P-N-Junction. part 1. PHYS208 Lecture Thursday 15 th April 2010
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1 PHYS208 Lecture Thursday 15 th April 2010 P-N-Junction part 1 THE FIRST 18 pages background from previous lectures 4 pages of new lecture calculations with comments PHYS208 - spring page 1
2 For work with P-N junction Exam presentation thursday's and following week's text (handwritten notes) ( to be used together with the above pn_junction_ex_2008.pdf ) Some of the formalism is nicely discussed also in THE FIRST 18 pages or so background from previous lectures PHYS208 - spring page 2
3 Electrons and holes When we reverse energy, the holes take the same role as electrons note the sign on µ 2008 SLIDE NOTE PHYS208 - spring page 3
4 Once more about electrons and holes; Ferromagnetic fluid story once more Concept of holes We have discussed one more illustration of holes: BUBBLES PHYS208 - spring page 4
5 COPY OF OLDER NOTE Starting Impurities OLDER NOTE Semiconductors might contain various impurities. However, only the type of impurities discussed below DOPING by controlled impurities of one or other type P or N and the abrupt JUNCTION ( two types of doping in the same crystal structure with a sharp border ) appears to be useful for devices and instruments PHYS208 - spring page 5
6 P N Impurity atoms have 3 valence electrons Acceptor P-type (hole, positive charge carriers) Impurity atoms have 5 valence electrons Donor N-type (electron, negative charge carriers) COPY OF OLDER NOTE PHYS208 - spring page 6
7 The atom-like states of impurities explained; Bohr-like 'atom' relations More details on the following slide from COPY OF OLDER NOTE PHYS208 - spring page 7
8 Impurity States Donors from 2008 slide PHYS208 - spring page 8
9 Starting P-N junction PHYS208 - spring page 9
10 The following three slides show how the 'acceptor levels' Can be created ABOVE the valence band edge We start by showing how the 'donor levels'are created BELOW the conduction band edge PHYS208 - spring page 10
11 Impurity States - Donors PHYS208 - spring page 11
12 Impurity States - Acceptors PHYS208 - spring page 12
13 Impurity States - Acceptors Acceptor Bound State PHYS208 - spring page 13
14 Do these 'inclined bands' Look strange to you? We have used such picture before! And with a nice explanation - see the following 2 slides Picture from 1954 article on p-n-junction for solar cell Physical Review PHYS208 - spring page 14
15 Do the 'inclined bands'of previous slide look strange to you? We have used such picture before! The forces on electrons Copy is here and a copy of nice explanation on the following slide PHYS208 - spring page 15
16 'inclined bands' The forces on electrons PHYS208 - spring page 16
17 We have discussed one more illustration of holes: BUBBLES Bubbles travel uppwads Stones are falling downwards We have discussed one more illustration of holes: BUBBLES And Helium-filled balloon And thus the whole story of Archimedes law and buoyancy OPPDRIFT (norwegian) Any floating object displaces its own weight of fluid. Archimedes of Syracuse PHYS208 - spring page 17
18 Riddle: Train accellerates. A lamp or rubber ball will hang as shown in the upper picture Helium-filled balloon in the same train: How will it place itself? PHYS208 - spring page 18
19 (A) (B) A related riddle: how fast did you give the answer: A stone is placed on a toy boat. The stone is now moved to the water. What will happen? Result (A) or result (B)? Will the level of water in the container rise or sink? And thus the whole story of Archimedes law and buoyancy OPPDRIFT (norwegian) Any floating object displaces its own weight of fluid. Archimedes of Syracuse PHYS208 - spring page 19
20 Diffusion, Fick's first law of diffusion, conductivity, Ohm's Law, drift velocity, mobility, Equillibrium as cancellation of currents PHYS208 - spring page 20
21 Equillibrium as cancellation of currents; Diffusion caused by gradient of density; what is 'Diffusion constant' D? ELECTRIC FIELD IS GRADIENT OF ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL. Evaluate potential difference PHYS208 - spring page 21
22 Einstein Nernst: Diffusion against force related to Boltzmann Use the same equation as before with different aim: Now the Field is known and constant PHYS208 - spring page 22
23 Einstein Nernst: gives us the diffusion constant / mobility relation JUST IN THE FORM needed for the potential difference. PHYS208 - spring page 23
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