Chapter 2: ATOMS. Outline of today s class:
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1 Chapter 2: ATOMS Outline of today s class: The atomic idea (example for the significance of modern physics) Chemical elements, molecules, periodic table Temperature/warmth Units & powers of ten Examples of chemical reactions
2 Can you split an atom ( átomos indivisible)? (a)yes (b) No Yes - removing negatively charged electron(s) from the positively charged nuclei is referred to as ionization. An atom is mostly empty space. (a) True (b) False True atomic nuclei are typically 10,000 (10 4 ) times smaller than atoms (and yet the nuclei contain >99% of the atomic mass, i.e. are extremely dense!)
3 Chapter 2: ATOMS átomos indivisible well, in the end our atom is quite divisible - electrons & nuclei (protons & neutrons, themselves composed of quarks ) In fact, atoms are mostly empty space! (see later) Important: little particles in perpetual motion See the class homepage for more from Feynman.
4 pollen grains jiggle perpetually in room temperature water Brownian Motion Viewed through a microscope why are they jiggling??? /brownian/brownian.html
5 (With the naked eye!) Relevant terms in connection with atoms: (chemical) element atom is the smallest particle; atomic #; molecule; chemical compound; Periodic table Perhaps surprising: Many (in fact, most!) types of atoms are unstable. Their nucleus decays into other nuclei & particles, called radioactivity (chapter 14).
6 H 2 gas H 2 O (liquid) Air He O 2 & N 2 gas
7
8 Concept Check 6 The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is (a) CaO; (b) Ca 2 O; (c) CO; (d) CO 2 ; (e) C 2 O Atomic theory links macroscopic & microscopic world. Macroscopic states of matter: solid liquid gas (& some exotics)
9 Important concept: Temperature (warmth) = Thermal Motion (random, disorganized, molecular motion) Don t mix up temperature & pressure! (pressure is a force more on forces soon) Demos: Balloon expanding Squirt perfume
10 Units important in physics since we re dealing with measuring quantities. m(eters), g(rams), s(econds), and powers thereof such as km, kg, ns, etc. Powers of 10 ( scientific notation ): Familiar? Why useful? Need examples? Omission in book: 10 0 = 1
11 Worth remembering: atoms are tiny! ~10-10 m(1/10 of 1 nm) Remarkable: nowadays possible to see individual atoms! (see p. 43 on scanning microscopes) Field emission demo Corollary: given their smallness there are lots of them in even a small chunk of matter 1 liter of air ~10 22 molecules! (air: ~80% N 2, ~20% O 2, traces of other stuff)
12 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Invented in the early 1980s kiel.de/surface/ag berndt/mikro/images/stm 320.jpg Electrons moving across a very narrow gap onto a very sharp tip.
13 STM can be used to build fun things one atom at a time Iron atoms on copper crystal
14 A couple important chemical reactions (2.8): (atoms & molecules do matter!) Methane (natural gas) burning: CH O 2 CO H 2 O Photosynthesis: 6 CO H 2 O + solar energy C 6 H 12 O O 2 (glucose) Crucial implication: nearly all of our oxygen comes from plants via photosynthesis! Note: This is the inverse of metabolism in your body, whereby the burning of glucose/sugar gives you energy.
15 Conceptual Exercises: 6. How many atoms in C 2 H 5 OH?
16 Conceptual Exercises: 6. How many atoms in C 2 H 5 OH? A: = A pure chemical substance A can be decomposed into two pure substances B and C. Must B and C be elements? Must they be compounds? Must A be a compound?
17 Conceptual Exercises: 6. How many atoms in C 2 H 5 OH? A: = A pure chemical substance A can be decomposed into two pure substances B and C. Must B and C be elements? Must they be compounds? Must A be a compound? A: B & C could be compounds. Example: H 2 SO 4 H 2 + SO 4. But B & C could also be elements. Example: HCl H + Cl. On the other hand, A must clearly be a compound. 24. Why is it difficult to remove the lid from a vacuum-sealed jar? A: Outside air pushes down on lid more strongly than inside air pushes up. Air pressure holds lid on the jar.
18 26. Air pressure in a tire increases as you add air or as you warm it. Why?
19 26. Air pressure in a tire increases as you add air or as you warm it. Why? A: With more air, the air molecules will hit the inside of the tire more often. With hotter air, they ll hit harder. 38. Average atomic weight in your body ~10-26 kg. About how many atoms in your body?
20 26. Air pressure in a tire increases as you add air or as you warm it. Why? A: With more air, the air molecules will hit the inside of the tire more often. With hotter air, they ll hit harder. 38. Average atomic weight in your body ~10-26 kg. About how many atoms in your body? A: Assume ~75 kg body weight. Therefore about 75/10-26 atoms, or 7.5 x That s a lot! 45. No nitrogen in gasoline. So where does the NO x pollutant in car exhaust come from? A: From the atmosphere, i.e. air, which contains a lot of N 2. At the high engine temperatures N and O combine chemically.
Chapter 2: ATOMS. Outline of today s class:
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