Inorganic Material chemistry

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Inorganic Material chemistry"

Transcription

1 Inorganic Material chemistry

2 Silicone -Inorganic Polymer

3 Polymer poly + mer many units Basic unit is called repeat unit (monomer) A polymer is a large molecule (macro molecule) composed of repeating structural units. These sub-units are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds Normally has high molecular weight

4 Silicon (Si) Silicone is not to be confused with the chemical element silicon, a crystalline metalloid widely used in computers and other electronic equipment.

5 What are Silicones? Are synthetic polymers with a repeating silicon-oxygen backbone with a variety of forms and uses Silicone polymers do not have carbon as a part of the backbone structure They look like this.

6 Silicones Name was derived from the word ketone

7 Preparation From Sand to Silicones Silicone polymers are obtained by a three-step synthesis: Chlorosilane synthesis : Chlorosilane hydrolysis Polycondensation and Polymerization

8 1 st step -Chlorosilane synthesis 1. Direct process of Rochow 2. Grignard reaction (i) Direct process of Rochow Today, silicones are obtained commercially ( 850,000 t/y) from chlorosilanes prepared following the direct process of Rochow Eugene George Rochow (October 4, 1909 March 21, 2002)

9 Direct process of Rochow -A mixture of different silanes is obtained containing mainly the dimethyldichlorosilane, Me 2 SiCl 2 -Separation of each component is carried out by distillation

10 Chlorosilane synthesis Grignard reaction SiCl 4 + CH 3 MgCl CH 3 SiCl 3 + MgCl 2 CH 3 SiCl 3 + CH 3 MgCl (CH 3 ) 2 SiCl 2 + MgCl 2 -carry. out distillation in order to separate the each components -Can be used to prepare mixed alkyl/aryl silanes by selecting appropriate components CH 3 SiCl 3 + C 6 H 5 MgBr (CH 3 )(C 6 H 5 )SiCl 2 + MgBrCl

11 Preparation From Sand to Silicones Silicone polymers are obtained by a three-step synthesis: Chlorosilane synthesis : Chlorosilane hydrolysis Polycondensation and Polymerization

12 2 nd step - Chlorosilane hydrolysis

13 3 rd step condensation and polymerization (CH 3 ) 2 Si(OH) 2 disilanol - H 2 O Polymer

14 Eg. -Hydrolysis of dimethyldichorosilane (CH 3 ) 2 SiCl 2 gives rise to straight chain polymers and as an active OH group is left at each end of the chain, polymerization continuous and the chain increases in length -(CH 3 ) 2 SiCl 2 is therefore a chain building unit -So the starting materials for the manufacture of silicones are alkyl or aryl substituted chlorosilanes

15 -Hydrolysis under carefully controlled conditions can produce cyclic structures with rings containing 3,4,5, or 6 Si atoms Tris cyclo-dimethylsiloxane tetrakis cyclodimethylsiloxane

16 -HCl is recycled and reacted with methanol to -give CH 3 Cl used in the direct process

17 Ring opening polymerization -Cyclic, (SiR 2 O) 3, 4 can be opened and polymerized to form long linear chains -The reaction being catalyzed by many base or acid compounds -Growing chain is called a living polymer

18 Most useful properties of silicones -Odorless and colorless -Thermal stability/heat resistant -good electrical insulators -Low chemical reactivity -Low toxicity -High flexibility of the siloxane chain -Oxidation resistant -Low surface tension -The ability to repel water (and form watertight seals) -Does not support microbial growth -Biocompatible

19 Origin of the properties -Odorless and colorless -Thermal stability/heat resistant -good electrical insulators -Low chemical reactivity -Low toxicity -High flexibility of the siloxane chain -Oxidation resistant -Low surface tension -The ability to repel water and form watertight seals -Does not support microbiological growth -Biocompatible inert

20 Their strength and inertness are related to Very high Si-O bond energy The siloxane bond is longer, more polar, more ionic and has a higher bond energy than a C-C bond.

21 The ability to repel water (water repellent) A Silicone chain surrounded by organic side groups looks like an alkane from the outside

22 High flexibility of the siloxane chain 1. Low Si-O rotational barrier -Corresponding to a nearly free rotation -siloxane backbone will be able to adopt various conformtions/orientations

23 High flexibility of the siloxane chain 2. The bonds between a silicon atom and the two oxygen atoms attached to it are very flexible.

24 High flexibility of the siloxane chain 3. Long Si-O skeletal bond length Bond Length (A 0 ) Si-O skeletal bond length 1.65 C-C bond length in most Organic polymers Steric interferences or intra-molecular congestion are diminished

25 High flexibility of the siloxane chain 4. Methyl groups (alkyl) shield the main chain

26 Silicone Products Sealants Adhesives Lubricants Medical applications (catheters) Cookware (non-stick coating) Electrical insulators can be found in products such as cosmetics, deodorant, defoamers

27 Zeolites

28 Zeolites -Zeolites (aluminosilicate minerals), are microporous crystalline solids with well-defined structures

29 . Mordenite Chabazite Heulandite Analcime Gmelinite

30 -This gives an infinite 3D lattice

31 Crystals are highly porous and are veined with submicroscopic channels

32 -Have internal cavities and channels of discrete sizes ( in the range Å) and shapes depending on the chemical composition and crystal structure sodalite faujasite

33 Uses Water purification As an adsorbent as catalysts, for the preparation of advanced materials Laundry detergents They are also used in medicine and in agriculture

34 Conventional water softening

35

36 4. Shape selective catalysis Product selectivity : Synthesis of p-xylene

37 Shape selective catalysis + CH 3 OH wider cages narrow channels Product selectivity

38 Reactant selectivity Shape selective catalysis

39 Shape selective catalysis Transition state selectivity -Reactions requiring smaller transition states proceed unhindered

40 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolite -Hydrothermal synthesis can be defined as a method of crystallizing substances from aqueous solutions at hightemperature and high vapor pressures

41 Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites

42 Templating Agents Pore sizeand shapecan be controlled by growing the zeolite around templates, R 4 N + may be used as a template around which the aluminosilicate framework crystallizes with large cavities to accommodate the ion -Later, upon heating the cation is pyrolyzed, but the structure retains the cavities

43

Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry

Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 25: The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry The study of carbon compounds constitutes a separate branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry The

More information

Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 28. Chem 4631

Chemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 28. Chem 4631 Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 28 Two types in general use: -packed (stationary phase) -open tubular or capillary determine selectivity and efficiency of the sample. Column Materials Column

More information

Adsorption at the solid/liquid interface

Adsorption at the solid/liquid interface 1. Ion exchanger Adsorption at the solid/liquid interface Ion exchange process means an exchange of ions between an electrolyte solution and a solid (ionite). In most cases the term is used to denote the

More information

(c) Dr. Payal B. Joshi

(c) Dr. Payal B. Joshi Polymer (Greek: poly=many; mer=part) Made up of large molecules characterized by repeating units called monomers held together by covalent bonds Functionality To act as monomer, it must have at least two

More information

Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons

Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds. Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Chapter 1 Reactions of Organic Compounds Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds (C-C) are strong and very hard to break, therefore these compounds are relatively unreactive

More information

Chemistry. Physical Organic Inorganic. Chemistry. Crystallography. X-ray. Bioinorganic Solid State. Theory. Group. Polymers.

Chemistry. Physical Organic Inorganic. Chemistry. Crystallography. X-ray. Bioinorganic Solid State. Theory. Group. Polymers. Chemistry Physical Organic Inorganic Organometallics, Metal Complexes Clusters, Cages Bioinorganic Solid State Chemistry Group Theory X-ray Crystallography Polymers What is Solid State Chemistry? What

More information

Name Date Class. aryl halides substitution reaction

Name Date Class. aryl halides substitution reaction 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Section Review Objectives Explain how organic compounds are classified Identify the IUPAC rules for naming halocarbons Describe how halocarbons can be prepared Vocabulary

More information

Polymeric Materials. Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng.

Polymeric Materials. Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng. Polymeric Materials Sunan Tiptipakorn, D.Eng. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaen Saen Campus, Nakorn Phathom, 73140 Thailand. Introduction Material

More information

Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Chapter 10: Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives The back of the white willow tree (Salix alba) is a source of salicylic acid which is used to make aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) The functional group

More information

Chapter 16. Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides. Class Notes. 2. Epoxides: cyclic ethers, 3-membered rings. 1. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical (mixed) ethers

Chapter 16. Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides. Class Notes. 2. Epoxides: cyclic ethers, 3-membered rings. 1. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical (mixed) ethers Chapter 16 Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides Chapter 16 suggested problems: 21, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33 Class Notes I. Nomenclature of ethers, epoxides, and sulfides A. General B. Ethers 1. Ethers: C-O-C 2. Epoxides:

More information

Adsorption Processes. Ali Ahmadpour Chemical Eng. Dept. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Adsorption Processes. Ali Ahmadpour Chemical Eng. Dept. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Adsorption Processes Ali Ahmadpour Chemical Eng. Dept. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Contents Introduction Principles of adsorption Types of adsorption Definitions Brief history Adsorption isotherms Mechanism

More information

Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes

Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes Section 21.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons Section 1 Objectives: Explain the terms organic compound and organic chemistry. Section 21.2 Alkanes Chapter 21: Hydrocarbons Section 21.3 Alkenes and Alkynes

More information

Unit 2: Structure and Bonding

Unit 2: Structure and Bonding Elements vs Compounds Elements are substances made of one kind of atom. There are around 100 elements, which are listed in the Periodic Table. Elements may chemically combine (bond) together in fixed proportions

More information

Alkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone.

Alkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes: Often called by their common names instead of IUPAC names. Ketones: Derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded

More information

GCSE CHEMISTRY REVISION LIST

GCSE CHEMISTRY REVISION LIST GCSE CHEMISTRY REVISION LIST OCR Gateway Chemistry (J248) from 2016 Topic C1: Particles C1.1 Describe the main features of the particle model in terms of states of matter and change of state Explain, in

More information

Covalent Bonding 1 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2016

Covalent Bonding 1 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Covalent Bonding 1 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Covalent Bonding 2 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Why do atoms form bonds? 3 of 40 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What is a covalent bond? 4 of 40 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Non-metal

More information

NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE. Honors Biology I

NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE. Honors Biology I NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 1-2, Biochemistry Honors Biology I, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: Period: Seat #: Date: NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE Honors Biology I Unit

More information

Covalent Compounds 1 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016

Covalent Compounds 1 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Covalent Compounds 1 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Covalent Compounds 2 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are covalent bonds? 3 of 30 Boardworks Ltd 2016 When atoms share pairs of electrons, they form covalent

More information

Hydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23

Hydrocarbons. Chapter 22-23 Chapter 22-23 Hydrocarbons Organic Compounds All Carbon containing compounds Except carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates which are inorganic. CO & CO2 Na4C CaCO3 +8 oxidation change CH 4 + O 2 CO 2

More information

Study Guide: Basic Chemistry, Water, Life Compounds and Enzymes

Study Guide: Basic Chemistry, Water, Life Compounds and Enzymes Study Guide: Basic Chemistry, Water, Life Compounds and Enzymes 1. Lipids are good energy-storage molecules because a) the can absorb a large amount of energy while maintaining a constant temperature b)

More information

Chapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones

Chapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones Chapter 23 Aldehydes and Ketones Ketones are common solvents for quickdrying paints. Introduction to General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10e John Wiley & Sons, Inc Morris Hein, Scott Pattison, and Susan

More information

How Silica Aerogels Are Made

How Silica Aerogels Are Made Page 1 of 7 How Silica Aerogels Are Made Back to the Table of Contents The discussion below relies upon the following terms: Hydrolysis: The reaction of a metal alkoxide (M-OR) with water, forming a metal

More information

Catalytic Chemistry. Bruce C. Gates. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore. University of Delaware ^.'-'.

Catalytic Chemistry. Bruce C. Gates. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore. University of Delaware ^.'-'. : s / ; '.... ;. : : ^.'-'. Catalytic Chemistry Bruce C. Gates University of Delaware John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore Contents List of Notation xix 1 INTRODUCTION

More information

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Biology Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

More information

Chapter. Basic Food Chemistry: The Nature of Matter. Images shutterstock.com

Chapter. Basic Food Chemistry: The Nature of Matter. Images shutterstock.com Chapter 4 Basic Food Chemistry: The Nature of Matter Images shutterstock.com Objectives Describe the basic structure of atoms. Identify symbols on the periodic table commonly used in food science. Define

More information

Supplemental Edition. Silicone Chemistry. Silicone Chemistry. and was contributed by:

Supplemental Edition. Silicone Chemistry. Silicone Chemistry. and was contributed by: Supplemental Edition Editors Note: This supplement to the Silicone Spectator is provided to allow our readers to be familiar with the terminology used for making silicone materials. The three steps, Construction

More information

Ch 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles

Ch 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Ch 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) are compounds with an OH attached to a carbonyl. Nitriles (RC N) are compounds a carbon-nitrogen triple bond. Naming Carboxylic Acids 1. Replace

More information

1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Chemistry (A-level)

1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Chemistry (A-level) 1 P a g e h t t p s : / / w w w. c i e n o t e s. c o m / Electrophoresis (Chapter 27): Chemistry (A-level) Electrophoresis: the separation of charged particles by their different rates of movement in

More information

Organic Chemistry Review: Topic 10 & Topic 20

Organic Chemistry Review: Topic 10 & Topic 20 Organic Structure Alkanes C C σ bond Mechanism Substitution (Incoming atom or group will displace an existing atom or group in a molecule) Examples Occurs with exposure to ultraviolet light or sunlight,

More information

Sol-Gel Methods. Hydrolysis Condensation Gelation Ageing Drying Densification

Sol-Gel Methods. Hydrolysis Condensation Gelation Ageing Drying Densification Sol-Gel Methods Sol-gel process: Hydrolysis Condensation Gelation Ageing Drying Densification Powders: microcrystalline, nanocrystalline, amorphous Monoliths, Coatings, Films, Fibers Aerogels Glasses,

More information

Chapter 8: Ethers and Epoxides. Diethyl ether in starting fluid

Chapter 8: Ethers and Epoxides. Diethyl ether in starting fluid Chapter 8: Ethers and Epoxides Diethyl ether in starting fluid 8.1 Nomenclature of Ethers Ethers are usually named by giving the name of each alkyl or aryl group, in alphabetical order, followed by the

More information

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level CHEMISTRY 9701/04

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level CHEMISTRY 9701/04 Centre Number Candidate Number Name UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level CHEMISTRY 9701/04 Paper 4 Structured

More information

OCR A GCSE Chemistry. Topic 2: Elements, compounds and mixtures. Properties of materials. Notes.

OCR A GCSE Chemistry. Topic 2: Elements, compounds and mixtures. Properties of materials. Notes. OCR A GCSE Chemistry Topic 2: Elements, compounds and mixtures Properties of materials Notes C2.3a recall that carbon can form four covalent bonds C2.3b explain that the vast array of natural and synthetic

More information

SEPARATION BY BARRIER

SEPARATION BY BARRIER SEPARATION BY BARRIER SEPARATION BY BARRIER Phase 1 Feed Barrier Phase 2 Separation by barrier uses a barrier which restricts and/or enhances the movement of certain chemical species with respect to other

More information

Ethers can be symmetrical or not:

Ethers can be symmetrical or not: Chapter 14: Ethers, Epoxides, and Sulfides 175 Physical Properties Ethers can be symmetrical or not: linear or cyclic. Ethers are inert and make excellent solvents for organic reactions. Epoxides are very

More information

Reversible Additions to carbonyls: Weak Nucleophiles Relative Reactivity of carbonyls: Hydration of Ketones and Aldehydes

Reversible Additions to carbonyls: Weak Nucleophiles Relative Reactivity of carbonyls: Hydration of Ketones and Aldehydes Reversible Additions to carbonyls: Weak Nucleophiles Weak nucleophiles, such as water, alcohols, and amines, require acid or base catalysis to undergo addition to carbonyl compounds Relative Reactivity

More information

C2 Quick Revision Questions. C2 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards

C2 Quick Revision Questions. C2 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards C2 Quick Revision Questions Question 1... of 50 What are the 3 main types of chemical bond? Answer 1... of 50 Ionic, Covalent & Metallic. Question 2... of 50 What force bonds atoms in an ionic bond? Answer

More information

video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10

video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10 video 14.4 isomers isomers Isomers have the molecular formula but are rearranged in a structure with different properties. Example: Both C 4 H 10 Butane Methylpropane 1 match the isomers drawing an isomer

More information

But in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens).

But in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens). Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols are versatile organic compounds since they undergo a wide variety of transformations the majority of which are either oxidation or reduction type reactions. Normally: Oxidation

More information

Chapters 1-4. Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry. SI Prefixes. Units. Dimensional Analysis

Chapters 1-4. Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry. SI Prefixes. Units. Dimensional Analysis Chapters 1-4 What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter (the physical material of the universe). A main challenge of chemistry is to bridge

More information

Subject: Chemistry Chapter 11: P-Block Element

Subject: Chemistry Chapter 11: P-Block Element One mark questions Subject: Chemistry Chapter 11: P-Block Element 1. What are p-block Elements? p-block elements are those in which the lost electron enters the p orbital of the outermost shell. 2. Is

More information

Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline

Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Chem 1075 Chapter 19 Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Slide 2 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of and its compounds. The major sources of carbon are the fossil fuels: petroleum, natural gas,

More information

Chapter 12 - Modern Materials

Chapter 12 - Modern Materials Chapter 12 - Modern Materials 12.1 Semiconductors Inorganic compounds that semiconduct tend to have chemical formulas related to Si and Ge valence electron count of four. Semiconductor conductivity can

More information

REASONING QUESTIONS FROM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CH. 1 & 2)

REASONING QUESTIONS FROM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CH. 1 & 2) REASONING QUESTIONS FROM ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CH. 1 & 2) 1.) Why do haloalkenes under go nucleophillic substitution whereas haloarenes under go electophillic substitution. Ans. Due to more electro negative

More information

Review Experiments Formation of Polymers Reduction of Vanillin

Review Experiments Formation of Polymers Reduction of Vanillin Review Experiments Formation of Polymers What is a polymer? What is polymerization? What is the difference between an addition polymerization and a condensation polymerization? Which type of polymerization

More information

Nanostructures Materials Seminar

Nanostructures Materials Seminar CHE499 Nanostructures Materials Seminar Supported by 5FW Spring 2007 National Science Foundation Anita LaSalle, Program Manager (CISE- EIA 0203481) Aerogels AEROGELS: Strcture (TEM) 3IV TEM: Link-&-Blob

More information

OCR Chemistry Checklist

OCR Chemistry Checklist Topic 1. Particles Video: The Particle Model Describe the main features of the particle model in terms of states of matter. Explain in terms of the particle model the distinction between physical changes

More information

Nuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 12 Alkenes (II) Chem reaction what is added to the C=C what kind of molecule results addition of HX HX only

Nuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 12 Alkenes (II) Chem reaction what is added to the C=C what kind of molecule results addition of HX HX only I. Addition Reactions of Alkenes Introduction Nuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 12 Alkenes (II) Chem 2310 An addition reaction always involves changing a double bond to a single bond and adding a new bond

More information

Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding.

Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Molecular Geometry: VSEPR model stand for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion and predicts the 3D shape of molecules that are formed in bonding. Sigma and Pi Bonds: All single bonds are sigma(σ), that

More information

Name Class Date. KEY CONCEPT All living things are based on atoms and their interactions. atom ion molecule

Name Class Date. KEY CONCEPT All living things are based on atoms and their interactions. atom ion molecule Section 1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules KEY CONCEPT All living things are based on atoms and their interactions. VOCABULARY atom ion molecule element ionic bond compound covalent bond MAIN IDEA: Living things

More information

Angel International SchoolManipay

Angel International SchoolManipay Grade OL Angel International SchoolManipay 2 nd Term Examination March, 2016 Chemistry Duration: 3 Hours 1. Which property is common to calcium, potassium and sodium? a) Their atoms all lose two electrons

More information

Name Date. Chapter 2 - Chemistry Guide Microbiology (MCB 2010C) Part 1

Name Date. Chapter 2 - Chemistry Guide Microbiology (MCB 2010C) Part 1 Name Date Chapter 2 - Chemistry Guide Microbiology (MCB 2010C) Part 1 The study of biology in the 21 st century is actually the study of biochemistry. In order to be successful in this course, it is important

More information

WJEC England GCSE Chemistry. Topic 5: Bonding, structure and properties. Notes. (Content in bold is for Higher Tier only)

WJEC England GCSE Chemistry. Topic 5: Bonding, structure and properties. Notes. (Content in bold is for Higher Tier only) WJEC England GCSE Chemistry Topic 5: Bonding, structure and properties Notes (Content in bold is for Higher Tier only) Chemical bonds Compounds - substances in which 2 or more elements are chemically combined.

More information

Subject: Chemistry Class: XI Chapter: The p-block Elements Top concepts

Subject: Chemistry Class: XI Chapter: The p-block Elements Top concepts Subject: Chemistry Class: XI Chapter: The p-block Elements Top concepts 1. Elements in which the last electron enters the p-subshell of their outermost energy level are called p-block elements. The elements

More information

3.2 Alkanes. Refining crude oil. N Goalby chemrevise.org 40 C 110 C 180 C. 250 C fuel oil 300 C 340 C. Fractional Distillation: Industrially

3.2 Alkanes. Refining crude oil. N Goalby chemrevise.org 40 C 110 C 180 C. 250 C fuel oil 300 C 340 C. Fractional Distillation: Industrially 3.2 Alkanes Refining crude oil Fractional Distillation: Industrially Petroleum is a mixture consisting mainly of alkane hydrocarbons Petroleum fraction: mixture of hydrocarbons with a similar chain length

More information

Synthesis; sol-gel. Helmer Fjellvåg and Anja Olafsen Sjåstad. Lectures at CUTN spring 2016

Synthesis; sol-gel. Helmer Fjellvåg and Anja Olafsen Sjåstad. Lectures at CUTN spring 2016 Synthesis; sol-gel Helmer Fjellvåg and Anja Olafsen Sjåstad Lectures at CUTN spring 2016 Inorganic Materials Synthesis In January: Solid State Reactions Our text book has extended the definition to any

More information

[2]... [1]

[2]... [1] 1 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. Both elements have macromolecular structures. (a) Diamond and graphite are two forms of the element carbon. (i) Explain why diamond is a very hard substance....

More information

Lecture Notes Chem 51C S. King. Chapter 20 Introduction to Carbonyl Chemistry; Organometallic Reagents; Oxidation & Reduction

Lecture Notes Chem 51C S. King. Chapter 20 Introduction to Carbonyl Chemistry; Organometallic Reagents; Oxidation & Reduction Lecture Notes Chem 51C S. King Chapter 20 Introduction to Carbonyl Chemistry; rganometallic Reagents; xidation & Reduction I. The Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds The carbonyl group is an extremely important

More information

Alcohols. Contents. Structure. structure

Alcohols. Contents. Structure. structure Page 1 of 9 Alcohols Contents structure Physical Properties Classification of Alcohols Nomenclature of Alcohols Preparation of Alcohols Oxidation of Alcohols oxidation of aldehydes Structure Alcohols can

More information

Experiment 5: Chemical Reactivity of Me 2 SiCl 2 : Formation of Silicone Oils, Silicone Polymers, and Borosilicate Ceramics

Experiment 5: Chemical Reactivity of Me 2 SiCl 2 : Formation of Silicone Oils, Silicone Polymers, and Borosilicate Ceramics Experiment 5: Chemical Reactivity of Me 2 SiCl 2 : Formation of Silicone Oils, Silicone Polymers, and Borosilicate Ceramics Introduction Silicon is one of the most abundant elements on this planet. It

More information

Topic 10 Organic Chemistry. Ms. Kiely IB Chemistry (SL) Coral Gables Senior High School

Topic 10 Organic Chemistry. Ms. Kiely IB Chemistry (SL) Coral Gables Senior High School Topic 10 Organic Chemistry Ms. Kiely IB Chemistry (SL) Coral Gables Senior High School -Alkanes: have low reactivity and undergo free radical substitution. -Alkenes: are more reactive than alkanes, since

More information

Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL

Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL Organic Chemistry SL IB CHEMISTRY SL 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry Understandings: A homologous series is a series of compounds of the same family, with the same general formula, which differ

More information

10. Alkyl Halides. What Is an Alkyl Halide. An organic compound containing at least one carbonhalogen

10. Alkyl Halides. What Is an Alkyl Halide. An organic compound containing at least one carbonhalogen 10. Alkyl Halides What Is an Alkyl Halide An organic compound containing at least one carbonhalogen bond (C-X) X (F, Cl, Br, I) replaces H Can contain many C-X bonds Properties and some uses Fire-resistant

More information

H 22. (a) Give the general formula of alkanes. (1) (b) Carbon monoxide, CO, is formed during the incomplete combustion of decane.

H 22. (a) Give the general formula of alkanes. (1) (b) Carbon monoxide, CO, is formed during the incomplete combustion of decane. 1 Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Initial separation is achieved by fractional distillation of the crude oil. The separate fractions are further refined to produce hydrocarbons such as

More information

ORGANIC - CLUTCH CH ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION

ORGANIC - CLUTCH CH ALDEHYDES AND KETONES: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ALDEHYDE NOMENCLATURE Replace the suffix of the alkane -e with the suffix On the parent chain, the carbonyl is always terminal, and receive a location As substituents, they

More information

Section 1 Compounds and Molecules

Section 1 Compounds and Molecules CHAPTER OUTLINE Section 1 Compounds and Molecules Key Idea questions > What holds a compound together? > How can the structure of chemical compounds be shown? > What determines the properties of a compound?

More information

Personalised Learning Checklists Edexcel Combined: Chemistry Paper 1

Personalised Learning Checklists Edexcel Combined: Chemistry Paper 1 Edexcel (combined) Chemistry Topics (1SC0) from 2016 - Paper 1 (Topic 1 parts a&b) Topic Student Checklist R A G Describe how the Dalton model of an atom has changed over time because of the discovery

More information

10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions

10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions 10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions Chemical equations follow certain patterns Combination (synthesis ) The number of possible chemical is very large. However, there are a limited number of structural patterns

More information

Ethers. Synthesis of Ethers. Chemical Properties of Ethers

Ethers. Synthesis of Ethers. Chemical Properties of Ethers Page 1 of 6 like alcohols are organic derivatives of water, but lack the labile -OH group. As a result, ethers, except for epoxides, are usually not very reactive and are often used as solvents for organic

More information

An alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group.

An alcohol is a compound obtained by substituting a hydoxyl group ( OH) for an H atom on a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon group. Derivatives of Hydrocarbons A functional group is a reactive portion of a molecule that undergoes predictable reactions. All other organic compounds can be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (i.e.,

More information

Alcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides

Alcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides Alcohols, Ethers, & Epoxides Alcohols Structure and Bonding Enols and Phenols Compounds having a hydroxy group on a sp 2 hybridized carbon enols and phenols undergo different reactions than alcohols. Chapter

More information

************************************************************************************** NSS1 ( )

************************************************************************************** NSS1 ( ) Yan Oi Tong Tin Ka Ping Secondary School NSS1 Chemistry Teaching Schedule (2018 2021) NSS1 Chemistry (2018 2021) / Teaching Schedule / P.1 **************************************************************************************

More information

WJEC Eduqas AS Chemistry - Component 2 THERMOCHEMISTRY

WJEC Eduqas AS Chemistry - Component 2 THERMOCHEMISTRY WJEC Eduqas AS Chemistry - Component 2 THERMOCHEMISTRY enthalpy change of reaction, enthalpy change of combustion and standard molar enthalpy change of formation, Δ fh ϴ Hess s law and energy cycles concept

More information

Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers

Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers Lecture No. (1) Introduction of Polymers Polymer Structure Polymers are found in nature as proteins, cellulose, silk or synthesized like polyethylene, polystyrene and nylon. Some natural polymers can also

More information

Electronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H

Electronegativity Scale F > O > Cl, N > Br > C, H Organic Chem Chapter 12 Alkanes Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Carbon has several properties that are worth discussing: Tetravalent Always forms 4 bonds Can form multiple bonds (double

More information

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com. Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1: The Core Principles of Chemistry

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com. Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1: The Core Principles of Chemistry Write your name here Surname Other names Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level Centre Number Chemistry Advanced Subsidiary Unit 1: The Core Principles of Chemistry Candidate Number Friday 27 May

More information

Silicone Chemistry Overview

Silicone Chemistry Overview licone Chemistry verview licone Chemistry verview 1. Introduction By analogy with ketones, the name silicone was given in 1901 by Kipping to describe new compounds of the generic formula R 2. These were

More information

Chemistry Notes. Daniel P

Chemistry Notes. Daniel P Chemistry Notes Daniel P Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Production of Materials 4 2.1 Ethylene and its Uses...................................... 4 1. Chemical Equations...................................

More information

Nano Scale Organosilane Asphalt Applications

Nano Scale Organosilane Asphalt Applications Nano Scale Organosilane Asphalt Applications Virginia Asphalt Association 2018 Bryan Atkins H.T.A.S. Doug Zuberer Zydex Industries Organosilane Chemistry Developed over 50 years ago by Dow Corning for

More information

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry. QuickTime and a are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Organic Chemistry Has

More information

ORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH ALDEHYDES AND KETONES.

ORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH ALDEHYDES AND KETONES. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ALDEHYDE NOMENCLATURE Replace the suffix of the alkane -e with the suffix On the parent chain, the carbonyl is always terminal, and receive a location As substituents, they

More information

Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing.

Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing. Chapter 21 Lecture Notes Organic Chemistry Intro Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing. The Bonding of Carbon Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form covalent bonds.

More information

Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry. Introduction to Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Introduction to Organic Chemistry What is Organic Chemistry? Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds Organic compound Is molecular compound of carbon Is made up

More information

Reading Check (Warm up #) 1) What is an isotope? 2) What is a chemical compound?

Reading Check (Warm up #) 1) What is an isotope? 2) What is a chemical compound? 12/11-12/14 Reading Check (Warm up #) 1) What is an isotope? 2) What is a chemical compound? Write your replies on your whiteboards 1) What are the compounds in this chemical equation? 2) What atoms can

More information

MONICA COACHING CENTRE An Institute For Science Classes JALANDHAR, PUNJAB CARBON AND COMPOUNDS

MONICA COACHING CENTRE An Institute For Science Classes JALANDHAR, PUNJAB CARBON AND COMPOUNDS CARBON AND COMPOUNDS The atmosphere has only 0.03% of carbon dioxide. The number of electrons lost or gained by an atom to complete its octet (or duplet) is called its valency. It depends on the number

More information

In 1807 Davy did an electrolysis experiment to produce potassium. Davy first tried to electrolyse a solid potassium salt to produce potassium

In 1807 Davy did an electrolysis experiment to produce potassium. Davy first tried to electrolyse a solid potassium salt to produce potassium Q1. This question is about potassium. (a) Humphrey Davy was a professor of chemistry. In 1807 Davy did an electrolysis experiment to produce potassium. Davy first tried to electrolyse a solid potassium

More information

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.

Organic Chemistry. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon. In this chapter we will discuss the structural features of organic molecules, nomenclature, and a

More information

Materi Pengayaan Polimer Koordinasi

Materi Pengayaan Polimer Koordinasi Materi Pengayaan Polimer Koordinasi Coordination Polymers; Design, Analysis and Application Stuart R. Batten, Suzanne M. Neville and David R. Turner Coordination polymers are infinite repeating structures

More information

Chapter 6 Magnetic nanoparticles

Chapter 6 Magnetic nanoparticles Chapter 6 Magnetic nanoparticles Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a class of nanoparticle which can be manipulated using magnetic field gradients. Such particles commonly consist of magnetic elements

More information

Bonding and Chemical Reactions

Bonding and Chemical Reactions Bonding and Chemical Reactions Introduction Assignment- Chapter 5 Group 1: Describe the difference between compounds and mixtures. Group 2: Describe how the chemical structure of a compound affects its

More information

`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø

`1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø `1AP Biology Study Guide Chapter 2 v Atomic structure is the basis of life s chemistry Ø Living and non- living things are composed of atoms Ø Element pure substance only one kind of atom Ø Living things

More information

Guided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry

Guided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry Name: Date: Block: Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life I. Concept 2.1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules a. Atoms Guided Notes Unit 1: Biochemistry i. Atom: _ ii. (They are SUPER small! It would take 3 million carbon

More information

CHAPTER 2. Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

CHAPTER 2. Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules CHAPTER 2 Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules 2-1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Simple Chemical Processes Chemical thermodynamics: Is concerned with the extent that

More information

Chemical compounds. Types Formulas Names

Chemical compounds. Types Formulas Names Chemical compounds Types Formulas Names Learning objectives Describe the octet rule Predict number of valence electrons on atom Predict ionic charges Predict composition of simple ionic compounds Predict

More information

Synthesis of micro- and mesoporous materials

Synthesis of micro- and mesoporous materials Synthesis of micro- and mesoporous materials Jean-Philippe Tessonnier Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany Outline Basic concepts on porosity and importance in catalysis Porous

More information

Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette

Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette Chapter 13 Alkenes and Alkynes Based on Material Prepared by Andrea D. Leonard University of Louisiana at Lafayette 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

More information

Ab initio molecular modelling of the

Ab initio molecular modelling of the Énergies renouvelables Production éco-responsable Transports innovants Procédés éco-efficients Ressources durables Ab initio molecular modelling of the mechanisms of dealumination and desilication of relevant

More information

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

The Chemistry and Energy of Life 2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Chapter 2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Key Concepts 2.1 Atomic Structure Is the Basis for Life s Chemistry 2.2 Atoms Interact and Form Molecules 2.3 Carbohydrates

More information

ORGANIC - CLUTCH CH ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS

ORGANIC - CLUTCH CH ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, EPOXIDES AND THIOLS !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ALCOHOL NOMENCLATURE Glycols: Alcohols with two hydroxyls are called ; with three hydroxyls are called Always give most priority to the OH group. EXAMPLE: Provide the correct

More information

5. All isotopes of a given element must have the same (A) atomic mass (B) atomic number (C) mass number (D) number of neutrons

5. All isotopes of a given element must have the same (A) atomic mass (B) atomic number (C) mass number (D) number of neutrons 1. Which substance can be decomposed by a chemical change? (A) beryllium (B) boron (C) methanol (D) magnesium 2. The particles in a crystalline solid are arranged (A) randomly and far apart (B) randomly

More information