Chapter 1. Introduction to Nanoparticle Technology. Nanoparticles the small particles with a big future.
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1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Nanoparticle Technology Nanoparticles the small particles with a big future.
2 1.1 Definitions Definition by size - Particles having sizes less than 0.1µm (100nm) 1 st generation nanoparticles: <100nm 2 nd generation nanoparticles: <10nm - Lower limit of nanoparticles: ~1nm *Other names of nanoparticles - ultrafine particles, clusters, nanocrystals, quantum dots cf. colloids, aerosols, hydrosols, organosols.. Size Ranges of Particle - Coarse particles : >10µm - Fine particles : ~1 µm - Ultrafine (nano) particles : <0.1 (100nm)
3 Buckminster fullerene Football Planet earth if a buckyball (60 carbon atoms arranged into a sphere with a diameter of approximately 1nm) were expanded to the size of a football, the football would correspondingly be expanded so that it was much bigger than the size of Earth (becoming approximately the size of Neptune or Uranus about 50,000km in diameter).
4 Definition by properties : whose properties becomes discontinuous as the bulk contracts - less than the characteristic length* of some phenomena cf. Mean free path of gases, wavelength of light, electron wave, distance between electro-hole pair (exciton) Characteristics of nanoparticles -Difficult to produce by breakdown process: -Formation by growth (buildup or bottoms-up) -Small size effect (quantum size effect) -Contain very small number of atoms(or molecules): size effect -Electronic states quite different from those of bulk: size effect -Large surface effect - Contain large portion of surface atoms(or molecules) : High surface activity
5 1.2 Field of Nanoparticle Technology (1) Design and preparation of nanoparticles with high functionality What? Size, shape, chemical properties, crystallinity, structures if composites How? Bottom-up: nucleation and growth in liquid phase and/or gas phase Top-down: ultrafine milling Mixed: spray pyrolysis in aerosol phase (2) Characterization of nanoparticles Size and morphology(shape): TEM, SEM, STM, LPA, DMA Chemical/crystalline properties: FT-IR, NMR, ACP-IES, XRD Surface properties: BET, XPS, Auger, AFM Composite structures: TEM, element mapping
6 (2) Dynamics of nanoparticles - Movement of nanoparticles - Formation and growth of nanoparticles (4) Handling(Unit Operation) of Nanoparticles - Storage, transport, crushing and mixing* - Separation (5) Dispersion, Consolidation and Device(Value Addition) Technology - Particle-particle interaction - Surface modifications - Assembly: 1-, 2-dimensional, porous, densification - Device for application (6) Adverse Effect of Nanoparticles - Dust explosions - Respiration hazards/effect in human bodies - Particle contamination and cleaning in industries
7 1.3 History of Nanoparticle Research *4c, Roman glassmakers, glasses containing nanosized metal particles - Lycurgus cup - Explained by Michael Faraday(1857) and Gustav Mie(1908).. *18-19c, H.Davy, C.Maxwell(1861), G.Eastman(1883), Photographic films using silver halide photochemistry(silver nanoparticles) In diffused light In focused light 1905, A.Einstein the existence of colloid(big atoms), discovered Brownian motion. *1958, Richard Feynman, a lecture entitled "There are plenty of room at the bottom." - predicted the existence of electron beam lithography, scanning tunneling microscope and building circuits on the scale of nanometer for powerful computers
8 *1960s~1970s, preparation of nanoparticles by gas evaporation-condensation method Quantum confinement (Kubo) effect * Japan, Ultra-Fine Particle Project under the auspices of the Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology program (ERATO) - preparation, characterization, properties, applications *1981 G.K. Binnig H. Roher(IBM Zurich): invented scanning tunneling microscope (1985 Nobel prize) - allows atomic-scale three-dimensional profiles of surfaces to be obtained *1985 R.Smalley, R.Curl and H.Kroto discovered C 60 ( Nobel Prize in 1996). -Officially known as buckminsterfullerene (exactly like a football). *1987 B.J. van Wees and H. van Houten (Netherlands)/D. Wharam and M.Pepper (Cambridge U.), observed quantization of conductance (step in I-V curve) - Coulomb blockade, single electron transistor
9 *1991, Yablonovitch, 3-D photonic crystals *1991, Iijima made carbon nanotubes (multi-walled), Single-walled(1993) *1993, Murray, Norris and Bawendi synthesize the first high quality quantum dots of nearly monodisperse CdS CdSe and CdTe. they emit different colors depending on their size. *1999, Self assembly of molecules on metal nanoparticles *1996 NSF et al., assessed current worldwide status of nanoscience and nanotechnology * B. Clinton, National Nanotechnology Initiative Followed by Japan, EU and other countries.. *2003, Prototype solar cells (Nanosolar Inc. ) with conducting polymers and nanobased particles. - much cheaper and easier to make. - produced in flexible sheets, making them suitable for many applications
10 *2004, Silica nanoshells coated with gold (Rice University and the University of Texas ) - killed cancerous tumours, when exposed to an external source of nearinfrared light. *2004, NanoScale Materials Inc., neutralizer for chemical hazards - dry powder formulation (Reactive Nanoparticle (RNP )) to bind with a variety of chemical warfare agents and toxic chemicals, and chemically convert them to safer by-products
11 1.4 Applications and Perspective of Nanoparticles Dispersed state Fillers, paints, ferrofluids, magnetic recording media, drugs, cosmetics, phosphors, rocket propellant, fuel additives Consolidated state - Porous structure Catalysts, electrodes of solar cells and fuel cells, sensors, adsorbents, synthetic bone, self-cleaning glass - Ordered assembly Quantum electronic device, photonic crystals, DNA chips, biosensors - Dense phase Flexible/dense ceramics and insulators, harder metal, CNT in tennis racquet
12 * Present and future application of nanoparticles Biomedicals - Pharmacy in a cell- controlled release - Solubilized therapeutic drugs - Tagging of DNA and DNA chips Information Tech - Information storage (nanoparticles, nanopens) - Chemical/Optical computers(2-d,3-d assembly- photonic crystals) - Quantum (molecular) electronic devices Materials - Flexible/dense ceramics and insulators: replacing metals - Harder metal materials(5 times that of normal metals) - Nanometallic colloids as film precursors
13 - Fillers for improved polymers (stronger, lighter, wear resistant, tougher lame retardant) - replacements for body parts and metals - Unusual coloring in paints - Smart magnetic fluids (vacuum seals, viscous dampers, cooling fluids, nanoscale bearings, heat conductors, magnetic separations) Energies - Magnetic refrigeration (magnetocaloric effect) - Nanostructured electrodes and magnetic metals with soft magnetic properties - Better batteries- metal nanoparticles Environmental/green chemistry - solar cells (photovoltaic, water splitting) - photo-remediation (pollutant destruction, water decontamination) - Destructive adsorbents (acidic gases, polar organics) - Self cleaning
14 Catalysis - Chemical catalysts (particle size and dispersion, crystal faces, edges, corners, defects) - Sensors (porous aggregates of semiconductor particles) R&D by US government for nanotechnology
15 World market for nanotechnology
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