Study on Military Polyurethane Adhesive
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1 Research Paper Study on Military Polyurethane Adhesive Changming Zhang 1 *, Zhanggen Huang 1, Jun Ping Li 2 and Xiao Juan Lu 2 1 State Key Lab. of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan , China 2 Shangxi northern Hung Yen Chemical Industrial Co., Taiyuan , China Tel.: ; Fax: * zhangcm@sxicc.ac.cn Abstract A military polyurethane adhesive, containing two components, was developed. Through a series of studies, the appropriate preparation conditions and corresponding determination methods were established. The important characteristics, like include the content of isocyanate, hydroxyl value and bond strength, of component A, component B and JA-1 glue comprehensively were determined. The results show that the developed products have fine performance and showing good repeatability in analysis. The storage problem of JA-1 glue was also investigated. The JA-1 glue was laid aside for 6 months; the variation rules between the isocyanate content and the bonding strength were experimented. The final result is that for smallest change of bond strength, the most optimum of isocyanate content are from 7.5 to 8.0 (W%). Keywords: Polyurethane Adhesives, Isocyanate Content, Bonding Strength 1. Introduction Some natural or synthetic substances are collectively referred as adhesives, in which they are able to allow two or more homogeneous or heterogeneous materials connected together and after curing, they should have sufficient degree of strength. Many types of glue, for example, the early use of more phenol resin and the modern popular polyurethane adhesive, all are typical representatives of glue (Sword, n.d.). As early as 1940, the German first discovered triphenyl methane- 4, 4', 4'-diisocyanate adhesives and successfully used them in tank crawler of World War II. In 1953, the United States developed a polyurethane adhesive, in which castor oil and poly-ether polyols were used as raw materials and in 1984, the pollution problem of using adhesive was solved (Di, n.d.). The polyurethane adhesive (PA) is compound consist of amino formic acid ester group (-NHCOO-) or iso- cyanide ester group (-NCO) in its molecule (Sword, n.d.). In 1956, China developed triphenyl methane triisocyanateand then toluene diisocyanate (TDI) which ultimately resulted in the two-component solvent-based polyurethane adhesive. Since 1980s, in China many advanced production lines and products were successively imported from abroad. Due to high cost of import of large quantities of polyurethane adhesive, the indigenous development of polyurethane adhesive was greatly promoted and hence developed (Yu, 1991; Hengzi & Qing, 1994 and Di, 2005). Due to the presence of many high polar and chemical reactive bases like isocyanate-base (NCO) and urethane base(-nhcoo) in polyurethane adhesive, it would have excellent chemical adhesion characteristic to materials containing active hydrogen. At the same time, due the presence of the hydrogen bond between the adhesive and material bonded, the cohesion of macromolecular is increased resulting the firmness in the degree of adhesion (Sword, n.d.). Polyurethane adhesive has also excellent shear strength, impact resistance and excellent flexibility characteristics. It Available online at 174
2 is almost suitable for all kinds of materials to need bonding (Yu, 1991 and Sword, n.d.). The application of polyurethane adhesive is very extensively spread in many industries like automotive, timber (Yu, 1991 and Hengzi & Qing, 1994), footwear, packaging, construction (Ming et al, 2011), printing ink, bookbinding, railway, aerospace equipment and protection of cultural relics, health care and so on (Yu, 1991; and Hengzi et al,1994). Although in literature there are many reports about the development (Yu, 1991; Hengzi & Qing, 1994 and Di, 2005), application (Yu, 1991; Hengzi & Qing, 1994) synthesis (Kothandarman & Nasah, 1993; Chen et al, 2009 and Ming et al, 2011) and analysis (Ziqing, 1994) of the polyurethane adhesive, however, these reports are lacking the information about the military need, high bond strength of adhesive and comprehensive analysis. To adapt military industry needs, we undertook the task to develop bonding agent JA-1 glue, in which military coating and military industry propellant would be bonded. This adhesive is composed by two parts i.e. A and B. The A is accruing agent while B is polyester polyols with hydroxyl group. Through a series of research, this JA,-gum was developed successfully. This adhesive has not only high bond strength; the other test indicators are also quite good. The storage problem of JA-1 was also studied and got some meaningful results, which were not reported in literature, so these will be also summarized systematically to provide reference. 2. Experimental 2.1. Instruments and Reagents The instrument used detecting adhesive strength is Shimadzu universal testing machine, provided by the Japanese Shimadzu company. 3-nicked bottle/ flask of 200 ml capacity, equipped with a stirrer, temperature measurement and heating units Synthetic Reagents Polycaprolactone polyol was an industrial grade reagent with 500 of average molecular weight, produced by Japan s Daicel Chemical Industries Corporation Toluene diisocyanate (TDI-100) of industrial grade reagent was produced by Taiyuan Chemical Plant (Taiyuan city, China) Trimethylolpropane (TMP) of industrial grade reagent was produced by Beijing Xing-Sheng-Da Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing city, China) Ethyl acetate of analytical grade reagent was produced by Chemical Experimental Factory of Tianjin University (Beijing city, China) Dilaurate dibutyltin of chemically pure reagent was produced by Tianjin Chemical Reagent Factory Analytical Reagents Dibutylamine of analytical grade reagent produced by Beijing Chemical Factory (Beijing city, China) Toluenesulfonic acid of analytical grade reagent produced by Tianjin Chemical Reagent Factory Ethyl acetate of analytical grade reagent produced by Chemical Experimental Factory of Tianjin University Pyridine of analytical grade reagent produced by Beijing Chemical Factory (Beijing city, China) 2.2. Experimental Operation The Synthesis of A and B Components Preparation of the A component Through a series of research, the optimum synthesis process of part A is given below: Three empty 3-nicked bottles were kept in oven on temperature from o C for 30 minutes for the removal of water and making it completely dry. To one 3-nicked bottle, g of toluene diisocyanate and solvent ethyl acetate, on a ratio of 5:1, were added, keeping temperature under 60 o C. Further, 50 ml molten dehydrated trimethylolpropane was also slowly dripadded to the reaction flask with constant stirring. The content was placed at 60 o C for 2 hours to carry out the reaction. Under 60 o C, the total amount of g of toluene diisocyanate and solvent ethyl acetate was joined the bottle, in which their ratio is 5: Preparation of the B Component To another 3-nicked bottle gm polycaprolactone polyols was added. Under vacuum and 120 C the Available online at 175
3 polycaprolactone polyols was dried for two hours to remove water. Polycaprolactone polyols was dried by keeping it at 120 C and under vacuum for two hours. 15 g of molten dehydrated trimethylolpropane was slowly added to the flask with constant stirring. The content was kept at 60 C for 2 hours to carry out the reaction till its completion Adhesive Preparation Ratios of Raw Materials Components A and B, ethyl acetate and dilaurate dibutyltin were mixed with 10:1.5:2.2:0.07 ratios, under room temperature stirred for 1 hour and then kept for 5 hours without any stirring Application of Catalyst Dilaurate Dibutyltin Organometallic compounds such as dibutyltin dilaurate with strong catalytic effect toward NCO and -OH base was used as catalyst. Its dosage amount was about 0.5 % of prepolymer Pretreatment of Bonding Surface To bonding the two surfaces, the following pretreatment was indispensable. The bonding surface was cleaned and polished in first place. The surface was smeared with uniform glue liquid and allowed for minutes to dry up. Another surface was smeared in the same way with uniform glue liquid to and allowed for 1-2 minutes to dry up. The two surfaces pretreatment needed to bond then they were pressurized under 20 MPa for 1 hour, then 0.5 MPa was added to pressure, for 2 hours. Finally they were placed in an oven at 50±2 C for 2 hours they were aging treatment The Summarization of Analytical Method and Corresponding Pretreatment (Chen et al, 2009) The Determination of Isocyanate (-NCO%) The toluene - dibutylamine method was used in which diisocyanate was reacted with di-n-butylamine to generate urea. The excess dibutylamine was titrated with standard hydrochloride acid solution titration The Hydroxyl Value Determination The acetylation method was used with p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst. In medium of ethyl acetate, acetic anhydride was reacted with hydroxyl acetylation, then excess amount of acetic anhydride was hydrolyzed by mixture solvent of pyridine and water, then acetic acid was produced. The amount of acetic acid was titrated by using standard sodium hydroxide solution The Determination of Bond Strength The GB standard "adhesive tensile shear strength determination method" was the bases to determine the bond strength. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. The Basic Characteristics of Product With the most basic indicators used as standards, the A component, B component, and JA-1 glue were compared and results are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Basic Characteristic of Product Components A B Colour Yellow Yellow Indicator (%) Solid Content (%) 53 - Determination Value - Hydroxyl Value 405 Other Indicator - Hydroxyl Value 400±50 It is clear from Table 1 that the apparent and the most basic indicators of products developed achieve basic indicators requirements. The content of isocyanate base (Table 2) and hydroxyl (Table 3) values of JA-1 adhesive were determined. The results of Table 2 clearly show that the indicators with isocyanate content, as required indicator, JA-1 adhesive meets almost all requirements of indicator. The determined results show good reproducibility i.e. the average of isocyanate content is 7.51% and the determined deviation range is 0.0% to 3.6% while the average deviation is 1.9%. Results of Table 3 indicate that the hydroxyl value range is , having the average hydroxyl value is 396 and the average standard deviation is only With hydroxyl value indicators as standard, the products from present study are entirely in line with the required indicator. The bond strength is the most important requirement of military applications. Bond strength of JA-1 adhesive was carried out by Shimadzu universal testing machine. Typical results are summarised in Table 4. Available online at 176
4 Table 2. The content- Determination Results of Isocyanat Base (W%) S. No. Content (1)(W%) Content (2) Average S.D (%) Indicator (%) ± ± ± ± ± ±1.0 Average Table 3. The Determination Results of Hydroxyl Value (KOH mg/g) S. No. Content (1) Content (1) Average S.D (%) Indicator ± ± ± ± ± ±50 Average Table 4. Bond Strength (MPa) Determination S. No. Bond Strength (1) Bond Strength (2) Bond Strength (3) Average Required Strength > > > > > > 3 Average > 3 Bond strength results show that the JA-1 adhesive has excellent bonding strength i.e. fully in line with the required indicator. The 6 indicators of adhesives including strength, hydroxyl value and the isocyanate content, etc., show excellent characteristics, so, the objective of development was achieved successfully Investigation About JA-1 Storage During the use of JA-1 glue in military industry, the adhesive strength of the main parameters used to change during storage, that s why it was very necessary to understand this variation. Literature is silent about this problem. To this end, we carried out some preliminary study. The variation rules between the isocyanate content and the bonding strength during 6 months were experimented. The results obtained are shown in Figure 1. The Figure 1 shows that during 6 months the adhesive strength of JA-1 glue decreased with decrease in isocyanate base content. The curve also clearly indicates that for lower isocyanate content (W%) of adhesive, their changes of bond strength were higher than that of high isocyanate content. Finally, the isocyanate contents of were in optimum range, the corresponding change rate of adhesive strength was less than 4.13%. Available online at 177
5 MPa Bonding strength B Original C After 6 months Isocyanate base content MCO(W%) B C Di, Z.W. (2005) Polyurethane adhesives research and development. Electronic Materials and Electronic Technologies, 1, pp Hengzi, C., and Qing, L.Y. (1994) Costume of isocyanate industry for forty years. Polyurethane Industry, 4, pp Jun, Y.L., and Xiong, S.X. (1994) Application of Polyurethane adhesive. Polyurethane Industry, 3, pp Kothandarman, H., and Nasar, A.S. (1993) The Kinetics of the polymerization reaction of toluene diisocyanate with HTPB prepolymer. J. Appl. Polym. Science, 50(9), pp Figure 1. The Relationship of Isocyanate Base Content and Bonding Strength 4. Conclusion A military adhesive polyurethane JA-1 with two-components was successfully developed. The appropriate raw materials formulations, the optimum process conditions and the corresponding tested analysis methods were established. Some key indicators including isocyanate content, hydroxyl value, adhesive property, etc. were also determined. The measured results confirm that the performance of product was fine. Ming, L., Hung, W., and Yong, H. (2011) TDI-TMP synthesis reaction kinetics. Coatings Industry, 6, pp Sword, A. (n.d.) Adhesive [Internet], Baidu Encyclopedia. Available from: < [Accessed 10 August 2012]. Yu, T.X. (1991) On the Polyurethane Industry Progress and Prospects. Polyurethane Industry, 1, pp Ziqing, Z. (1994) On the national standard (GB120094) multi-methylene polyphenyl isocyanate content in the cyanate ester determination. Polyurethane Industry, 1, pp The storage problem about JA-1 glue was also investigated. The samples were laid aside for 6 months, the variation rules between the isocyanate content and the bonding strength were experimented, the results show that when isocyanate contents are in the range of (W%), the corresponding change rate of adhesive strength would be less than 4.13%. This article provides complete and detailed information about military JA-1 adhesive which have not been reported in literature. References Chen J.C., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Z., and Huang, W. (2009) Kinetics of synthesis of polyurethane curing agent from trimethylolpropane and toluene diisocyanate. Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, 25(5), pp Di, G.A. (n.d.) Polyurethane Adhesive [Internet], Baidu Encyclopedia. Available from: < [Accessed 10 August 2012]. Available online at 178
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