Analysis of Alkyl PAHs And Geochemical Biomarkers
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1 Analysis of Alkyl PAHs And Geochemical Biomarkers Chuck Neslund, Manager Specialty Services NEMC Environmental Measurement Symposium, August 5-9, 2013, San Antonio, TX Providing comprehensive scientific resources to environmental clients worldwide.
2 PAHs and Alkyl PAHs Most important target analytes in damage assessment from petroleum products Known to originate from 2 sources - Petrogenic - Pyrogenic 2
3 PAHs and Alkyl PAHs Can be used in forensic analysis to qualitatively fingerprint petroleum sample Crude oils contain primarily alkyl PAHs and relatively smaller concentrations of unsubstituted PAHs 3
4 What are Alkyl PAHs? Parent PAHs are 2 or more fused conjugated rings naphthalene benz(a)anthracene Alkylated PAHs are the parent PAH with various alkyl groups attached 2,3,5-trimethylnaphthalene 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 4
5 What are Alkyl PAHs? Categorized by the total number of alkyl carbon atoms present A homolog group includes all of the isomers with the same number of carbon atoms C3 includes propyl, isopropyl, trimethyl and ethylmethyl 5
6 What are Alkyl PAHs? Parent PAHs that are isomers of other parent PAHs are combined for reporting purposes - phenanthrene/anthracene - fluoranthene/pyrene - benz(a)anthracene/chrysene 6
7 Why do we care? Traditional methods focused on the 16 Priority Pollutant PAHs identified by EPA There are hundreds if not thousands of alkylated forms that are unaccounted for in traditional methods 7
8 Why do we care? Less toxicity data available for alkyl PAHs than their parent compounds Alkyl PAHs are more abundant and persist longer than their parent compounds Analysis of alkyl PAHs in combination with the parent compounds is a better estimation of total exposure to toxic effects of PAHs 8
9 Method Summary Extraction methods are relatively standard for those used for soil and water - SW for waters - SW for soils Alumina column clean-up used as needed 9
10 Method Summary Tuning and calibration similar to 8270 SIM Alkyl PAHs calculated from a multipoint calibration A representative target compound is used to represent a homolog series for quantification Results generated for alkyl PAHs should be treated as semiquantitative 10
11 PAHS Reported Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzothiophene Biphenyl Chrysene cis/trans-decalin Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3,5-Trimethylnaphthalene Naphthobenzothiophene Perylene Phenanthrene 1-Methylphenanthrene Pyrene Retene Total Aromatics (includes alkylated) 11
12 Alkyl PAHS Reported C1-Naphthalenes C2-Naphthalenes C3-Naphthalenes C4-Naphthalenes C1-Fluorenes C2-Fluorenes C3-Fluorenes C1-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C2-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C3-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C4-Phenanthrenes/Anthracenes C1-Benzo(b)thiophene C2-Benzo(b)thiophene C3-Benzo(b)thiophene C4-Benzo(b)thiophene C1-Naphthobenzothiophenes C2-Naphthobenzothiophenes C3-Naphthobenzothiophenes C1-Decalin C2-Decalin C3-Decalin C4-Decalin C1-Dibenzothiophenes C2-Dibenzothiophenes C3-Dibenzothiophenes C4-Dibenzothiophenes C1-Fluoranthenes/pyrenes C2-Fluoranthenes/pyrenes C3-Fluoranthenes/pyrenes C4-Fluoranthenes/pyrenes C1-Benzanthrene/chrysenes C2-Benzanthrene/chrysenes C3-Benzanthrene/chrysenes C4-Benzanthrene/chrysenes 12
13 Method Summary To create SIM method large investment in establishing correct windows Analysis of reference oils to determine alkyl PAH windows Requires analysis of windowing standard at start of each tune Alkanes added to the calibration and analysis mix 13
14 C2-Naphthalenes Mass 156, 141 amu; 10.2 to 12.8 min Abundance Ion ( to ): cg1042.d\data.ms Time--> Abundance Ion ( to ): cg1042.d\data.ms Time-->
15 Alkanes Reported n-decane n-undecane n-dodecane n-tridecane n-tetradecane n-pentadecane n-hexadecane n-heptadecane n-octadecane n-nonadecane n-eicosane n-heneicosane n-docosane n-tricosane n-tetracosane n-pentacosane n-hexacosane n-heptacosane n-octacosane n-nonacosane n-triacontane n-hentriacontane n-dotriacontane n-tritriacontane n-tetratriacontane n-pentatriacontane Pristane Phytane Total Alkanes 15
16 What are Geochemical Biomarkers? Complex organic compounds that are found in petroleum and show little to no change in structure from their parent molecules found in living organisms. Categorized into different classes, terpanes, steranes and triaromatic steroids 16
17 What are Geochemical Biomarkers? Several reference biomarker compounds are in calibration mixes Biomarkers grouped according to reference used for quantification Analysis of reference oils key to biomarker identification 17
18 18 Biomarkers reported A1-C20-TAS A2-C21-TAS A3-C26 TAS(20S) A4-C26/C27-TAS A5-C27-TAS(20R) A6-TAS(20S) A7-TAS(20R) T1-C20Diterpane T2-C21Diterpane T3-C22Diterpane T4-C23Diterpane T5-C24Diterpane T6-C25Diterpane T6a-C24TetracyclicTerpane T6b-C26Tricyclic[S] T6c-C26Tricyclic[R] T7-C28Tricyclictriterpane[S] T8-C28Tricyclictriterpane[R] T9-C29Tricyclictriterpane(S) T10-C29Tricyclictriterpane(R) T11-Trisnorhopane(TS) T12-Trisnorhopane(TM) T13-Trisnorhopane T13a-29,30-Bisnorhopane T14-Bisnorhopane T14a-C28,C30Bisnorhopane T14b-C29,C25Norhopane T15-C29-Norhopane T16-Norneohopane 17a(H)-diahopane T17-C30-Normoretane T18-C30-Oleanane T19-C30-Hopane T20-Moretane T21-C31-Homohopane(S) 17b(H),21b(H)-Hopane T22-C31-Homohopane(R) T22a-Gammacerane T23-Homohopane T24-Homomoretane T25-Diploptene T26-C32-Bishomohopane(S) T27-C32-Bishomohopane(R) T28-Bishomomoretane T29-Homohopane T30-C33-Trishomohopane(S) T31-C33-Trishomohopane(R) T32-Tetrakishomohopane(S) T33-Tetrakishomohopane(R) T34-Pentakishomohopane(S) T35-Pentakishomohopane(R) S4-Diacholestane S5-Diacholestane 5a-cholestane S6-Diacholestane S7-Diacholestane S8-Methyldiacholestane S10-Methyldiacholestane S11-Methyldiacholestane S12-Cholestane S14-Cholestane(20R) S15-Cholestane(20S) S18-Ethyldiacholestane S19-Ethyldiacholestane S20-Methyldiacholestane S22-Methylcholestane(20R) S23-Methylcholestane(20S) S24-MethylCholestane S25-EthylCholestane S26-Ethylcholestane(20R) S27-Ethylcholestane(20S) S28-Ethylcholestane
19 Arabian Light Total Ion Chromatogram 19
20 Arabian Light Mass 57 amu EICP 20
21 Arabian Light Mass 191 amu EICP 21
22 Arabian Light Mass 217 amu EICP 22
23 Arabian Light Mass 218 amu EICP 23
24 Arabian Light Mass 231 amu EICP 24
25 Why do we care? Very useful in forensic petroleum analysis when alkane pattern is weathered Complements and enhances conventional GC/FID fingerprinting capabilities Can be analyzed simultaneously with the Alkyl PAHs. 25
26 Results Specialized report format and electronic spreadsheet Histograms for qualitative analysis of PAHs/Alkyl PAHs Extracted ion current profiles provided for biomarkers 26
27 PAH/Alkyl PAH Histogram 27
28 Total Ion Chromatogram 28
29 Mass 57 amu EICP 29
30 Mass 191 amu EICP 30
31 Mass 217 amu EICP 31
32 Mass 218 amu EICP 32
33 Mass 231 amu EICP 33
34 Acknowledgement Richard Karam, Manager, Semivolatiles, Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Environmental Tim Trees, Principal Chemist, Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Environmental 34
35 Questions 35
36 Slide title Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level 36
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