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1 Chapter 20 - Electricity Section 20.1 Electric Charge (Pages ) 590)

2 Types of Electric Charge The charged parts of atoms are electrons and protons. Protons and electrons have opposite charges. An atom becomes negatively charged when it gains extra electrons. An atom becomes positively charged when it loses extra electrons. A positively or negatively charged atom is called an ion.

3 Interactions Between Charges All charged objects exert an electric force on each other. Charges that are the same repel each other. Charges that are different attract each other.

4 Electric Fields Electric charges exert a force on each other at a distance through an electric field. When a charged particle is placed in the electric field of another charged particle, it is either attracted or repelled. An electric field gets stronger as you get closer to the charge.

5 Static Charge The buildup of charges on an object is called static electricity. When a negatively charged object and a positively charged object are brought together, electrons move until both objects have the same charge. The rapid movement of excess charge from one place to another is an electric discharge.

6 Static Charge and Humidity

7 Insulators and Conductors A material in which electrons CANNOT move easily from place to place is an insulator. Examples of Insulators: Plastic, wood, glass, rubber. A material in which electrons CAN move easily from place to place is a conductor. Examples of Conductors: Metals (Au, Cu, Al) and water (H2O).

8 Lightning and Grounding Lightning is another example of an electric discharge. In a storm cloud, air currents sometimes cause the bottom of the cloud to become negatively charged. This negative charge induces a positive charge in the ground below the cloud. A cloud-to to-ground lightning stroke occurs when electric charge moves between the negative cloud and the positive ground.

9 Lightning and Grounding Since a lightning bolt releases such a large amount of electrical energy, it can be deadly. The process of providing a pathway to drain excess charge into the Earth is called grounding. A lightning rod can protect a building from being damaged by a lightning strike by rerouting the electricity to the ground.

10 Lightning Rods The Empire State Building gets hit by lightning an average of times each year!!

11 Lightning Safety Stay away from tall, isolated objects. Lightning seeks the path of least/shortest distance. Stay away from metal objects, such as fences, poles and backpacks. Metal is an excellent conductor. Do not swim and stay away from water (pools, lakes, large puddles). Seek shelter in an enclosed building or a car during a storm.

12 Section 4 Review Question #1 How do particles with the same charge interact? Particles with the same charge repel each other. How do particles with opposite charges interact? Particles with opposite charges attract each other.

13 Section 4 Review Question #2 What is static electricity? Static electricity is the buildup of charge.

14 Section 4 Review Question #3 What are the three ways by which static charge is produced? Static charge can build up by friction, conduction, or induction.

15 Section 4 Review Question #4 How is static electricity discharged? During electric discharge, charges escape the charged object by jumping from one object to another or by attaching to water or dust particles.

16 Section 4 Review Question #5 How does an electroscope detect charge? When a charged object touches the knob of an electroscope, electrons travel from an area of high electron density to an area of low electron density-through the electroscope to the leaves.

17 Transferring Charge There are three methods by which charges are transferred: 1) Friction the transfer of electrons from one object to another by rubbing. 2) Conduction the transfer of electrons from a charge object to another object by direct contact. 3) Induction The movement of electrons to one part of an object by another electric field.

18 Static Discharge When a negatively charged object and a positively charged object are brought together, electrons move until both objects have the same charge. The loss of static electricity as electric charge move off an object is called static discharge.

19 Weather and Static There is less static discharge on humid days. Why? On humid days, the air is filled with water molecules, which carries off the extra electrons.

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