Acids and Alkalis. Looking at acids and alkalis. 1 hydrochloric. 2 sour. 3 bases. 4 ionize, ionization. 5 hydrogen. 6 mobile ions.

Transcription

1 Topic 4 Acids and Alkalis Section A Fill in the blanks Unit 1 Looking at acids and alkalis 1 hydrochloric 2 sour bases 4 ionize, ionization 5 hydrogen 6 mobile ions 7 basicity 8 monobasic 9 dibasic 10 Metal + dilute acid salt + hydrogen 11 Carbonate + dilute acid salt + water + carbon dioxide 12 Hydrogencarbonate + dilute acid salt + water + carbon dioxide 1 Acid + metal hydroxide salt + water 14 Acid + metal oxide salt + water 15 salt, water 16 alkali 17 bitter 1

2 18 ammonia 19 precipitates 20 complex Unit 14 The ph scale and strengths of acids and alkalis 21 indicator 22 litmus solution, methyl orange, phenolphthalein 2 acidity, alkalinity 24 acidic 25 alkaline 26 neutral 27 strong 28 weak Unit 15 Neutralization 29 neutralization 0 sodium hydrogensulphate, sodium sulphate 1 normal 2 acid 2

3 Unit 16 Concentration of solutions and volumetric analysis 4 molarity 5 a) electronic balance b) volumetric flask c) pipette, pipette filler d) burette 6 indicator Unit 17 Rate of reactions

4 7 a) amount b) Time 8 a) surface area b) concentration c) hotter Section B True or False Unit 1 Looking at acids and alkalis 1 T 2 F An acid is a hydrogen-containing substance that gives hydrogen ions as the only positive ion when dissolved in water. by one acid F The basicity of an acid is the maximum number of hydrogen ions produced molecule. For example, ethanoic acid CH COOH is monobasic because only the hydrogen atom in the -COOH group is ionizable. 4 T hydroxide ions. 5 F The properties of solutions of alkalis depend on the presence of mobile 6 T 7 F Iron(II) hydroxide does not dissolve in excess ammonia solution. solution. It 8 F Copper(II) hydroxide does not dissolve in excess dilute sodium hydroxide dissolves in excess ammonia solution to give a deep blue solution. 9 T oxygen gas. 10 F Concentrated nitric acid tends to decompose to nitrogen dioxide gas and 4HNO (aq) 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) 4

5 Unit 14 The ph scale and strengths of acids and alkalis 11 T 12 T 1 F Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic solutions. 14 F Methyl orange is yellow in alkaline solutions. 15 T 16 F The ph value of ammonia solution is greater than 7, but less than T 18 T 19 T 20 F When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it reacts with water to give ammonium ions and hydroxide ions. However, ammonia does not react with water completely. Only very few hydroxide ions are formed. Unit 15 Neutralization 21 T carbonate and 22 F In neutralization, salt and water are the only products. However, potassium dilute hydrochloric acid react to give a salt, carbon dioxide gas and water. Therefore the reaction is not a neutralization reaction. 2 T 5

6 solution 24 F The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide produces only one salt, sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is a normal salt. 25 T 26 F Iron(II) chloride is a normal salt. 27 F A few acid salts give alkaline solutions when dissolved in water. water. 28 F Calcium sulphate, lead(ii) sulphate and barium sulphate are insoluble in carbonate are 29 F Lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonium soluble in water. gives an acidic 0 F Farmers neutralize acidic soil by adding quicklime. Ammonium sulphate solution when dissolved in water. 1 T ingredient in antacids. 2 F Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive. It is never used as an active Unit 16 Concentration of solutions and volumetric analysis total volume F To dilute 100 cm of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid to 0.10 M, add water until the of the solution is cm. 4 F A volumetric flask is used to prepare a solution of accurately known volume, e.g cm. 5 T accurately. It is 6 F Potassium hydroxide absorbs moisture from the air and cannot be weighed 6

7 unsuitable for preparing a standard solution. 7 T 8 F A solution of known molarity is called a standard solution. 9 T 40 F The conical flask is to hold a specific volume of a solution (usually 25.0 cm ), i.e. a specific amount of the solute. It should not be washed with the solution it is to contain before use because the additional amount of solute remaining in the flask will affect the titration results. 41 F The last drop of the solution in the pipette should not be blown out. 42 T Unit 17 Rate of reactions 4 T 44 F The volume of a liquid would not affect the rate of a reaction. 45 T slower than that 46 F The reaction rate between dilute hydrochloric acid and marble chips is between the acid and powdered marble. 47 F Magnesium reacts with the hydrogen ions in the acid. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and it has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions than the hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the reaction between magnesium and 2 M ethanoic acid is slower than that between magnesium and 2 M hydrochloric acid. Section C Multiple Choice 7

8 Unit 1 Looking at acids and alkalis 1 A 2 C Option A Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide. Opiton B Drain cleaners contain sodium hydroxide. Option D Slaked lime is calcium hydroxide. D 4 D Option A Dilute acids react with carbonates to give carbon dioxide gas. Option B Dilute acids have a sour taste. Option C Dilute acids react with reactive metals only. Option D Dilute acids conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions. 5 A Option B Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to give sodium sulphate. 2NaHCO (s or aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) + 2CO 2 (g) Option C Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate to give calcium sulphate. Option D Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with magnesium hydroxide to give magnesium sulphate and water. H 2 SO 4 (aq) + Mg(OH) 2 (s) MgSO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 6 C The reaction between dilute nitric acid and copper(ii) carbonate can be represented by the following equation: CuCO (s) + 2HNO (aq) Cu(NO ) 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) Copper(II) nitrate solution is blue in colour while carbon dioxide is a colourless gas. carbonate) to 7 A A car battery contains sulphuric acid. The acid reacts with marble (calcium give carbon dioxide gas. 8 C When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate, insoluble calcium sulphate forms. The calcium sulphate covers the surface of calcium carbonate and prevents further reaction. 8

9 9 C Zinc reacts with dilute nitric acid to give nitrogen monoxide, not hydrogen. 10 C hydrogen ions 11 B When citric acid crystals dissolve in water, the molecules ionize to give H + (aq). Hydrogen ions are responsible for all the acidic properties. 12 D Phosphoric acid is a tribasic acid. 1 D 14 A Glass cleaners usually contain ammonia. solution due to the 15 B Aluminium hydroxide redissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide formation of a soluble complex salt. potassium 16 D Dilute sodium hydroxide solution does not give a white precipitate with chloride solution. The mixture is a colourless solution. 17 D The white precipitate is magnesium hydroxide. 18 B Solution Iron(II) nitrate Iron(III) sulphate Potassium nitrate Zinc sulphate Colour of precipitate upon the addition of ammonia solution Green Reddish brown No precipitate White 19 C Option A CuSO 4 (aq) gives a pale blue precipitate with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Cu(OH) 2 (s) Option B Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) gives a white precipitate with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Pb 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Pb(OH) 2 (s) Option D Zn(NO ) 2 (aq) gives a white precipitate with dilute sodium hydroxide 9

10 solution. Zn 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) when mixed. 20 B FeSO 4 (aq) and KOH(aq) give a green precipitate, iron(ii) hydroxide, 21 C Calcium nitrate solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution will produce a white precipitate when mixed. Ca 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Ca(OH) 2 (s) 22 B to give a 2 B Calcium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give calcium ions. Ca(s) + 2H + (aq) Ca 2+ (aq) + H 2 (g) Calcium ions react with hydroxide ions in dilute sodium hydroxide solution precipitate, calcium hydroxide. Ca 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Ca(OH) 2 (s) Calcium hydroxide is insoluble in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution. sodium hydroxide 24 A Ammonium carbonate gives off ammonia gas when heated with dilute solution. It gives carbon dioxide gas with dilute nitric acid. dioxide gas, but not 25 B Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate to give carbon potassium nitrate. 26 D 27 B 28 A () Dilute hydrochloric acid is irritant. gas. with dilute 29 D (1) Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give hydrogen (2) & () Sodium carbonate and potassium hydrogencarbonate react hydrochloric acid to give carbon dioxide gas. 10

11 0 A (1) Zinc reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give hydrogen gas. (2) Magnesium carbonate and dilute sulphuric acid react to give carbon dioxide gas. () Magnesium oxide and dilute sulphuric acid react to give magnesium sulphate and water. No gas is formed. react with unreactive 1 B (2) Very dilute nitric acid acts like a typical acid. It does not metals, such as copper. 2 D carbon dioxide gas. acid. react to give sodium A (1) Calcium carbonate solid and dilute nitric acid react to give (2) There is no reaction between silver and dilute hydrochloric () Dilute sodium hydroxide solution and dilute sulphuric acid sulphate and water. 4 D (1) Magnesium gives gas bubbles (hydrogen) with dilute hydrochloric acid. There is no reaction between copper and the acid. (2) Sodium chloride has no observable change when mixed with dilute hydrochloric acid. Sodium carbonate gives gas bubbles (carbon dioxide gas) with dilute hydrochloric acid. () Iron gives gas bubbles (hydrogen gas) with dilute hydrochloric acid. Copper(II) oxide gives a coloured solution, without gas bubbles, with dilute hydrochloric acid. acidic solution when 5 A Carbon burns in air to give carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide gives an dissolved in water. acid. 6 C (2) Solid citric acid crystals cannot show the typical properties of an 11

12 7 C (1) Ammonium chloride solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution do not give a precipitate when mixed. (2) Magnesium sulphate solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution give a white precipitate when mixed. Mg 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Mg(OH) 2 (s) () Iron(II) nitrate solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution give a green precipitate when mixed. Fe 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Fe(OH) 2 (s) deep blue solution. colourless solution. 8 B (1) Cu(OH) 2 dissolves in excess ammonia solution to give a (2) Pb(OH) 2 is insoluble in excess ammonia solution. () Zn(OH) 2 dissolves in excess ammonia solution to give a NH(aq). NaOH(aq). NaOH(aq). 9 C (1) Ca(NO ) 2 (aq) does not give a precipitate when mixed with (2) Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) gives a white precipitate when mixed with Pb 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Pb(OH) 2 (s) () Mg(NO ) 2 (aq) gives a white precipitate when mixed with Mg 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Mg(OH) 2 (s) 40 D (1) Heating ammonium chloride solution with dilute sodium hydroxide solution liberates ammonia. + NH 4 (aq) + OH (aq) NH (g) + H 2 O(l) (2) Iron(III) sulphate solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution give a reddish brown precipitate when mixed. () Vinegar and dilute sodium hydroxide solution react to give a salt and water. hydrochloric acid. 41 A (2) & () Both silver and copper do not react with dilute 12

13 42 D (1) Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give copper(ii) sulphate and water. CuO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) CuSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) (2) Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give iron(ii) chloride and hydrogen. Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) () Magnesium nitrate solution reacts with ammonia solution to give a white precipitate, magnesium hydroxide. Mg 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Mg(OH) 2 (s) 4 D acid by mass. 44 C (1) Ordinary concentrated nitric acid contains about 70% nitric sulphuric acid by mass. 45 A (2) Concentrated sulphuric acid does not give an acid mist in air. () Ordinary concentrated sulphuric acid contains about 98% 46 D A fruit salt contains a solid acid and a solid metal carbonate or hydrogencarbonate. The solid acid gives hydrogen ions H+(aq) when dissolved in water. The hydrogen ions react with the metal carbonate or hydrogencarbonate to give carbon dioxide gas. This gives rise to the effervescence that happens when the fruit salt is added to water. 47 A The chemical equation for the decomposition of concentrated nitric acid: 4HNO (aq) 4NO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) 48 D Many metal hydroxides are insoluble in water. 49 A When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it reacts with water to give ammonium ions and hydroxide ions. NH (g) + H 2 O(l) + NH 4 (aq) + OH (aq) 50 D When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate, insoluble calcium sulphate forms. The calcium sulphate covers the surface of calcium carbonate and prevents further reaction. 1

14 Unit 14 The ph scale and strengths of acids and alkalis 51 A Indicator Colour in Acidic solution Alkaline solution Methyl orange Red Yellow 52 B Indicator Colour in Acidic solution Alkaline solution Phenolphthalein Colourless Red 5 D 54 C 55 D 56 B Slaked lime is calcium hydroxide. 57 D Soft drinks contain carbonic acid. 58 D Tomato juice contains vinegar (ethanoic acid). because carbon 59 B Normally, the ph value of rainwater is about 5.6. It is slightly acidic dioxide in the air reacts with rainwater to form carbonic acid. 60 C Substance ph value Glass cleaner ~ 10 Lemon juice ~ 2 Milk < 7 61 D Substance ph value Dilute nitric acid ~ 1 Orange juice ~ Window cleaner ~ 10 14

15 62 C 6 B 64 C Option A The ph value of calcium hydroxide solution is greater than 7. Opitons B & C Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid. The hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than the ethanoic acid. Therefore the ph value of the hydrochloric acid is lower than that of the ethanoic acid. Option D The ph value of sodium chloride solution is B (1) & (2) The ph values of dilute carbonic acid and dilute sulphuric acid are both less than 7. Dilute sulphuric acid is a strong acid while carbonic acid is a weak acid. The sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than the carbonic acid. Therefore the ph value of the sulphuric acid is lower than that of the carbonic acid. () The ph value of dilute sodium hydroxide solution is greater than D (1) The ph value of limewater is greater than 7. (2) The ph value of normal rainwater is about A Substance ph value Ammonia solution ~ 10 Glass cleaner ~ 10 Sodium chloride solution 7 solution is acidic or alkaline. It 68 C (1) Litmus solution can be used to identify whether a cannot be used to measure the ph value of a solution. to give ammonium ions 69 B (2) When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it reacts with water and hydroxide ions. 15

16 water. () Ammonia solution reacts with an acid to give a salt and 70 C (1) Adding 1 M hydrochloric acid to the ethanoic acid makes the ethanoic acid more acidic, thus decreases the ph value of the ethanoic acid. (2) & () Solid sodium carbonate and magnesium react with the ethanoic acid, thus both increase the ph value of the ethanoic acid. 71 A (1) & (2) Solid citric acid and ethanoic acid react with the ammonia solution, thus both decrease the ph value of the ammonia solution. () Adding concentrated sodium hydroxide solution makes the ammonia solution more alkaline, thus increases the ph value of the ammonia solution. ions in a solution, not 72 A () The ph value is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen the concentration of an acid. weak acid. ions in a solution. 7 B (1) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a (2) The ph value is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen Therefore acid solutions of the same ph value should have the same concentration of hydrogen ions. presence of mobile 74 D (2) The solution of a strong alkali conducts electricity due to the ions. 75 B () Sodium hydroxide ionizes almost completely into sodium ions and hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. The solution contains mainly sodium ions Na + (aq), hydroxide ions OH (aq) and water molecules. weak acid. Thus 76 A (2) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than ethanoic acid of 16

17 the same concentration. The ph value of the hydrochloric acid is lower than that of the ethanoic acid. () The hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of ions than the ethanoic acid. Therefore the electrical conductivity of the hydrochloric acid is higher than that of the ethanoic acid. 77 B 78 A in water. Ethanoic acid 79 B Sulphuric acid is a strong acid because it almost completely ionizes is a weak acid because it only partly ionizes in water. completely ionizes in 80 B Concentrated hydrochloric acid is a strong acid because it almost water. Unit 15 Neutralization 81 B Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is an alkali. 82 A Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to give carbonic acid. oxide ions) to 8 C Neutralization is the combination of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions (or form water molecules. chloride, 84 D Copper(II) carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give copper(ii) carbon dioxide and water. This is not a neutralization reaction. In neutralization, salt and water are the only products. 85 B Iron(III) hydroxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give iron(iii) chloride and water. The resulting solution is yellow in colour. Fe(OH) (s) + HCl(aq) FeCl (aq) + H 2 O(l) 17

18 the formation 86 D Only Zn(OH) 2 dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution due to of a soluble complex salt. 87 C Options A & D Carbonates react with dilute hydrochloric acid to give carbon dioxide gas. Option B Copper(II) hydroxide does not dissolve in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Option C Lead(II) hydroxide dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution due to the formation of a soluble complex salt. 88 B Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give copper(ii) sulphate and water. CuO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) CuSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) Copper(II) sulphate is soluble in water while copper is insoluble. Therefore copper can be separated from the mixture by filtration. H 2 O(l). Therefore 89 B In the two reactions, the only chemical change is OH (aq) + H + (aq) the energy changes should be the same. 90 C Option A Calcium carbonate gives gas bubbles with dilute sulphuric acid. However, it is insoluble in water. Option B Magnesium chloride does not give gas bubbles with dilute sulphuric acid. Option C Sodium carbonate is soluble in water and gives gas bubbles (carbon dioxide) with dilute sulphuric acid. Option D Zinc oxide does not give gas bubbles with dilute sulphuric acid. 91 D Option A Calcium sulphate is insoluble in water. Option B Copper(II) oxide is not white in colour. It is also insoluble in water. Option C Iron(II) chloride is not white in colour. Option D Neutralization occurs when potassium hydroxide is mixed with dilute sulphuric 18

19 acid. Heat energy is given out. 92 B Copper(II) oxide is black in colour. When copper(ii) oxide is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid, a blue solution results. CuO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) CuSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) 9 A 94 B Reaction Calcium carbonate + dilute sulphuric acid Magnesium oxide + dilute sulphuric acid Copper(II) hydroxide + dilute nitric acid Sodium hydroxide + dilute hydrochloric acid Salt obtained When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate, insoluble calcium sulphate forms. The calcium sulphate covers the surface of calcium carbonate and prevents further reaction. Magnesium sulphate Copper(II) nitrate Sodium chloride 95 A 96 A 97 C Option Salt Solubility in water A Calcium carbonate Insoluble Calcium nitrate Soluble B C Ammonium sulphate Barium sulphate Potassium carbonate Zinc nitrate Magnesium carbonate Ammonium nitrate Copper(II)sulphate Soluble Insoluble Soluble Soluble Insoluble Soluble Soluble 98 D Pb 2+ (aq) + 2Cl (aq) PbCl 2 (s) white precipitate 99 D 19

20 100 A Ca 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2 (aq) CaSO 4 (s) white precipitate 101 B Copper(II) sulphate is soluble in water while calcium sulphate is insoluble. Adding warm water to the mixture dissolves copper(ii) sulphate but not calcium sulphate. Calcium sulphate can be separated from the copper(ii) sulphate solution by filtration. Finally, evaporate the filtrate to obtain copper(ii) sulphate crystals. between 102 C Magnesium chloride is white in colour. It can be prepared by the reaction magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid. dilute sodium 10 C Na 2 SO 4 can be prepared by the reaction between dilute sulphuric acid and hydroxide solution. H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 104 B () Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid to give magnesium nitrate, carbon dioxide and water. This is not a neutralization reaction. In neutralization, salt and water are the only products. 105 A (1) Heat energy is given out in neutralization reactions. (2) The product is sodium nitrate, a normal salt. () Sodium nitrate is an ionic compound. carbon dioxide and water. 106 A () ZnCO reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give a salt, 107 B (1) Adding excess ammonia solution will leave an alkaline solution after reacting with the acid. (2) Adding excess calcium carbonate will not leave an alkaline solution after reacting with the acid because calcium carbonate is insoluble in water. () Sodium chloride does not react with the acid. 108 D formed in the reaction 109 A () Ammonium chloride is soluble in water. No precipitate is 20

21 between ammonia solution and dilute hydrochloric acid. carbonic acid. 110 B (2) Sodium hydroxide is not a salt. () Sodium hydrogencarbonate is an acid salt formed from 111 C (1) The salt formed in the reaction is sodium chloride. It is soluble in water. Therefore no precipitate appears. () Neutralization occurs in the beaker and heat energy is given out. Therefore the solution warms up. either zinc, 112 D Zinc sulphate can be prepared by reacting dilute sulphuric acid with zinc oxide or zinc carbonate. Zn(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) ZnO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) ZnCO (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) 11 D Only the hydrogen atom in the -COOH group of the ethanoic acid is ionizable. Ethanoic acid is a monobasic acid. It cannot form acid salt. 114 C Sodium hydroxide is corrosive and thus never used in antacids. 115 C The student should wash the affected area with plenty of water. 116 B 117 C Some salts are insoluble in water. Unit 16 Concentration of solutions and volumetric analysis 118 C Molarity of sodium carbonate solution = Number of moles of Na 2CO Volume of solution 21

22 Number of moles of Na 0.20 mol dm 2CO = (250.0 / )dm Number of moles of Na 2 CO = 0.20 mol dm x dm = mol Molar mass of Na 2 CO = (2 x x 16.0) g mol 1 = g mol 1 Mass of Na 2 CO required= Number of moles of Na 2 CO x Molar mass of Na 2 CO = mol x g mol 1 = 5. g 119 B Molarity of ethanoic acid solution = Number of moles of CHCOOH Volume of solution Number of moles of CH (500.0 / )dm COOH 0.50 mol dm - = Number of moles of CH COOH = 0.50 mol dm x dm = 0.25 mol Molar mass of CH COOH = (2 x x x 16.0) g mol 1 = 60.0 g mol 1 CHCOOH Mass of CH COOH required = Number of moles of CH COOH x Molar mass of = 0.25 mol x 60.0 g mol 1 = 15 g 16.0)] g mol D Molar mass of (COOH) 2 H 2 O = [2 x ( x ) + 2 x (2 x

23 16.0)] g mol 1 = g mol 1 = g mol 1 Number of moles of (COOH) 2 H 2 O present = Mass Molar mass.15g 126.0g mol = -1 = mol Molarity of ethanedioic acid solution = Number of moles of (COOH) 2 2H 2O Volume of solution mol = (250.0 / )dm = mol dm (M) 121 B Molar mass of ZnSO 4 H 2 O = [ x x (2 x Number of moles of ZnSO 4 H 2 O present = Mass Molar mass 2g 287.0g mol = -1 = mol Molarity of zinc sulphate solution = Number of moles of ZnSO4 7H 2O Volume of solution 0.080mol = (500.0 / )dm = 0.16 mol dm (M) 122 C Molar mass of KCl = ( ) g mol 1 = 74.5 g mol 1 2

24 Number of moles of KCl present = Mass Molar mass 44.7g 74.5g mol = -1 = mol Molarity of potassium chloride solution = Number of moles of KCl Volume of solution mol 2.40 mol dm - = Volume of solution mol Volume of solution = mol dm = dm = 250 cm 12 A Molar mass of KOH = ( ) g mol 1 = 56.0 g mol 1 Number of moles of KOH present = Mass Molar mass 7.00 g 56.0 g mol = -1 = mol Molarity of potassium hydroxide solution = Number of moles of KOH Volume of solution 1.00 mol dm - = mol Volume of solution mol Volume of solution = mol dm = dm 24

25 = 125 cm 124 D Molarity of sodium carbonate solution = Number of moles of Na 2CO Volume of solution Number of moles of Na 2.5 mol dm - 2CO = (200.0 / ) dm Number of moles of Na 2 CO = 2.5 mol dm x dm = 0.50 mol 125 A Substance Number of moles of substance present NaCl mol dm - x dm = mol Fe 2 (SO 4 ) mol dm - x 50 dm = mol CaCl mol dm - x 50 dm = mol MgSO mol dm - x 100 dm = mol Number of moles of ions Number of moles in one mole of substance of ions present 2 2 x mol = mol 5 5 x mol = 0.01 mol x mol = mol 2 2 x mol = mol 100 cm of 0.10 M NaCl contain the greatest number of moles of ions, i.e. the greatest number of ions. 126 B (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity, V = Volume 5.0 x V 250 = 0.40 x V = 20 cm 127 C (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity, V = Volume 25

26 120 V 10 x = 2 x V = 600 Volume of the final solution = 600 cm Volume of water added = ( ) cm = 480 cm 128 B (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity, V = Volume 0.50 x 100 = 0.10 x V V = 500 cm Volume of the final solution = 500 cm Volume of water added = ( ) cm = 400 cm 129 B Number of moles of Na 2 CO in cm of 2.50 M solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 2.50 mol dm x dm = mol Number of moles of Na 2 CO in 50.0 cm of 1.00 M solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 1.00 mol dm x 50.0 dm = mol Total number of moles of Na 2 CO in the resulting solution = ( ) mol 26

27 = mol Total volume of the resulting solution = ( ) cm = cm Number of moles of Na 2CO Molarity of the resulting solution = Volume of solution mol = (250.0 / ) dm = 2.20 mol dm (M) 10 D Carbonic acid and ethanoic acid are weak acids. They only partly ionize in water. Hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid are strong acids. They almost completely ionize in water. Therefore 1 M hydrochloric acid and 1 M sulphuric acid have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than the two weak acids. Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid while hydrochloric acid is a monobasic acid. Every sulphuric acid molecule give two hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Every hydrogen chloride molecule gives one hydrogen ion when dissolved in water. Therefore 1 M sulphuric acid has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions among the four acids. 11 A 12 C 1 D 14 A 15 D HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) 0.20 M? M 27.5 cm 25.0 cm 27

28 Volume of solution Number of moles of HCl in 27.5 cm solution= Molarity of solution x = 0.20 mol dm x 27.5 dm = mol complete neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for i.e. Number of moles of NaOH = mol Number of moles of NaOH Molarity of sodium hydroxide solution = Volume of solution mol = (25.0 / ) dm = 0.22 mol dm (M) 16 C H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2KOH(aq) K 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) M? M 25.0 cm 7.5 cm solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 25.0 cm solution= Molarity of solution x Volume of = mol dm x 25.0 dm = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of KOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of KOH = 2 x Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = 2 x mol = mol 28

29 Number of moles of KOH Molarity of potassium hydroxide solution = Volume of solution mol (7.5 / ) dm = = mol dm (M) any water or 17 C The burette should be washed with distilled water and then the acid because impurities in the apparatus will change the concentration of the acid it is to contain. This will affect the titration results. 18 A The conical flask is to hold 25.0 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution. It should not be washed with the solution because the additional amount of solute remaining in the flask will affect the titration results. 19 A 140 B We can represent the dibasic acid solution by H 2 X(aq). H 2 X(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 X(aq) + 2H 2 O(l)? M 0.20 M 12.5 cm 25.0 cm solution Number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm solution= Molarity of solution x Volume of 25.0 = 0.20 mol dm x dm = mol complete neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 X requires 2 moles of NaOH for i.e. Number of moles of H 2 X = 2 1 x Number of moles of NaOH 29

30 = 2 1 x mol = mol Molarity of dibasic acid solution = Number of moles of H 2X Volume of solution mol = (12.5 / ) dm = 0.20 mol dm (M) 141 D We can represent the monobasic acid solution by HX(aq). HX(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaX(aq) + H 2 O(l) 0.40 M?M 27.5 cm 25.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of HX in 27.5 cm solution= Molarity of solution x dm = 0.40 mol dm x 27.5 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of HX requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of NaOH = mol Molarity of sodium hydroxide solution = Number of moles of NaOH Volume of solution mol = (25.0 / ) dm = 0.44 mol dm (M) 0

31 142 A We can represent the dibasic acid solution by H 2 X(aq). H 2 X(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 X(aq) + 2H 2 O(l) M M 25.0 cm? cm solution Number of moles of H 2 X in 25.0 cm solution= Molarity of solution x Volume of 25.0 = mol dm x dm = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 X requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of NaOH = 2 x Number of moles of H 2 X = 2 x mol = mol Volume of NaOH solution required for complete neutralization Number of moles of NaOH = Molarity of solution mol mol dm = - = dm = 20.0 cm 14 C H 2 SO 4 (aq) + Na 2 CO (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + CO2(g) + H 2 O(l) mol complete reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 1 mole of Na 2 CO for i.e. Number of mole of Na 2 CO = mol 2HCl + Na 2 CO (aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 1

32 0.010 mol reaction. According to the equation, 2 moles of HCl require 1 mole of Na 2 CO for complete i.e. Number of moles of Na 2 CO = 2 1 x Number of moles of HCl = 2 1 x mol = mol Total number of moles of Na 2 CO required to react with the acids = mol mol = mol Total volume of Na 2 CO solution required to react with the acids = Number of moles of Na 2CO Molarity of solution mol 0.20 mol dm = dm = - = 75 cm 144 D 145 C The volumes of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution required for neutralization are: 22.0 cm, 20.0 cm, 19.9 cm and 20.1 cm. It is reasonable to discard the first reading since it is very different from the other three and it is the result obtained in the first trial. neutralization Average volume of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide solution required for = cm 2

33 = 20.0 cm (COOH) 2 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (COONa) 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l)? M 0.10 M 25.0 cm 20.0 cm cm (used) 25.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 20.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = 0.10 mol dm x 20.0 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of (COOH) 2 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete moles of NaOH i.e. Number of moles of (COOH) 2 in 25.0 cm dilute solution = 2 1 x Number of = 2 1 x mol = mol Molarity of dilute acid solution = Number of moles of (COOH) 2 Volume of solution mol = (25.0 / ) dm = mol dm

34 250 cm 25 cm Molarity of the original acid solution = mol dm x = 0.40 mol dm (M) 146 B Mass of H 2 SO 4 in 1 dm = 9.8 g 9.8 g Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 1 dm = g mol = 0.10 mol Molarity of the sulphuric acid = 0.10 mol dm (M) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 0.10 M? M 0.0 cm 25.0 cm solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 0.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of = 0.10 mol dm x 0.0 dm = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of NaOH = 2 x Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = 2 x mol = mol Molarity of sodium hydroxide solution = Number of moles of NaOH Volume of solution mol = (25.0 / ) dm = 0.24 mol dm (M) 4

35 147 D H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 0.9 M 0.9 M 100 cm 200 cm solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 100 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of = 0.9 mol dm x 100 dm = 0.09 mol According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires with 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization, producing 1 mole of Na 2 SO 4. Number of moles of Na 2 SO 4 in the resulting solution = 0.09 mol Volume of the resulting solution = ( ) cm = 00 cm Molarity of the resulting solution = Number of moles of Na 2SO4 Volume of solution 0.09 mol (00 / ) dm = = 0. mol dm (M) 148 B Number of moles of OH in 25.0 cm of 1.00 M NaOH solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 1.00 mol dm x 25.0 dm = mol 149 C 5

36 150 A NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)? mol M 28.0 cm Number of moles of HCl in 28.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution 28.0 = mol dm x dm = mol According to the equation, 1 mole of NaOH requires 1 mole of HCl for complete neutralization. i.e. Number of moles of OH in the filtrate = mol 151 C Number of moles of OH used for precipitation = ( ) mol = mol Ni2+(aq) + 2OH (aq) Ni(OH) 2 (s) mol According to the equation, 1 mole of Ni 2+ reacts with 2 moles of OH to give 1 mole of Ni(OH) 2. Number of moles of Ni 2+ = x Number of moles of OH = x mol = mol Number of moles of Ni Volume of solution Molarity of nickel(ii) sulphate solution = mol = (25.0 / ) dm = mol dm (M) 6

37 152 A Option A CH COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH COONa(aq) + H 2 O(l) 0.10 M 0.10 M 20.0 cm 20.0 cm According to the equation, 1 mole of CH COOH requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete reaction. Number of moles of CH COOH in 20.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.10 mol dm x 20.0 dm = mol Number of moles of NaOH in 20.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.10 mol dm x 20.0 dm = mol There is complete reaction. Option B H 2 SO 4 (aq) + Na 2 CO (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 0.10 M 0.20 M 25.0 cm 25.0 cm complete reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 1 mole of Na 2 CO for Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.10 mol dm x 25.0 dm = mol Number of moles of Na 2 CO in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution 7

38 = 0.20 mol dm x 25.0 dm = mol Sodium carbonate solution is in excess. Option C 2HCl(aq) + Na 2 CO (aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 0.10 M 0.20 M 20.0 cm 10.0 cm reaction. According to the equation, 2 moles of HCl require 1 mole of Na 2 CO for complete Number of moles of HCl in 20.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.10 mol dm x 20.0 dm = mol Number of moles of Na 2 CO in 10.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution 10.0 = 0.20 mol dm x dm = mol Sodium carbonate solution is in excess. Option D HCl(aq) + NH (aq) NH 4 Cl(aq) 0.10 M 0.20 M 25.0 cm 25.0 cm complete reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NH for Number of moles of HCl in 25.0 cm solution 8

39 = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.10 mol dm x 25.0 dm = mol Number of moles of NH in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.20 mol dm x 25.0 dm = mol Ammonia solution is in excess. 15 C We can represent the tribasic acid solution by H X(aq). H X(aq) + KOH(aq) K X(aq) + H 2 O(l)? M 1.2 M 25.0 cm 20.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of KOH in 20.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x = 1.2 mol dm x 20.0 dm = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H X requires moles of KOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of H X = 1 x Number of moles of KOH = 1 x mol 9

40 = mol Molarity of tribasic acid solution = Number of moles of HX Volume of solution mol = (25.0 / ) dm = 0.2 mol dm (M) 154 A Na 2 CO (aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H=O(l).1 g 1.0 M 50.0 cm Molar Mass of Na 2 CO H 2 O = ( n) g mol -1 Number of moles of Na 2 CO H 2 O = Mass Molar mass Volume of solution.1g ( n) g mol = -1 Number of moles of HCl in 50.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = 1.0 mol dm x 50.0 = mol reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of Na 2 CO requires 2 moles of HCl for complete i.e. Number of moles of Na 2 CO H 2 O = 2 1 x Number of moles of HCl = 2 1 x mol = mol 40

41 = mol Number of moles of Na 2 CO H 2 O =.1 ( n) mol n = B Let n be the basicity of the acid. We can represent the acid solution by H n X(aq). H n X(aq) + nnaoh(aq) Na n X(aq) + nh 2 O(l) 0.50 M 0.40 M 10.0 cm 25.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x 25.0 = 0.40 mol dm x dm = mol Volume of solution Number of moles of H n X in 10.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = 0.50 mol dm x 10.0 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H n X requires n moles of NaOH for complete Number of moles of H n X : Number of moles of NaOH = 1 : n i.e mol : mol = 1 : n n = 2 41

42 156 D We can represent the dibasic acid by H 2 X. H 2 X(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 X(aq) + 2H 2 O(l).15 g 0.25 M 20.0 cm cm (used) 25.0 cm Let m g mol -1 be the molar mass of H 2 X. Number of moles of H 2 X in.15 g solid = Mass of H 2X Molar mass of H X 2 mol Number of moles of H 2 X in 25.0 cm solution =.15 g m g mol = x.15 m Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 20.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = 0.25 mol dm x 20.0 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 X requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of H 2 X = 2 1 x Number of moles of NaOH = 2 1 x mol = mol 42

43 Number of moles of H 2 X = 1 10 x.15 m mol = mol m = B 158 D Na 2 CO (aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 2.70 g 1.00 M (with 25.0 cm impurity) Volume of solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm =1.00 mol dm x 25.0 = mol complete reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of Na 2 CO requires 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 for i.e. Number of moles of Na 2 CO in the sample = mol Molar mass of Na 2 CO = (2 x x 16.0) g mol 1 = g mol 1 Mass of Na 2 CO in the sample= Number of moles of Na 2 CO x Molar mass of Na 2 CO = mol x g mol -1 = 2.65 g Percentage purity of Na 2 CO in the sample = 2.65 g 2.70 g x 100% = 98.1% 4

44 159 C Fe(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) FeSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) 1.60 M? g 100 cm solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 100 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of 100 =1.60 mol dm x dm = mol mole of FeSO 4. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 reacts with 1 mole of Fe to give 1 i.e. Number of moles of FeSO 4 = Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = mol Molar mass of FeSO 4 H 2 O = [ x x (2 x )] g mol -1 = g mol -1 FeSO 4 H 2 O Mass of FeSO 4 H 2 O obtained= Number of moles of FeSO 4 H 2 O x Molar mass of = mol x g mol -1 = 44.5 g 160 A X(OH) 2 (aq) + 2HNO (aq) X(NO ) 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 5.1 g M? cm cm (used) 25.0 cm Number of moles of X(OH) 2 in cm solution = Mass Molar mass 44

45 5.1 g g mol = -1 = mol Number of moles of X(OH) 2 in 25.0 cm solution = 1 x mol 10 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of X(OH) 2 requires 2 moles of HNO for complete Number of moles of HNO = 2 x Number of moles of X(OH) 2 = 2 x mol = mol Number of moles of Molar mass of HNO HNO Volume of nitric acid required for neutralization = mol mol dm = dm = - = 0.0 cm 161 A X 2 CO (aq) + 2HNO (aq) 2XNO (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 2.12 g M cm 20.0 cm (used) 25.0 cm Let m be the relative atomic mass of X. Molar mass of X 2 CO = (2 x m x 16.0) g mol 1 = (2m ) g mol 1 Number of moles of X 2 CO in 2.12 g solid = Mass Molar mass 45

46 Volume of solution Number of moles of HNO in 20.0 cm solution 2.12 g (2m ) g mol = -1 = Molarity of solution x dm = mol dm x 20.0 = mol complete reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of X 2 CO requires 2 moles of HNO for i.e. Number of moles of X 2 CO in 25.0 cm solution = 1 x Number of 2 moles of HNO = 2 1 x mol = mol cm 25 cm Number of moles of X 2 CO in cm solution = mol x = mol 2.12 g (2m ) g mol -1 Number of moles of X 2 CO in cm solution = = mol = 2.0 m Relative atomic mass of X is A 46

47 16 C 164 A (2) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) 0.8 M 25 cm Number of moles of HCl in 25 cm solution = 0.8 mol dm x 25 dm = 0.02 mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of NaOH = Number of moles of HCl = 0.02 mol CH COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH COONa(aq) + H 2 O(l) 0.5 M 40 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of CH COOH in 40 cm solution = Molarity of solution x = 0.5 mol dm x 40 dm = 0.02 mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of CH COOH requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete CHCOOH i.e. Number of moles of NaOH = Number of moles of = 0.02 mol Solutions X and Y require the same number of moles of NaOH for neutralization. Therefore they require the same volume of 1 M NaOH for neutralization. concentration of () HCl is a strong acid while CH COOH is a weak acid. Also the 47

48 HCl is higher than that of CH COOH. The HCl has a higher concentration of mobile ions than the CH COOH. Therefore solutions X and Y have different electrical conductivity. 165 A 166 D 100 cm of 1 M sulphuric acid require 200 cm of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution for complete neutalization. Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid. The number of hydrogen ions in 100 cm of 1 M sulphuric acid is twice as that of hydroxide ions in 100 cm of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution. Unit 17 Rate of reactions 167 D 168 C Option A The rate of the reaction decreases as the reaction proceeds. Option B Dilute sulphuric acid is in excess. The reaction stops when all the magnesium ribbons are used up. Option D The reaction will be faster if magnesium powder is used. the flask plus its contents remained the same. 169 C The seaked flask was a closed system. Therefore the mass of 170 C Options A & B Equal masses of marble chips and powdered marble react with excess dilute hydrochloric acid. The amount of gas produced is the same in both cases. Option D The reaction between powdered marble and dilute hydrochloric acid is faster than that between marble chips and the acid. Therefore the curve for the reaction between powdered marble and the acid is steeper. 171 A Option A Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) 1 g 1.0 M, 100 cm 48

49 1 g 0.50 M, 100 cm Mass Molar mass Number of mole of Zn present = 1g 65.4 g mol -1 = = mol Number of moles of HCl in 100 cm of 1.0 M acid = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 1.0 mol dm x 100 dm = 0.10 mol Number of moles of HCl in 100 cm of 0.50 M acid = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.50 mol dm x 100 dm = mol moles of HCl. During According to the equation, 1 mole of Zn reacts with 2 the reaction, mole of Zn reacts with 0.00 mole of HCl. HCl is in excess in both cases. The amount of Zn limits the mass of hydrogen produced. Therefore the amount of hydrogen produced is the same in both cases, i.e. mass lost of the beakers plus contents at the end of the reactions is the same. complete the reaction. concentrated acid. of Cl (aq) after Option B The more concentrated acid takes a shorter time to Option C The initial reaction rate is faster for the more Option D The 1.0 M hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration reacting with all the zinc. 49

50 172 B Option A The antacid tablets in Experiments I and II have the same surface area. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Option B The only difference between Experiments I and IV is the surface area of the antacid tablets. Option C The antacid tablets in Experiments II and III have the same surface area. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Option D The concentration and temperature of the acids in Experiments III and IV are different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Experiments I and II are the concentration of the acids in Experiments III 17 C Option A The concentration and temperature of the acids in different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Option C The only difference between Experiments II and III is acids. Option D The surface area of the tablets and temperature of the and IV are different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. 174 D Options A & B Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrogen ions in the acids. Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid and nitric acid is a monobasic acid. Sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Therefore the reaction rate between sodium carbonate and 1 M sulphuric acid is faster than that between sodium carbonate and 1 M nitric acid. Options C & D Rates of reactions at 40 o C are faster than that at 20 o C. the amount of calcium carbonate 175 B The hydrochloric acid is in excess in each case. Therefore limits the amount of carbon dioxide produced, i.e. the total loss in mass of contents of the reaction flask is the same in both cases. The initial rate of the reaction increases when the 50

51 surface area of the calcium carbonate is increased. used. 176 B The initial rate of the reaction decreases when a less concentrated acid is 177 A The initial rate of the reaction increases with an increase in temperature. 178 C The volume of acid used will not affect the initial rate of the reaction. 179 A The initial rate of the reaction increases with an increase in temperature. The concentration of ammonium nitrite solution used in Experiments I and II is the same. Therefore the volume of nitrogen produced is the same in both experiments. III because 180 C The initial reaction rate for Experiment I is faster than that for Experiment more concentrated ammonium nitrite solution is used in Experiment I. that in The volume of nitrogen produced in Experiment I is greater than Experiment III because more concentrated ammonium nitrite solution is used in Experiment I. 181 C 182 D (1) The rate of a reaction increases when the surface area of a solid reactant is increased. (2) In most cases, the rate of a reaction increases when the concentration of a reactant is increased. () In most cases, the rate of a reaction increases when the temperature is increased. 18 C (1) The volume of the acid used does not affect the initial reaction rate. (2) & () The initial reaction rate for Experiment III is faster because a more concentrated acid is used. 51

52 184 A (1) Magnesium reacts with the hydrogen ions in the acids. Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid and hydrochloric acid is a monobasic acid. 2 M sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Therefore the initial reaction rate between magnesium and 2 M sulphuric acid is faster than that between magnesium and 2 M hydrochloric acid. (2) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid. 2 M hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Therefore the initial reaction rate between magnesium and 2 M hydrochloric acid is faster than that between magnesium and 2 M ethanoic acid. () The volume of acid used does not affect the initial reaction rate. 185 D Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid and hydrochloric acid is a monobasic acid. 2 M sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 2 M hydrochloric acid. Zinc reacts with the hydrogen ions in the acids. Therefore the rate of the reaction between 1 g of zinc and 100 cm of 2 M sulphuric acid is faster than that between 1 g of zinc and 100 cm of 2 M hydrochloric acid. increased. 186 D In most cases, the rate of a reaction increases when the temperature is Topic 4 Miscellaneous 187 A Zn 2+ (aq) + 2OH Zn(OH) 2 (s) 188 C Solution Reaction with dilute sodium hydroxide solution Reaction with ammonia solution Iron(II) sulphate A green precipitate forms. A green precipitate forms. Iron(III) sulphate A reddish brown precipitate forms. A reddish brown precipitate forms. Lead(II) nitrate A white precipitate forms; the precipitate dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide A white precipitate forms. Zinc sulphate solution to give a colourless solution. A white precipitate forms; the precipitate dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution to give a colourless solution. A white precipitate forms; the precipitate dissolves in excess ammonia solution to give a colourless solution. 52

53 189 D give colourless 190 B Both lead(ii) carbonate and zinc carbonate react with dilute nitric acid to carbon dioxide gas. acid. Lead(II) Lead(II) carbonate gives lead(ii) nitrate solution with dilute nitric nitrate solution reacts with sodium chloride solution to give a white precipitate, lead(ii) chloride. Pb 2+ (aq) + 2Cl (aq) PbCl 2 (s) 191 C The colourless gas Y is carbon dioxide. 192 A Option A Dilute sodium hydroxide solution turns methyl orange yellow. 19 A The alkaline gas evolved is ammonia. 194 B The carbon monoxide reacts with the iron(iii) oxide to give iron. 195 D Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give zinc chloride solution and hydrogen. Zinc chloride solution gives a white precipitate, zinc hydroxide, with ammonia solution. Zinc hydroxide dissolves in excess ammonia solution to give a colourless solution. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) 196 D Substance ph value Liquid soap ~ 9 Rainwater 5.6 Tap water ~ 6 Vinegar ~ 197 C Option A Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give magnesium chloride and hydrogen. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) 5

54 acid to give magnesium to give copper(ii) H 2 O(l) Option B Magnesium hydroxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric chloride and water. Mg(OH) 2 (s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) Option D Copper(II) carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid chloride, carbon dioxide and water. CuCO (s) + 2HCl(aq) CuCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) B monobasic acids. concentration of strong acids. The 1 M 199 C Options A & B Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are Option C Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid. It contains the highest hydrogen ions. Therefore the bulb is the brightest for 1 M H 2 SO 4. Option D Ethanoic acid is a weak acid while the other three are CH COOH has the lowest concentration of hydrogen ions. 200 D CH COOH is a weak acid while H 2 SO 4 and HClO= are strong acids. Therefore 0.1 M CH COOH has the lowest concentration of hydrogen ions. The ph value of 0.1 M CH COOH is thus the highest among the three acids. H 2 SO 4 is a dibasic acid while HClO 4 is a monobasic acid. Therefore 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 0.1 M HClO 4. The ph value of 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 is thus lower than that of the 0.10 M HClO4. CH COOH. The order of the ph value of the three acids is: H 2 SO 4 < HClO 4 < acid. The ph hydrogen ions than 201 D Option A Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak value of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is lower than that of 0.1 M ethanoic acid. Option B 0.1 M hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of 0.1 M ethanoic acid. The electrical conductivity of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is 54

55 higher than that of 0.1 M ethanoic acid. Option C 0.1 M hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 0.1 M ethanoic acid. The reaction rate between magnesium and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is faster than that between magnesium and 0.1 M ethanoic acid. Option D Number of moles of HCl in 100 cm of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.1 mol dm x 100 dm = 0.01 mol acid Number of moles of CH COOH in 100 cm of 0.1 M ethanoic = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.1 mol dm x 100 dm = 0.01 mol mole of NaOH Both 1 mole of HCl and 1 mole of CH COOH require 1 for neutralization. Therefore 100 cm of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 100 cm of 0.1 M ethanoic acid require the same number of moles of NaOH for neutralization. neutralization. 202 B 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete Option Volumes of 1 M H 2 SO 4 (aq) and 1 M NaOH (aq) reacted A 10.0 cm of H 2 SO 4 (aq) react with 20.0 cm of NaOH (aq) B 15.0 cm of H 2 SO 4 (aq) react with 0.0 cm of NaOH (aq) C 12.5 cm of H 2 SO 4 (aq) react with 25.0 cm of NaOH (aq) D 7.5 cm of H 2 SO 4 (aq) react with 15.0 cm of NaOH (aq) Option B The greatest amounts of H 2 SO 4 and NaOH react to give the greatest amount of heat energy. 20 A Sodium carbonate is soluble in water while calcium carbonate is insoluble. Adding water to the mixture dissolves sodium carbonate but not calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate 55

56 can be separated from the sodium carbonate solution by filtration. 204 C Option A B C D Reaction Ba (aq) + SO 4 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) A white precipitate BaSO 4 forms. KCl (aq) + AgNO (aq) KNO (aq) + AgCl (s) A white precipitate AgCl forms. Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + MgCl 2 (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + MgSO 4 (aq) No precipitate forms. Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Cu(OH) 2 (s) A pale blue precipitate Cu(OH) 2 forms. 205 D The parent acid of sodium nitrite NaNO 2 is nitrous acid HNO 2 (aq). 206 A All nitrates are soluble in water. 207 C sulphuric acid 208 B Copper(II) sulphate is a soluble salt. To prepare it, mix a dilute acid (dilute in this case) with a metal, an insoluble base or an insoluble carbonate. However copper (metal) cannot be used as it does not react with dilute sulphuric acid. unsuitable to 209 D Both zinc chloride and zinc nitrate are soluble in water. Therefore it is prepare zinc chloride using zinc nitrate. 210 D Option A Calcium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce insoluble calcium sulphate. Calcium sulphate forms a protective layer on the surface of calcium. This prevents further reaction between calcium and dilute sulphuric acid. Option B Copper has no reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid. Option C Iron reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give iron(ii) sulphate, not iron(iii) 56

57 magnesium chloride. sulphate. Option D Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give 211 A Molar mass of H 2 SO 4 = (2 x x 16.0) g mol -1 = 98.0 mol -1 Molarity of sulphuric acid = Number of moles of H 2SO 4 Volume of solution 4.00 mol dm - = Number of moles of 2.00 dm H 2 SO 4 Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = 4.00 mol dm x 2.00 dm = 8.00 mol Mass of H 2 SO 4 required = Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 x Molar mass of H 2 SO 4 = 8.00 mol x 98.0 g mol -1 = 784 g = Volume 212 D (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity, V 2.0 x 100 = M x M = 0.40 mol dm (M) Molarity of the diluted K 2 SO 4 solution is 0.40 mol dm (M). 1 mole of K 2 SO 4 contains 2 moles of K +. Molarity of K + in the resulting solution = 2 x 0.40 M = 0.80 M = Volume 21 A (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution where M = Molarity, V 4.0 x 25.0 = 0.50 x V 57

58 V = 200 cm Volume of the final solution = 200 cm Volume of water added = ( ) cm = 175 cm 214 B Consider cm (i.e. 1 dm ) of the sample. Mass of cm of the sample = 1.64 g cm - x cm = g Mass of sulphuric acid in cm of the sample in the sample = Mass of cm of the sample x Percentage by mass of H 2 SO 4 = g x 92.0% = g Molar mass of H 2 SO 4 = (2 x x 16.0) g mol -1 = 98.0 g mol -1 Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in cm of the sample = Mass Molar mass 1509g 98.0 g mol = -1 = 15.4 mol Number of moles of H 2SO 4 Volume of solution Molarity of sulphuric acid in the sample = 15.4 mol = 1dm = 15.4 mol dm (M) 215 C K 2 CO (s) + 2HNO (aq) 2KNO ( aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 58

59 KHCO (s) + HNO (aq) KNO (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) Number of moles of HNO required to react with 2 moles of K 2 CO = 2 x 2 mol = 4 mol Number of moles of HNO required to react with 1 mole of KHCO = 1 mol Number of moles of HNO required = (4 + 1) mol = 5 mol 216 C Na 2 CO (aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) M M 25.0 cm? cm x Volume of solution Number of moles of Na 2 CO in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution 25.0 dm = mol dm x = mol complete reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of Na 2 CO requires 2 moles of HCl for i.e. Number of moles of HCl = 2 x Number of moles of Na 2 CO = 2 x mol = mol Number of moles of HCl Volume of HCl required = Volume of solution mol mol dm = - = dm = 0.0 cm 59

60 217 B H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 0.2 M 0.2 M V cm? cm complete neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for = 2 V cm Volume of NaOH solution required to neutralize the sulphuric acid HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) 0.1 M 0.2 M V cm? cm complete neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for acid = 0.5 V cm Volume of NaOH solution required to neutralize the hydrochloric Total volume of NaOH solution required = (2 V V) cm = 2.5 V cm 218 D H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 2.00 M 2.00 M? M 25.0 cm x Volume of solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution 25.0 dm = 2.00 mol dm x = mol 60

61 According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization, producing 1 mole of Na 2 SO 4. i.e. Number of moles of NaOH = 2 x Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = 2 x mol = mol Number of moles of Na 2 SO 4 = Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = mol Number of moles of NaOH Molarity of solution Volume of NaOH solution required = mol 2.00 mol dm = - = 50.0 cm Volume of the resulting solution = ( ) cm = 75.0 cm Number of moles of Na 2SO4 Volume of solution Molarity of the resulting Na 2 SO 4 solution = mol (75.0 / ) dm = = mol dm (M) 219 A Option B A pipette should be used to measure 25.0 cm of dilute nitric acid. Options C & D A burette should be used to deliver various volumes of standard sodium hydroxide solution accurately. 61

62 220 A 221 C 222 B CH COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH COONa(aq) + H 2 O(l)? M 0.20 M 25.0 cm 15.0 cm solution x Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 15.0 cm solution = Molarity of = 0.20 mol dm x 15.0 dm = mol for complete neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of CH COOH requires 1 mole of NaOH mol i.e. Number of moles of CH COOH in 25.0 cm solution = Number of moles of CHCOOH Volume of solution Molarity of CH COOH in vinegar = mol (25.0 / ) dm = = mol dm (M) 22 C The burette should be washed with distilled water and then the alkali it is to contain because any water or impurities in the apparatus will change the concentration of the alkali. This will affect the titration results. 62

63 224 D H 2 X(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 X(aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 4.60 g M cm 25.0 cm (used) 25.0 cm Let m g mol 1 be the molar mass of H 2 X. Number of moles of H 2 X in cm solution = Mass Molar mass 4.60 g m g mol = Number of moles of H 2 X in 25.0 cm solution = x m 10 Number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution mol = mol dm - x 25.0 dm = mol According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 X requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization. i.e. Number of moles of H 2 X in 25.0 cm solution = 1 x Number of moles of NaOH 2 = 1 x mol 2 = mol Number of moles of H 2 X in 25.0 cm solution = x mol = mol m 10 m = 92.0 The molar mass of H2X is 92.0 g mol -1. 6

64 225 B Na 2 CO (aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 1.00 g M (with 15.1 cm impurity) Number of moles of HCl in 15.1 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = mol dm x 15.1 dm = mol According to the equation, 1 mole of Na 2 CO requires 2 moles of HCl for complete reaction. i.e. Number of moles of Na 2 CO = 2 1 x Number of moles of HCl = 1 x mol 2 = mol Molar mass of Na 2 CO = (2 x x 16.0) g mol -1 = g mol -1 Mass of Na 2 CO in the sample = Number of moles of Na 2 CO x Molar mass of Na 2 CO = mol x g mol -1 = g Percentage purity of Na 2 CO in the sample = 0.401g x 100% 1.00 g = 40.1% 226 C Let n be the basicity of the acid, so we can represent the acid by H n X. H n X(aq) + nnaoh(aq) Na n X(aq) + nh 2 O(l) 0.20 M 0.50 M 25.0 cm 0.0 cm 64

65 Number of moles of H n X in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.20 mol dm x 25.0 dm = mol Number of moles of NaOH in 0.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 0.50 mol dm x 0.0 dm = mol Number of moles of H nx Number of moles of NaOH n = = n 1 = mol mol The basicity of the acid is. 227 D Na 2 CO (aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 5.72 g 1.00 M 20.0 cm Molar mass of Na 2 CO H 2 O = ( n) g mol -1 Number of moles of Na 2 CO H 2 O used = Mass Molar mass Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 20.0 cm solution 5.72 g ( n) g mol = -1 = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 1.00 mol dm x 20.0 dm = mol According to the equation, 1 mole of Na 2 CO requires 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 for complete reaction. 65

66 i.e. Number of moles of Na 2 CO H 2 O used = mol mol Number of moles of Na 2 CO H 2 O used = 5.72 ( n) mol = n = C Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl 2 (s) + 2NaNO (aq) According to the equation, 1 mole of Pb(NO)2 requires 2 moles of NaCl to give 1 mole of PbCl2. Option Reaction A 5 cm of Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) react with 10 cm of NaCl (aq) B 5 cm of Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) react with 10 cm of NaCl (aq) C 10 cm of Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) react with 20 cm of NaCl (aq) D 7.5 cm of Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) react with 15 cm of NaCl (aq) Option C The greatest amounts of Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) and NaCl(aq) react to give the greatest amount of precipitate. 229 B From the curve, 45.0 cm of sulphuric acid are required to neutralize the sodium hydroxide solution. (The temperature of the reaction mixture is maximum at the point of complete neutralization.) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l)? M 2.0 M 45.0 cm 50.0 cm solution Number of moles of NaOH in 50.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of = 2.0 mol dm x 50.0 dm = 0.10 mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete 66

67 i.e. Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = 2 1 x Number of moles of NaOH = 2 1 x 0.10 mol = mol Molarity of sulphuric acid = Number of moles of H 2SO 4 Volume of solution mol (45.0 / ) dm = = 1.1 M dye solution. 20 B The only difference between Experiments I and III is the ph value of the 21 D A reaction goes faster if: the surface area of a solid reactant is increased; the concentration of a reactant is increased; and the solution is hotter. increased. 22 D In most cases, the rate of a reaction increases when the temperature is rate decreases 2 A Adding water to the acid decreases its concentration. The initial reaction when the concentration of the acid is decreased. zinc granules 24 C The same amount of hydrogen is produced in each case as the same mass of is used. Different temperatures affect only the reaction rates. 67

68 25 D Option A The concentration for both reagents in Experiments I and II are different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Option B The temperature in Experiments I and III are different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Option C The temperature in Experiments II and IV are different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Option D The total volume of the samples in Experiments III and IV are the same. The only difference is the volume of the sodium thiosulphate solution used, i.e. the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution. 26 B Option A The concentration for the sodium thiosulphate solutions in Experiments I and III are different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Option C The concentration for the acids in Experiments II and III are different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. Option D The concentration for both reagents in Experiments II and IV are different. Therefore they cannot be used for comparison. 27 D 28 C 29 A (1) Soft drink contains carbonic acid. (2) Grapefruits contain citric acid. () Oven cleaner contains sodium hydroxide. creating curls of the 240 D (1) Glass cleaner contains ammonia. (2) Alkaline solutions are more effective than acidic solutions in hair. The curls are permanent. Perm solutions are thus alkaline. () Limewater is a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide. acid. 241 D (1) Iron nails give hydrogen gas with dilute hydrochloric acid. (2) Marble gives carbon dioxide gas with dilute hydrochloric 68

69 carbon dioxide gas with dilute hydrochloric acid. () Baking powder is sodium hydrogencarbonate. It gives with dilute sodium sodium hydroxide 242 C (2) Copper(II) sulphate solution gives a pale blue precipitate hydroxide solution. Cu2+(aq) + 2OH (aq) Cu(OH) 2 (s) () Iron(II) nitrate solution gives a green precipitate with dilute solution. Fe 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Fe(OH) 2 (s) 24 A (1) Aluminium nitrate solution gives a white precipitate with ammonia solution. Al + (aq) + OH (aq) Al(OH) (s) (2) Iron(III) sulphate solution gives a reddish brown precipitate with ammonia solution. Fe + (aq) + OH (aq) Fe(OH) (s) dissolve in excess dilute 244 B Aluminium hydroxide, lead(ii) hydroxide and zinc hydroxide sodium hydroxide solution due to the formation of soluble complex salts. 245 A () Dilute hydrochloric acid turns phenolphthalein colourless. 246 A (1) 2AgNO (aq) + CaCl 2 (aq) 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO ) 2 (aq) (2) Na 2 CO (aq) + CuSO 4 (aq) CuCO (s) + Na 2 SO 4 (aq) 247 D (1) Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid while silver has no reaction. (2) Silver nitrate solution gives a white precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid while potassium nitrate solution does not. Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) AgCl(s) () Zinc carbonate gives gas bubbles (carbon dioxide gas) with dilute hydrochloric acid while zinc chloride does not. 69

70 248 B (1) Heating ammonium chloride solid with dilute sodium hydroxide solution liberates ammonia gas. NH 4+ (aq) + OH - (aq) NH (g) + H 2 O(l) (2) Lead has no reaction with water. () Zinc chloride solution reacts with ammonia solution to give a white precipitate, zinc hydroxide. Zn 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) 249 C (1) Both ammonium nitrate solution and potassium chloride solution are colourless. (2) Ammonia is liberated when ammonium nitrate solution is heated with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. The ammonia can be tested with moist red litmus paper. NH 4+ (aq) + OH - (aq) NH (g) + H 2 O(l) () Potassium chloride solution gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution, but ammonium nitrate solution does not. Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) AgCl(s) 250 D (1) Ca(NO ) 2 (aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (aq) CaSO 4 (s) + 2NaNO (aq) (2) Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) + Na 2 CO (aq) PbCO (s) + 2NaNO (aq) () Mg 2+ (aq) + 2OH (aq) Mg(OH) 2 (s) 251 D (1) Water makes the acid more dilute, thus increasing the ph value of the acid. (2) Sodium hydroxide solution neutralizes the acid, thus increasing the ph value of the acid. () Ammonia gas neutralizes the acid, thus increasing the ph value of the acid. solution. 252 A (2) Ammonia solution turns phenolphthalein red. () Aluminium hydroxide is insoluble in excess ammonia acid. 25 A (1) Number of moles of HCl in 25 cm of 1 M hydrochloric 70

71 = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 1 mol dm x 25 dm = mol acid Number of moles of CHCOOH in 25 cm of 1 M ethanoic = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution = 1 mol dm x 25 dm = mol mole of NaOH for complete neutralization. Both 1 mole of HCl and 1 mole of CH COOH require mole of hydrochloric acid and mole of ethanoic acid require the same number of mole of sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization. weak acid. The (2) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of mobile ions than the ethanoic acid. Therefore the electrical conductivity of the hydrochloric acid is higher than that of the ethanoic acid. hydrogen ions than the ethanoic acid. () The hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of 254 B Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali. It almost completely ionizes in water to give sodium ions and hydroxide ions. Ammonia is a weak alkali. It only partially ionizes in water, forming very few hydroxide ions. (1) The sodium hydroxide solution has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions than 71

72 mobile ions than the the ammonia solution. Therefore the sodium hydroxide solution has a higher ph value than the ammonia solution. () The sodium hydroxide solution has a higher concentration of ammonia solution. Therefore the electrical conductivity of the sodium hydroxide solution is higher than that of the ammonia solution. contains mobile ions. 255 D (1) Heat energy is always given out in neutralization reactions. () The resulting solution conducts electricity because it H 2 O(l). Therefore 256 D In all the reactions, the only chemical change is H + (aq) + OH (aq) the temperature rises are the same. 257 D (1) Mg(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) (2) MgO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) () MgCO (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) 258 D the end point. 259 B (1) A pipette should be used to measure and transfer the diluted vinegar. () The colour of the phenolphthalein changes from colourless to red at reaction. 260 A () The volume of the acid used would not affect the rate of the reaction rate. 261 A () Using the same mass of magnesium ribbons will decrease the initial 262 A 26 D Solid citric acid does not contain hydrogen ions. Therefore solid citric acid does not show acidic properties. 72

73 264 D Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid along with enzymes to digest food. Calcium carbonate gives carbon dioxide gas when reacting with dilute hydrochloric acid. The gas makes a person uncomfortable. Therefore calcium carbonate is seldom used in antacids nowadays. few hydrogen 265 B Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It only partially ionizes in water, forming very ions. 266 D Ammonia is a weak alkali. hydroxide. 267 C For example, 1 mole of sulphuric acid can neutralize two moles of sodium H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) Section D Short Questions 1 Reaction between Magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid Magnesium and dilute sulphuric acid Sodium carbonate solid and dilute hydrochloric acid Sodium carbonate solution and dilute sulphuric acid Calcium carbonate solid and dilute nitric acid Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid Sodium hydrogencarboante solid and dilute sulphuric acid Magnesium hydroxide solid and dilute hydrochloric acid Chemical equation Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Mg(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) Na 2 CO (s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) Na 2 CO (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) CaCO (aq) + 2HNO (aq) Ca(NO ) 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) NaHCO (aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) 2NaHCO (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) + 2CO 2 (g) Mg(OH) 2 (s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 2 Reaction between Magnesium and sulphuric acid Ionic equation Mg(s) + 2H + (aq) Mg 2+ (aq) + H 2 (g) 7

74 Sodium carbonate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and dilute nitric acid CO 2- (aq) + 2H + (aq) H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) HCO - (aq) + H + (aq) H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) Solution containing Name of hydroxide formed with dilute sodium hydroxide solution Colour of precipitate formed Calcium ions Calcium hydroxide White Aluminium ions Aluminium White hydroxide Lead(II) ions Lead(II) hydroxide White Magnesium ions Magnesium White hydroxide Iron(II) ions Iron(II) hydroxide Green Iron(III) ions Iron(III) hydroxide Reddish brown Copper(II) ions Copper(II) hydroxide Pale blue Zinc ions Zinc hydroxide White Does the precipitate redissolve in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution? ( or ) 4 Solution containing Name of hydroxide formed with dilute ammonia solution Colour of precipitate formed Aluminium ions Aluminium hydroxide White Lead(II) ions Lead(II) hydroxide White Magnesium ions Magnesium White hydroxide Iron(II) ions Iron(II) hydroxide Green Iron(III) ions Iron(III) hydroxide Reddish brown Copper(II) ions Copper(II) hydroxide Pale blue Zinc ions Zinc hydroxide White Does the precipitate redissolve in excess ammonia solution? ( or ) 5 Reaction between Solution containing calcium ions and dilute sodium hydroxide solution Solution containing aluminium ions and dilute sodium hydroxide solution Solution containing magnesium ions and dilute sodium hydroxide solution Ionic equation Ca 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Ca(OH) 2 (s) Al + (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Al(OH) (s) Mg 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Mg(OH) 2 (s) 74

75 Solution containing iron(ii) ions and dilute sodium hydroxide solution Solution containing iron(iii) ions and ammonia solution Solution containing copper(ii) ions and ammonia solution Solution containing zinc ions and ammonia solution Solution containing ammonium compound and dilute sodium hydroxide solution (with heating) Fe 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Fe(OH) 2 (s) Fe + (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Fe(OH) (s) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Cu(OH) 2 (s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) + NH 4 (aq) + OH - (aq) NH (g) + H 2 O (l) 6 Reaction between Dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide solution Dilute sulphuric acid and copper(ii) oxide Dilute nitric acid and magnesium oxide Zinc oxide and dilute sulphuric acid Zinc carbonate and dilute sulphuric acid Chemical equation HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + CuO (s) CuSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) 2HNO (aq) + MgO(s) Mg(NO ) 2 (aq)+ H 2 O (l) ZnO(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) ZnCO (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g) 7 Reaction Calcium and dilute hydrochloric acid Magnesium hydroxide and dilute sulphuric acid Copper(II) carbonate and dilute nitric acid Zinc oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid Potassium hydroxide solution and dilute nitric acid Name of salt obtained Calcium chloride Magnesium sulphate Copper(II) nitrate Zinc chloride Potassium nitrate 8 Substance Molar mass (g mol -1 ) Molarity (M) Ethanedioic acid (COOH) 2 2H 2 O Sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 10H 2 O Potassium chloride KCl Mass of solute required to prepare cm of solution Section E Structured Questions 75

76 1 a) Solid citric acid has no effect on magnesium because it does not contain hydrogen ions. When citric acid dissolves in water, the molecules ionize to give hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions are responsible for all the acidic properties. b) When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate, insoluble calcium sulphate forms. The calcium sulphate covers the surface of calcium carbonate and prevents further reaction. of c) Neutralization occurs if a weak acid is applied to the affected area. The heat neutralization produced would have a bad effect on the affected area. Furthermore, the chemical may interfere with the follow-up medical treatment. Therefore the affected area should be washed with water only. give an d) Ammonia gas contains no hydroxide ions. However, it reacts with water to alkaline solution. e) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. It almost completely ionizes in water to give hydrogen ions and chloride ions. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It only partially ionizes in water, forming very few hydrogen ions. Therefore 0.1 M hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of mobile ions than 0.1 M ethanoic acid. The electrical conductivity of a solution is more or less proportional to the concentration of mobile ions. Thus the electrical conductivity of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is higher than that of 0.1 M ethanoic acid. because the f) The conical flask should not be washed with the solution to be contained additional amount of solute remaining in the flask will affect the titration results. 2 a) Gas bubbles are given off. A blue solution results. CuCO (s) + 2HNO (aq) Cu(NO ) 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) b) The black copper(ii) oxide dissolves. A blue solution results. H 2 SO 4 (aq) + CuO(s) CuSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) c) A green precipitate forms. 76

77 Fe 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Fe(OH) 2 (s) solution. This d) A white precipitate forms first. The precipitate dissolves in excess ammonia is due to the formation of a soluble complex salt. Zn 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) reacts to give gas a) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to each solution. Sodium carbonate solution bubbles while sodium hydroxide solution does not give gas bubbles. lower ph value b) Add a piece of ph paper to each solution. Dilute hydrochloric acid gives a as it is a stronger acid. thus less alkaline 4 a) Water makes the sodium hydroxide solution more dilute. The solution is and its ph value decreases. acid is thus less b) Magnesium reacts with the hydrogen ions in the dilute sulphuric acid. The acidic and its ph value increases. 5 a) The chicken foot becomes smaller. It turns somewhat 'translucent'. b) The chicken foot breaks up. c) This shows the corrosive nature of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. d) Wash the affected area with plenty of water immediately. 6 a) A Iron B Iron(II,III) oxide C Iron(II) sulphate solution D Hydrogen E Iron(II) hydroxide b) i) Fe(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) FeSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) ii) Fe 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Fe(OH) 2 (s) 77

78 7 a) A is ammonium chloride. gas that turns A is an ammonium compound because its solution gives ammonia gas (a moist red litmus paper blue) when heated with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. NH 4+ (aq) + OH - (aq) NH (g) + H 2 O(l) solution. A is a chloride because it gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate Ag + (aq) + Cl - (aq) AgCl(s) b) B is calcium carbonate. B is a calcium compound because it gives a brick red flame in flame test. limewater milky) B is a carbonate because it gives carbon dioxide gas (a gas that turns when reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid. CaCO (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) c) C Ammonia D Silver chloride E Carbon dioxide F Calcium carbonate 8 a) 2 M sodium hydroxide solution ethanoic acid. b) i) The reagents in bottles B and C are 2 M hydrochloric acid and 2 M Test the solutions with ph papers. 2 M ethanoic acid. ii) The ph value of 2 M hydrochloric acid is lower than that of completely ionizes in water. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. It almost Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It only partially ionizes in water. 2 M hydrochloric 78

79 mol -1 = 1.0 g mol -1 acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions and thus its ph value is lower. solution and distilled c) i) The reagents in bottles D and E are 2 M sodium chloride water. Evaporate the two reagents to dryness. ii) The reagent that leaves white residue upon evaporation is sodium chloride solution. The reagent that leaves nothing behind is distilled water. 9 a) i) To ensure all the lead(ii) ions are precipitated. adhere to the precipitate. ii) To remove any excess sodium chloride solution that may iii) To remove any water that may adhere to the precipitate. b) Molar mass of Pb(NO ) 2 = [ x ( x 16.0)] g Number of moles of Pb(NO ) 2 present = Mass Molar mass 8.94 g 1.0 g mol = -1 = mol Number of moles of Pb 2+ present = mol Pb 2+ (aq) + 2Cl - (aq) PbCl 2 (s) According to the equation, 1 mole of Pb 2+ reacts with 2 moles of Cl - to give 1 mole of PbCl 2. Number of moles of PbCl 2 obtained = mol Molar mass of PbCl 2 = ( x 5.5) g mol -1 = g mol -1 79

80 Theoretical mass of PbCl 2 obtained = Number of moles of PbCl 2 x Molar mass of PbCl 2 = mol x g mol -1 = 7.51 g c) The precipitation of lead(ii) chloride is incomplete. 10 a) PbCO (s) + 2HNO (aq) Pb(NO ) 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) b) Pb 2+ (aq) + SO 4 2- (aq) PbSO 4 (s) c) To remove the sodium sulphate solution and other water soluble impurities that adhere to the precipitate. d) Use filter papers. e) We can represent the whole process by a sequence of steps. HNO Na 2 SO 4 PbCO Pb(NO ) 2 PbSO 4 (not balanced) For the overall reaction: PbCO PbSO 4 (not balanced)? g 9.09 g Molar mass of PbSO 4 = ( x 16.0) g mol -1 = 0.0 g mol -1 Number of moles of PbSO 4 obtained = = mol Mass Molar mass 9.09 g 0.0 g mol = -1 PbSO 4. 1 mole of PbCO produces 1 mole of mol Number of moles of PbCO = 80

81 0.000 mol x g mol -1 = 8.01 g Molar mass of PbCO = ( x 16.0) g mol -1 = g mol -1 Mass of PbCO present in the sample = Number of moles of PbCO x Molar mass of PbCO = sample = 8.01g x 100% 8.50 g Percentage by mass of PbCO in the = 94.2% magnesium. 11 a) Action of dilute hydrochloric acid on solution and dilute sulphuric acid. b) Titration between sodium carbonate potassium bromide solution. c) Action of silver nitrate solution on d) Action of dilute nitric acid on calcium carbonate to obtain calcium nitrate solution; then action of sodium sulphate solution on calcium nitrate solution to obtain calcium sulphate. HNO (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) CaCO (s) Ca(NO ) 2 (aq) CaSO 4 (s) 12 a) From yellow to red b) Mg(OH) 2 (s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 0.50 g 1.00 M? cm 81

82 Molar mass of Mg(OH) 2 = [ x ( )] g mol -1 = 58.0 g mol -1 Number of moles of Mg(OH) 2 in one tablet = Mass Molar mass 0.50 g 58.0 g mol = -1 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg(OH) 2 requires 2 moles of HCl for complete i.e. Number of moles of HCl = 2 x Number of moles of Mg(OH) 2 = 2 x mol = mol Volume of 1.00 M HCl required for complete neutralization = Number of moles of HCl Molarity of HCl mol mol dm = = dm = 12.1 cm if discharged 1 a) The acid would cause changes in the ph value of water and affect water life without treatment. b) Na 2 CO (s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 0.4 M 25 dm per minute Volume of solution Number of moles of HCl discharged per minute = Molarity of solution x 82

83 = 0.4 mol dm x 25 dm = 10 mol reaction. According to the equation, 2 moles of HCl require 1 mole of Na2CO for complete discharged per minute Number of moles of Na 2 CO required per minute = 2 1 x Number of moles of HCl = 1 2 x 10 mol = 5 mol Molar mass of Na 2 CO = (2 x x 16.0) g mol -1 = g mol -1 Mass of Na 2 CO required per minute = Number of moles of Na 2 CO x Molar mass of Na 2 CO = 5 mol x g mol -1 = 50 g 14 a) Pipette b) Wash the pipette with water and then with sodium hydroxide solution. c) d) From red to colourless 8

84 e) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l)? M M 15.0 cm 25.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = mol dm x 25.0 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = 2 1 x Number of moles of NaOH = 1 2 x mol = mol Molarity of sulphuric acid = Number of moles of H 2SO 4 Volume of solution mol = (15.0 / ) dm = mol dm (M) f) Sodium sulphate s g) Mix 25 cm of the sodium hydroxide solution and 15 cm of the sulphuric acid. Evaporate the reaction mixture slowly to obtain the salt. 15 a) Choose a 25.0 cm pipette for delivering the acid sample. Use a cm volumetric 84

85 flask for dilution. Wash a 25.0 cm pipette first with water and then with the original acid. Deliver exactly 25.0 cm of the original acid into a cm volumetric flask using the pipette and pipette filler. Add distilled water to the flask until the meniscus is about 2 cm below the graduation mark. Add distilled water using a dropper until the meniscus reaches the graduation mark. Stopper the flask. Turn it upside down several times to mix the solution well. b) From colourless to red c) cm = 0.0 cm d) We can represent the monobasic acid solution by HX(aq). HX(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaX(aq) + H2O(l)? M 0.20 M 25.0 cm 0.0 cm cm (used) 25.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 0.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm 0.0 = 0.20 mol dm x = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of HX requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete Number of moles of HX in 25.0 cm of the diluted sample = mol 85

86 Number of moles of HX in cm of the diluted sample = Number of moles of HX in 25.0 cm of the acid sample before dilution = mol = mol x cm 25.0 cm Molarity of the monobasic acid sample = Number of moles of HX Volume of solution mol = (25.0 / ) dm = 2.4 mol dm (M) 16 a) From yellow to red b) Na 2 CO (aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) g M 20.9 cm cm (used) 25.0 cm Molar mass of Na 2 CO nh 2 O= [2 x x n(2 x )] g mol -1 = ( n) g mol -1 Number of moles of Na 2 CO in g solid= Mass Molar mass g ( n) g mol -1 = 86

87 11.20 ( n) mol Number of moles of Na 2 CO in 25.0 cm solution = 1 x 10 Volume of solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 20.9 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = mol dm x 20.9 = mol complete reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of Na 2 CO requires 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 for i.e. Number of moles of Na 2 CO in 25.0 cm solution = mol x 10 ( n) mol = mol n = 9 17 a) A weak acid is an acid that only partly ionizes in water. b) Let n be the basicity of the tartaric acid. We can represent the tartaric acid by HnX. H n X(aq) + nkoh(aq) K n X(aq) + nh 2 O(l) g M 26.4 cm Number of moles of tartaric acid used = Mas Molar mass g g mol = -1 = mol 87

88 Volume of solution Number of moles of KOH required for neutralization = Molarity of solution x dm 26.4 = mol dm x = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of HnX requires n moles of KOH for complete Number of moles of H nx Number of moles of KOH = n 1 = mol mol n = 2 Tartaric acid is a dibasic acid. required for neutralization. c) The amount of distilled water does not affect the number of moles of alkali acid is a d) The hydrochloric acid has a lower ph value. This is because hydrochloric stronger acid. It ionizes almost completely in water. It contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. 18 a) cm = 20.0 cm b) CHCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CHCOONa(aq) + H2O(l) CH COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH COONa(aq) + H 2 O(l) 50.0 cm M 20.0 cm 88

89 250.0 cm (used) 25.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 20.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = mol dm x 20.0 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of CH COOH requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete mol i.e. Number of moles of CH COOH in 25.0 cm of the diluted vinegar = Number of moles of CH COOH in cm of the diluted vinegar = Number of moles of CH COOH in 50.0 cm of the vinegar before dilution = mol x = mol cm 25.0 cm Concentration of ethanoic acid in the vinegar = Number of moles of CHCOOH Volume of solution mol = (50.0 / ) dm = mol dm (M) c) Molar mass of CH COOH = (2 x x x 16.0) g mol -1 = 60.0 g mol -1 mol -1 Concentration of ethanoic acid in the vinegar = mol dm x 60.0 g = 48.0 g dm 89

90 d) Mass of 1 dm of the vinegar = Density x Volume = 1 g cm - x cm = g 1 dm of the vinegar contain 48.0 g of ethanoic acid. x 100% Percentage by mass of ethanoic acid in the vinegar = 48.0 g g = 4.80% 19 a) CaCO (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) b) c) From colourless to red x Volume of d) i) Number of moles of HCl in 40.0 cm of 1.00 HCl = Molarity of solution solution = 1.00 mol dm x 40.0 dm = mol ii) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)? mol 1.05 M 20.0 cm 90

91 Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 20.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = 1.05 mol dm x 20.0 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of HCl in the excess acid = mol ) mol Number of moles of HCl reacted with the egg shells = ( = mol iii) CaCO (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 1.07 g mol reaction. According to the equation, 1 mole of CaCO requires 2 moles of HCl for complete i.e. Number of moles of CaCO in egg shells = 2 1 x Number of moles of HCl = 1 x mol 2 = mol Molar mass of CaCO = ( x 16.0) g mol -1 = g mol 1 Mass of CaCO in the egg shells = Number of moles of CaCO x Molar mass of CaCO = mol x g mol -1 = g 91

92 0.950 g x 100% 1.07 g Percentage by mass of CaCO in the egg shells = = 88.8% with alkali. 20 a) Wash the burette first with water and then with the alkali. Close the stopcock. Fill the burette with alkali through a funnel. Clamp the burette vertically in a stand. Open the stopcock for a few seconds so as to fill the tip of the burette b) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l)? M 1.20 M 10.0 cm 2.8 cm cm (used) 25.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 2.8 cm solution = Molarity of solution x dm = 1.20 mol dm x 2.8 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete i.e. Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 25.0 cm diluted cleaner = 2 1 x Number of moles of NaOH = 2 1 x mol 92

93 = mol cm 25.0 cm Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in cm diluted cleaner = mol x = 0.14 mol Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 10.0 cm of the drain cleaner = 0.14 mol Molarity of H 2 SO 4 in the drain cleaner = Number of moles of H2SO4 Volume of solution 0.14 mol = (10.0 / ) dm = 14. mol dm (M) c) The cleaner contains sulphuric acid which is corrosive. d) Wear safety glasses and protective gloves. 21 a) To make the concentration of the vinegar comparable to that of the alkali. b) From colourless to red c) CHCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CHCOONa(aq) + H2O(l) 25.0 cm M 17.2 cm cm (used) 25.0 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of NaOH in 17.2 cm solution = Molarity of solution x = mol dm x 17.2 dm 9

94 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of CH COOH requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete mol i.e. Number of moles of CH COOH in 25.0 cm diluted vinegar = cm mol x 25.0 cm Number of moles of CH COOH in cm diluted vinegar = = mol Numbe of moles of CHCOOH Volume of solution Molarity of CH COOH in vinegar = mol = (25.0 / ) dm = 0.82 mol dm (M) d) Brand A Mass of CH COOH in one bottle = 60 g dm x 00 dm = 18 g Price per g of CH COOH = $10 18 g = $0.55 g -1 Brand B Molar mass of CH COOH = (2 x x x 16.0) g mol -1 = 60.0 g mol -1 1 Concentration of CH COOH in vinegar = 0.82 mol dm x 60.0 g mol - 94

95 = 49.9 g dm Mass of CH COOH in one bottle = 49.9 g dm x 600 dm = 29.9 g Price per g of CH COOH = $ g = $0.67 g -1 Brand A is the better buy. 22 a) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Cu(OH) 2 (s) b) c) To remove the hydroxide ions adhere to the copper(ii) hydroxide. d) Methyl orange / phenolphthalein e) i) NaOH(aq) + HNO (aq) NaNO (aq) + H 2 O(l)? mol M 15.5 cm Volume of solution Number of moles of HNO in 15.5 cm solution = Molarity of solution x 95

96 dm = mol dm x 15.5 = mol neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of NaOH requires 1 mole of HNO for complete i.e. Number of moles of OH in the filtrate = mol Volume of ii) Number of moles of OH added in Step I = Molarity of solution x solution 25.0 = mol dm x dm = mol OH used for precipitation = ( ) mol iii) Number of moles of = mol Cu(OH) 2 (s) mol Cu 2+ reacts with 2 moles of OH to give 1 mole of Cu(OH) 2. Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) According to the equation, 1 mole of Number of moles of Cu 2+ in CuSO 4 solution = 2 1 x Number of moles of OH = 2 1 x mol 96

97 = mol solution = Number of moles of CuSO4 Volume of solution Molarity of CuSO mol = (25.0 / ) dm = mol dm (M) H 2 SO 4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 2 a) 2NaOH(aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) b) 2NaOH(aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq)? M 0.1 M 50 cm 50 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 50 cm = 0.1 mol dm x 50 dm = mol H 2 SO 4 requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization. According to the equation, 1 mole of i.e. Number of moles of NaOH in 50 cm solution = 2 x Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 = 2 x mol 97

98 = 0.01 mol Molarity of NaOH solution = Number of moles of NaOH Volume of solution 0.01 mol = (50 / ) dm = 0.2 mol dm (M) c) Sodium hydrogensulphate hydroxide solution d) By reaction with dilute sodium ZnSO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 24 a) ZnCO (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) given off. b) When no more gas bubbles are c) To concentrate the filtrate. d) e) i) To allow time for the formation of bigger crystals. ii) The crystals formed would be very small. 98

99 f) ZnCO (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 1.50 M? g 50.0 cm of solution Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 in 50.0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume = 1.50 mol dm x 50.0 dm = mol of ZnSO 4. According to the equation, 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 reacts with 1 mole of ZnCO to give 1 mole i.e. Number of moles of ZnSO 4 = mol Molar mass of ZnSO 4 7H 2 O = [ x x (2 x )] g mol -1 = g mol -1 7H 2 O Mass of ZnSO 4 7H 2 O = Number of moles of ZnSO 4 7H 2 O x Molar mass of ZnSO 4 = mol x g mol -1 = 21.6 g 25 a) An acid in solid form steep. b) The reaction is quite fast when t = 10 s as the slope of the curve is quite steep. The The reaction is slower when t = 50 s as the slope of the curve is less reaction gets slower as the reaction proceeds. the volume of gas collected no longer changes. The reaction is over when t = 160 s as no more gas is produced and c) Increase the temperature 99

100 CO 2 = mol x 44.0 g mol -1 The solid acid 26 a) The fizzy drink tablet contains a solid acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate. gives hydrogen ions H + (aq) when dissolved in water. The hydrogen ions react with sodium hydrogencarbonate to give carbon dioxide gas. This gives rise to the effervescence that occurs. contents get HCO - (aq) + H + (aq) CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) b) Since carbon dioxide can escape through the cotton wool, the flask plus its lighter as the reaction proceeds. To determine the rate of the reaction, we can measure the loss in the mass of the flask plus its contents at regular intervals. c) Mass of NaHCO d) Number of moles of NaHCO in one tablet = Molar mass of NaHCO 1.25 g 84.0 g mol = -1 = mol According to the equation, 1 mole of NaHCO gives 1 mole of CO 2. i.e. Number of moles of CO 2 given off from one tablet = mol Mass of CO 2 given off = Number of moles of CO 2 x Molar mass of = g 100

101 e) The acid will react with sodium hydrogencarbonate in the presence of moisture. 27 a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) b) c)i) ii) 28 a) CaCO (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) 1.0 g 2.0 M 0 cm Number of moles of CaCO present = Mass of CaCO Molar mass of CaCO 1.0 g g mol = -1 = mol solution Number of moles of HCl in 0 cm solution = Molarity of solution x Volume of = 2.0 mol dm x 0 dm 101

102 = mol the According to the equation, 1 mole of CaCO reacts with 2 moles of HCl. During reaction, mole of CaCO reacts with mole of HCl. Therefore HCl is in excess. b) Use powdered marble instead of marble lumps. Use more concentrated hydrochloric acid. c) This is because when the sulphuric acid reacts with the marble lumps, insoluble calcium sulphate forms. The calcium sulphate covers the surface of the marble lumps and prevents further reaction. 29 a) slower as it proceeds. b) The reaction rate is faster at X than at Y. This is because the reaction gets c) The loss in mass of the contents of the reaction flask for sample A is greater than that for sample B, i.e. sample A produces more carbon dioxide gas. Therefore sample A has a higher purity of calcium carbonate than sample B. The initial rate for sample B is faster than that for sample A. It is because sample B has a smaller particle size. 102

103 d) Mass of CO 2 given off =.7 g CaCO (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)? g.7 g Number of moles of CO 2 given off = Mass of CO 2 Molar mass of CO 2.7 g 44.0 g mol = -1 = mol mole of CO 2. According to the equation, 1 mole of CaCO reacts with 2 moles of HCl to give 1 i.e. Number of moles of CaCO in sample A = mol Mass of CaCO in sample A = Number of moles of CaCO x Molar mass of CaCO = mol x g mol -1 = 8.41 g Percentage purity of CaCO in sample A = 8.41g 10.0 g x 100% = 84.1% 0 a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) 1 g 1 M 100 cm Number of moles of Mg present = Mass of Mg Molar mass of Mg 1g 24.0 g mol = -1 = 0.04 mol 10

104 Volume of solution Number of moles of HCl in 100 cm solution = Molarity of solution x = 1 mol dm x 100 dm = 0.1 mol During the reaction, According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl mole of Mg reacts with 0.08 mole of HCl. Therefore HCl is in excess. b) All the magnesium dissolved. c) The rate of the reactions would increase. dibasic acid d) Magnesium reacts with the hydrogen ions in the acids. Sulphuric acid is a while hydrochloric acid is a monobasic acid. Therefore 1 M sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 1 M hydrochloric acid. The time required for the reaction between magnesium and 1 M sulphuric acid to complete is less than 200 s. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Therefore 1 M hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 1 M ethanoic acid. The time required for the reaction between magnesium and 1 M ethanoic acid to complete is longer than 200 s. reaction time. 1 a) The time required to reach a certain level of turbidity can be taken to be the b) i) To keep the total volume of each sample constant. sodium ii) thiosulphate solution. To ensure that the only variable is the change in the concentration of c) 104

105 2 First add sodium carbonate to the reagents. Effervescence occurs for both the 2 M hydrochloric acid and 2 M sulphuric acid. 2 M sulphuric acid gives a white precipitate when mixed with barium chloride solution. However, 2 M hydrochloric acid does not give a precipitate with barium chloride solution. and 2 Add lead(ii) nitrate solution to the remaining reagents. Both 2 M ammonia solution M sodium hydroxide solution give a white precipitate. The precipitate will dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide solution. However, the precipitate does not dissolve in excess ammonia solution. The remaining reagent is distilled water. waste Neutralization has many useful applications, including soil treatment, treatment of factory and treatment of indigestion. acidic Most plants grow best when the ph value of the soil is close to 7. Soil may become due to various reasons, such as acid rain. If the soil is too acidic, most plants will not grow well in it. Farmers neutralize acidic soil by adding quicklime (calcium oxide) to it. If the soil becomes too alkaline, farmers may add ammonium sulphate to it. is Liquid waste from factories often contains acid. The waste will affect water life if it discharged into rivers and lakes without treatment. We can add slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to the waste to neutralize the acid. On the other hand, we can control the ph value of alkaline waste by adding sulphuric acid to it. 105