Acid and Base Definitions
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1 Chpter 8 AcidBse Equilibri Acid nd Bse Definitions 81 BrønstedLowry Acids nd Bses 8 Wter nd the p Scle 8 The Strengths of Acids nd Bses 84 Equilibri Involving Wek Acids nd Bses 85 Buffer Solutions 86 AcidBse Titrtion Curves 87 Polyprotic Acids 88 Lewis Acids nd Bses 1) Arrhenius (Section 4.) Acids re donors Bses re O donors ) Brodened Definition (Section 4.) Acids re substnces tht increse [ ] Bses re substnces tht increse [O ] ) BrønstedLowry (Section 8.1) 4) Lewis (Section 8.8) /00 OFB Chpter 8 1 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 Chpter 8 AcidBse Equilibri BrønstedLowry Acids Bses Conjugte Bse Conjugte Acid AcidBse Equilibri BrønstedLowry Acids nd Bses A BrønstedLowry cid is substnce tht cn donte hydrogen ion. A BrønstedLowry bse is substnce tht cn ccept hydrogen ion. In the BrønstedLowry Acid nd Bse concept, cids nd bses occur s conjugte cidbse pirs.
2 Conjugte mens to join, unite or mrry onjugte Bse subtrct n rom the cid onjugte Acid dd to the se Exmples 1. is the conjugte bse of O. is the conjugted bse of O (clled the hydronium ion). is the conjugted cid of O 4. (or shown s ) is the conjugte cid of O Conjugte Bse subtrct n from the cid Conjugte Acid dd to the bse ydroxide ion Wter is the conjugte cid of O O conjugte O bse of O conjugte cid of O O O Wter is the conjugte bse of O ydroni ion /00 OFB Chpter 8 5 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 C CO O O C CO Acetic Acid s 1 1 cid of View #1 bse cid C CO O O C CO cid bse Conjugte cid of O Acette Ion bse Conjugte bse of C CO Autoioniztion of O O O O O Pirs 1 1 cid Point of View #1 bse cid bse O O O O # 1 # cid bse Conjugte cid of O # Conjugte bse of O #1 of View # C CO O O C CO Point of View # O O O O Conjugte cid of C CO Conjugte bse of O cid bse Conjugte cid of O Conjugte bse of O cid bse
3 xercise 81: rimethylmine (C 9 N) is soluble ek bse with foul odor (it ontributes to the smell of rotten fish). rite the formul of its conjugte cid. Nomenclture When is hydrted it is O nd clled hydronium ion. Often O is written in simpler nottion /00 OFB Chpter 8 9 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 1 Amphoterism n ion or molecule cn ct s n cid or bse depending upon the rection conditions.) Acetic Acid is lso mphoteric, if in the presence of strong cid serves s bse Wter in N serves s n cid SO 4 C CO C CO SO O N N 4 O ) Wter in cetic cid serves s se O C CO O C CO Amphoterism n ion or molecule cn ct s n cid or bse depending upon the rection conditions
4 O ][O ] [ O] Wter Autoioniztion of wter: O(l) O (q) O (q) W (t 5 o C) Strong Acids nd Bses A strong cid is one tht rects essentilly completely with wter to produce O (q). ydrochloric cid (Cl) is strong cid: Cl (q) O(l) O (q) Cl (q) (rection essentilly complete) Dissolving 0.10 mol of Cl in enough wter to mke 1.0 L of solution gives finl concentrtion of 0.10 M for O (q). [ O ][O ] W /00 OFB Chpter 8 1 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 1 A strong bse is one tht rects Strong Acids nd Bses essentilly completely with wter to produce O (q) ions. dium hydroxide (NO) is strong bse: hers re N (mide ion) nd (ydride ion) NO(s) N (q) O (q) (rection essentilly complete) Dissolving 0.10 mol of NO in enough wter to mke 1.0 L of solution gives finl concentrtion of 0.10 M for O (q). The p Function p log 10 [ O ] p < 7 cidic solution [ O ] > [O ] p 7 neutrl solution [ O ] [O ] p > 7 bsic solution [ O ] < [O ] [ O ][O ] W
5 AMPLE 8 The p Function lculte the p (t 5 o C) of n queous lution tht hs n O (q) concentrtion of M. p log 10 [ O ] If converting from p to [ ] [ ] 10 p 10 X /00 OFB Chpter /9/00 OFB Chpter 8 1 The p Function Recll [ O ][O ] W p po p w 14 Exercise pge 84: Clculte [ O ] nd [O ] in sliv tht hs p of 6.60 t 5 o C.
6 Strengths of Acids nd Bses Strong cids A O O A A generic cid p log 10 Tble 8 Scle of p 11 To 14 [O ][A ] [A][ O] [O ][A ] [A] /00 OFB Chpter 8 1 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 Chpter 8 AcidBse Equilibri Bse Strength strong cids hve wek conjugte bses wek cids hve strong conjugte bses
7 Indictors A soluble compound, generlly n orgnic dye, tht chnges its color noticebly over firly short rnge of p. Typiclly, wek orgnic cid tht hs different color thn its conjugte bse. n(q) O(l) O (q) In (q) [ O ][In ] [In] /00 OFB Chpter 8 5 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 Methyl Red Bromothymol blue Phenolphtlein
8 ercise 85: Indictors inwter tht hs leched through pile of ilding mterils nd puddled underneth rns bromothymol blue from yellow to blue, t it leves phenolphthlein colorless. timte the p of this wter. Equilibri Involving Wek Acids nd Bses Wek cids < 1 i.e., p > 0 O (hydronium ion) 1 p 0 /00 OFB Chpter 8 9 A O O A A is wek cid, < 1 or p > 1 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8
9 Problem: Clculte p nd the frction of C CO ionized t equilibrium. Assume 1.0M C CO initilly C CO O O C CO [O ][CCO ] [C CO ][ O] 1.8x10 5 A trick to solving: y (1.0 y from Tble 8 Assume tht y is smll (less thn 5% of the initil conc.) nit. conc. conc. quil. conc. [O ][CCO ] [C CO ][ O] /00 OFB Chpter 8 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 Problem: Clculte p nd the frction of C CO ionized t equilibrium. Assume 1.0M C CO initilly Frction C CO ionized t equilibrium Wek Bses Similrly N cts s wek bse in O b 1.8 x N N 4 O cid 1 bse cid bse 1 b [N [N 4 ][O ] ][ O] 1
10 s before, you cn clculte p t equilibrium. Assume 0.01M N itilly. Clculte the p of the sulting solution 0 N N 4 O b b y [N [N y [O ] 4 ][O ] ][1] 1.8x10 [N4 5 y 0.01 y ] 4.15x10 4 it. conc. conc. quil. conc. b b for N 4 [N ][O [N ][1] 1.8x10 ] y ( y) w [ O ] [O ] /00 OFB Chpter 8 7 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 ydrolysis is term pplied to rections of quted ions tht chnge the p from 7 When NCl is plced in wter, e resulting solution is observed be neutrl (p 7) owever when sodium cette C O ) is dissolved in wter e resulting solution is bsic Other slts behve similrly, 4 Cl nd AlCl give cid olutions. These interctions between slts nd wter re clled hydrolysis Despite the specil term, hydrolysis, there is no reson to tret hydrolysis in specil mnner. It is still BrønstedLowry Acid nd Bse Rection
11 xmple problem: uppose 0.1 mole solution odium cette is dissolved in liter of wter. Wht is the p f the solution? conc. nc. il. conc. 1.Find b.find [O ].Find [ ] 4.Find p /00 OFB Chpter 8 41 Exmple problem: Wht is the p of the solution? C CO O C CO O Init. conc. 0.1M 0 ~0 conc. y y y Equil. conc. 0.1 y y y 1. Find b. Find [O ]. Find [ ] 4. Find p [ O b b [CCO [C CO w y [O x b w 6 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 4 p log (1.9x10 ][O ] ][1] x10 5.6x x10 tble ] 7.5x10 w 1x10 ] [O ] 7.5x ) 8.89 y 0.1 y 1.x10 9 ydrolysis of Result ydrolysis of Result nions Rise p Anions Rise p tions Lower p onyrolyzed Ions ( few) Anions, not hydrolyzed l, Br, I, SO 4, NO, ClO, lo 4 0 Ctions, not hydrolyzed i, N,, Rb, Sc, Mg,, Sr, B, Ag Ctions Lower p Cn predict p of some slts (reltive p) N PO 4 is bsic ( non hydrolyzed ction nd hydrolyzed nion) FeCl is cidic ( hydrolyzed ction nd
12 AcidBse Equilibri Buffer Solutions: importnt in biochemicl nd physiologicl processes Orgnisms (nd humns) hve builtin buffers to protect them ginst lrge chnges in p. Buffers ny solutions tht mintin n pproximtely constnt p despite smll dditions of cids or bses Buffers ny solutions tht mintin n pproximtely constnt p despite smll dditions of cids or bses umn blood (p7.4) is mintined by combintion of CO, PO 4 nd protein buffers, which ccept Deth 7.0 < p > 7.8 Deth ow Do Buffers Work? /00 OFB Chpter /9/00 OFB Chpter 8 4 ow Do Buffers Work? [A] [ O ] [A ] rerrnged formul depends on nd the rtio of cid to slt. Thus if both conc. A nd A re lrge then smll ddictions of cid or bse don t chnge the rtio much depends on nd the rtio of cid to slt. Thus if both conc. A nd A re lrge then smll ddictions of cid or bse don t chnge the rtio much
13 /00 OFB Chpter /9/00 OFB Chpter 8 5 Lewis Structures 88 Lewis Acids Extremely importnt for Orgnic Chemistry Recll from Chpter tht min group elements in molecule re surrounded by 8 electrons (the Octet Rule). C C Covlent bonds C 4 methne ydrogen by electrons Crbon is 6 C or 1s s p ydrogen is 1 or 1s 1
14 Lone pir N N N mmoni Lewis Structures Electron deficient F O O O wter F B F F F B F boron triflouride /00 OFB Chpter 8 5 6/9/00 OFB Chpter 8 5 Chpter 8 AcidBse Equilibri Lewis AcidsBses Lewis Acid is ny species tht ccepts electron pirs Clled electrophiles (electron seeking) e.g., Boron, Al, Group III elements BF, Mg,, O B, SnCl 4, C, AlCl, Cl Chpter 8 AcidBse Equilibri Lewis AcidsBses Lewis Bse is ny species tht dontes electrons through coordintion to its lone pir Clled Nucleophiles (nucleus seekin e.g., Group V, VI, VII elements Br 1, Cl 1, F 1, 1, O :N, O:: O R N R O R R R R Crbonyls Amines Alcohols
15 Chpter 8 AcidBse Equilibri O O O is Acid Lewis Bse O cid :N mmoni O O N 4 C cette ion mmonium ion is Acid Lewis Bse Lewis Bse Lewis Acid Exmples/Exercises 81, 8, 8, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 810, 811, 816 Problems 5, 9, 11, 1, 6, 1, 4, 4, 44, 46 /00 OFB Chpter /9/00 OFB Chpter 8 5
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