaction. 1) excess 3 P C 2 2) + / 2 workup 3 P C 2 3 P C 2 3 P C 2 3 P P 3 3 P When a problem says excess, you will probably have to use more than one equivalent of that reagent. 2
3 Problem 3 (Problem Set #3, 1999). Compound A reacts with methylamine considerably faster than compound B. Provide an explanation for this observation. A B Recall that both oxygen atoms in carboxylic acids and esters are sp 2 hybridized (see section handout if you ve forgotten why). The σ bonds in compound B are able to rotate, and one conformation allows for overlap between the n (filled) and σ* C (empty) orbitals. This is a stabilizing interaction. In compound A, the lone pair is held n σ* outward, preventing this interaction. Since we would expect the energetic considerations associated with the nucleophilic attack to be A B similar for both ester compounds, compound B will react more slowly because of its extra stability. More precisely, the energy of the transition states will be similar because they are both alkyl esters, but the activation energy for B will be greater because its ground state is lowerin-energy. Another way to look at the situation is that donating electron density into the σ* C of B will raise the energy of the orbital, widening the M-LUM gap with the lone pair of methylamine and slowing the reaction. Problem 4 (Problem Set #3, 2000). Provide an explanation for the following observed trend in the rate of hydrolysis of aryl diethyl acetals. + / 2 log k Me 2.66 Me The rate determining step of this reaction should be the acid-catalyzed loss of ethanol: + Et Thus, we would expect groups that stabilize the generation of the positive charge to speed the reaction. This hypothesis is supported by the data for = 2 and =Me. The nitro group is electron withdrawing and will destabilize the carbocation, explaining why it slows the reaction. The electron donating methyl group will help to stabilize the carbocation, explaining why the reaction is faster for =Me versus =. In the case of =Me, the inductive effect (oxygen is electronegative and electron withdrawing) appears to predominate over the resonance effect. This is easily explained by the substituent being meta to the carbocation if it were oriented ortho or para, then we would expect considerable stabilization by a resonance effect (convince yourself with resonance structures drawn from pushing arrows ). 3
4 Problem 5 (based on Problem Set #3, 1999). Provide an efficient synthesis of compound C using starting materials containing no more than four carbon atoms. C Strategy: 1) ote that the compound is symmetric. This suggests a cyclic precursor. 2) The fact that there are six carbons in the chain suggests a six-membered ring. 3) We are allowed to use any starting material with fewer than four carbons. We can make six-membered rings from [4+2] cycloadditions 1) 3 + 2) C 2 2, a C DCC As an alternate last step, you could use S 2 to create the acid halide then subsequently react with ethyl methyl amine to yield the amide C 4
5 Problem 6 Provide a mechanism for the following transformation. t-bu heat S t-bu Ts Ts 3 C C 3 + C C Ts Ts + transfer transfer Ts transfer Tert-butyl esters are not very electrophilic in fact, they are considered protected carboxylic acids. Your mechanism is wrong if you attack the carbonyl group before deprotecting. 5
6 Problem 7 (A section problem repeat originally from the Fall 2003 Chem 30 Exam III Review Session). The amine below undergoes the following reaction when treated with sodium nitrite in the presence of acid. 2 a2 C Ac / 2 a) Provide an arrow formalism mechanism for this transformation Ac 3 C C 3 stepwise + transfer 2 Ac 2 Ac Ac 2 C Ac It is also acceptable to dehydrate prior to nucleophilic attack to generate + b) Draw a ewman projection showing the orbitals that interact in the step where the nitrogen atom attached to the ring is lost. σ σ* C-C C- The nitrogen leaving group and the shifting carbon bond are oriented antiperiplanar 6
7 Problem 8 Provide an asymmetric synthesis of the compound below using the two indicated starting materials and any inorganic reagents that meet your fancy. Me MgBr Me & MgBr Me Zn 2 Me Zn Me Zn(B 4 ) 2 Me Cs 2 C 3 Me ote that converting the Grignard reagent to the alkylzinc reagent saves you multiple steps by not having to worry about the increased reactivity of acid chlorides and by saving an oxidation step. 7
8 Problem 9 James Johnson and coworkers at Texas Woman's University recently studied the hydrolysis of -methylbenzohydroximoyl chlorides. C C 1 Johnson. J rg. Chem. 1996, 61, 45. a) The rate of this reaction increases when becomes more electron donating (the slope of the ammett plot is negative and large). Propose an "arrow pushing" mechanism that is consistent with this observation. C 3 + C C 3 2 C xfer C 3 ote that because the slope of the ammett plot is negative and large, the mechaism is expected to have a positively charged intermediate conjugated with the substituent π system. An alternative mechanism involving attack of the imine by water would generate a negatively charged intermediate, which is inconsistent with the experimental observations 3 C B b) The (Z)-isomer of 1 is about two orders of magnitude more reactive towards hydrolysis than the (E)-isomer. Drawing on your knowledge of molecular orbital theory, provide an explanation for this observation. 3 C C 3 3 C nonbonding orbital σ* orbital (Z)-1 (more reactive) (E)-1 The increased reactivity can be attributed to a stereoelectronic effect. In the Z-isomer, the lone pair on nitrogen is aligned to donate electron density into the empty C- σ* orbital. This weakens the C- bond, thus increasing the rate of hydrolysis. 8
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