Pharmaceutical compounding I Colloidal and Surface-Chemical Aspects of Dosage Forms Dr. rer. nat. Rebaz H. Ali

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Pharmaceutical compounding I Colloidal and Surface-Chemical Aspects of Dosage Forms Dr. rer. nat. Rebaz H. Ali"

Transcription

1 University of Sulaimani School of Pharmacy Dept. of Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutical Compounding Pharmaceutical compounding I Colloidal and Surface-Chemical Aspects of Dosage Forms Dr. rer. nat. Rebaz H. Ali

2 Outlines Rheology Introduction Mechanical properties of solids Flow of liquids Newtonian liquids Non-Newtonian liquids Colloidal dispersions 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 2

3 Introduction Rheology is the branch of physics that deals with deformation and flow of matter. Deformation describes the change of matter in terms of shape or volume, or both. Increasing interest in rheological methods in the medical and biological sciences: A. A change of the rheological behavior of certain body fluids such as mucus, saliva, blood, or synovial fluid. B. In pharmaceutics more viscous materials require larger amounts of energy during mixing. The viscosity might be reduced by the application of heat, which could reduce the mixing time and improve product homogeneity. C. Patient compliance. Application of stiff creams Flow through a hypodermic needle, Pouring from bottle 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 3

4 Introduction Rheology systems and stresses: Solids: have a constant volume and permanent shape, and are capable of supporting loads. Liquids have constant volumes at constant temperature, variable shape, and support no loads. Gases have neither constant volume nor permanent shape. Stress and Strain Deformation is the result of a force acting on or within a body, its extent depends on the magnitude of force per unit area (F/A), i.e., the stress (Pa, Nm -2 ). As a consequence of the stress applied, the body will change its shape, and as a result, there will be a change in length of the body, i.e., strain. 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 4

5 Outlines Rheology Introduction Mechanical properties of solids Flow of liquids Newtonian liquids Non-Newtonian liquids Colloidal dispersions 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 5

6 Percent élongation Mechanical properties of solids Elastic solids are deform under stress, but once the stress is removed, they regain their original shape, and the strain returns to zero. Point Y is the yield point or elastic limit, and the corresponding stress is the yield stress. If the stretching process of polyethylene or steel is stopped before point Y, they will snap back to their original length. Beyond Y, the solids undergo permanent deformation R Breaking point from which they do not recover upon the removal of stress, this called plasticity. P G Yield point S Stress, dyne/cm 2 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 6

7 Mechanical properties of solids cont. Steel has a high modulus (young s modulus E; it s a characteristic property of solids, representing their stiffness or hardness). E = stress = F/A strain l The horizontal portion YAH, the material is ductile; it flows under practically constant stress like a viscous liquid. If the stress is released at A, the sample retracts along AC. The nonrecoverable deformation OC is called permanent set. R is the elongation at the break, and the stress corresponding to B is the ultimate strength or tensile strength. B 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 7

8 Mechanical properties of solids cont The area OLYAHBRCO under the stress-strain curve is the energy or work required to break or rupture the material. It measures the material s toughness. Glass is hard and brittle. Steel is tough. Plastics are medium-hard or soft. B 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 8

9 Outlines Rheology Introduction Mechanical properties of solids Flow of liquids Newtonian liquids Non-Newtonian liquids Colloidal dispersions 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 9

10 Flow of liquids Liquids do not retain their shape; the smallest stresses, if applied for long enough time, produce infinite deformation. If water and castor oil are poured from bottles, water flows a thousand times faster, i.e., its rate of shear is a thousand times greater. H γ = V H = cm sec.cm = sec When liquid flows through a cylindrical tube of small diameter the velocity is zero at the wall of the tube, and maximum in the center. 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 10

11 Flow of liquids cont. Vasodilator drugs like nitroglycerin increase the radius of blood vessels by relaxing the vascular smooth muscles. The viscosity of a fluid may be described simply as its resistance to flow or movement. Thus water, which is easier to stir than syrup, is said to have the lower viscosity. Viscosity η is defined as the ratio of shear stress τ to rate of shear γ. η = τ γ = F/A = dyne/cm2 1/sec 1/sec = Pa.s 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 11

12 Outlines Rheology Introduction Mechanical properties of solids Flow of liquids Newtonian liquids Non-Newtonian liquids Colloidal dispersions 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 12

13 Newtonian liquid The viscosity of simple liquids (i.e., pure liquids consisting of small molecules and solutions where solute and solvent are small molecules) depends only on composition, temperature, and pressure. It increases moderately with increasing pressure and markedly with decreasing temperature. For solutions of solid solutes, the viscosity usually increases with concentration. When the viscosity is independent of the shear stress or the rate of shear, the liquid called Newtonian liquid. 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 13

14 Newtonian liquid Plots of shear stress (on the y axis) as a function of the rate of shear (on the x axis) are referred to as flow curves or rheograms. A has a higher viscosity than B because α > β The slope, f, is known as fluidity and is the reciprocal of viscosity, η: B Shear rate, S -1 A Rheograms or flow curves of two Newtonian liquids. Shear stress, N/m 2 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 14

15 Outlines Rheology Introduction Mechanical properties of solids Flow of liquids Newtonian liquids Non-Newtonian liquids Colloidal dispersions 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 15

16 Non-Newtonian liquid A. Plasticity: the flocculated particles in concentrated suspensions do not flow at low shear stresses (exhibiting reversible deformation like elastic solids) but flow like liquids above their yield value (i.e., yield stress) This termed plastics or Bingham bodies. The more flocculated the suspension, the higher will be the yield value 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 16

17 Non-Newtonian liquid cont. B. Shear-thinning Fluids. Many colloidal systems, especially polymer solutions and flocculated solid/liquid dispersions, become more fluid the faster they are stirred. Shear-thinning behavior is often referred to as pseudoplasticity. Shear-thinning behavior is an example of non-newtonian flow because the viscosity, at constant temperature and composition, decreases with increasing shear. Examples are solutions of polymers, such as MC or NaCMC and gums such as tragacanth or acacia. 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 17

18 Non-Newtonian liquid cont. The macromolecules tend to assume roughly spherical shapes, which surrounded by a sheath of water of hydration. The viscosity of the solution is reduced in these ways: The polymer chain become elongated and thus offer less resistance to flow. The amount of water trapped inside the coils decreases. Brownian motion will lead to a rebuilding of the inner structure in many cases 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 18

19 Non-Newtonian liquid cont. C. Dilatancy or shear-thickening is an increase in viscosity with increasing shear. It is shown by concentrated (> 50%) deflocculated dispersions as the amount of liquid present is not much larger than that needed to fill the voids between the particles As shear stress is increased the particles are rearranged which leads to a significant increase in interparticle void volume. The amount of vehicle remains constant, accordingly, resistance to flow increases because particles are no longer completely wetted, or lubricated, by the vehicle. Example is suspensions of starch in water. 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 19

20 Non-Newtonian liquid cont. Thixotropy is the gradual decrease in viscosity with increased shear followed by a gradual recovery of the original structure. Their apparent viscosity depends on temperature, composition, shear stress, and the previous shear history and time under shear. It usually related to shear thinning materials. For shear thickening samples, called negative thixotropy. 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 20

21 Thank you for your attention! 2/13/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding 21

Pharmaceutics I. Unit 6 Rheology of suspensions

Pharmaceutics I. Unit 6 Rheology of suspensions Pharmaceutics I اينالديصيدلينيات 1 Unit 6 Rheology of suspensions 1 Rheology, the science of the flow or deformation of matter (liquid or soft solid) under the effect of an applied force. It addresses

More information

Pharmaceutics I صيدالنيات 1. Unit 6

Pharmaceutics I صيدالنيات 1. Unit 6 Pharmaceutics I صيدالنيات 1 Unit 6 1 Rheology of suspensions Rheology, the study of flow, addresses the viscosity characteristics of powders, fluids, and semisolids. Materials are divided into two general

More information

Lecture 7. Rheology. Hamid Alghurabi. Assistant Lecturer in Pharmaceutics

Lecture 7. Rheology. Hamid Alghurabi. Assistant Lecturer in Pharmaceutics Physical Pharmacy Lecture 7 Rheology Assistant Lecturer in Pharmaceutics Overview Types of flow Newtonian systems Non-Newtonian systems Thixotropy Definition Applications in formulations Determination

More information

Mr.N.Srikar M.Pharm.,(Ph.D) KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE

Mr.N.Srikar M.Pharm.,(Ph.D) KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE . Mr.N.Srikar M.Pharm.,(Ph.D) KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE CONTENTS Introduction Definition Importance Newton's laws Types of flow Viscosity Measurements of viscosity Pharmaceutical applications 2 INTRODUCTION

More information

Rheological Properties

Rheological Properties Rheological Properties Shear Stress the force experienced by the liquid is proportional to the area of the upper plate and is defined as the shear stress, σ = F/A (Units = Nm -2 or Pascals [Pa]) Shear

More information

Rheology The relationship between rheological response and material structure

Rheology The relationship between rheological response and material structure Rheology The relationship between rheological response and material structure Márta Berka University of Debrecen Dept of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry http://dragon.unideb.hu/~kolloid/ Introduction

More information

Mechanical properties of polymers: an overview. Suryasarathi Bose Dept. of Materials Engineering, IISc, Bangalore

Mechanical properties of polymers: an overview. Suryasarathi Bose Dept. of Materials Engineering, IISc, Bangalore Mechanical properties of polymers: an overview Suryasarathi Bose Dept. of Materials Engineering, IISc, Bangalore UGC-NRCM Summer School on Mechanical Property Characterization- June 2012 Overview of polymer

More information

Agricultural Science 1B Principles & Processes in Agriculture. Mike Wheatland

Agricultural Science 1B Principles & Processes in Agriculture. Mike Wheatland Agricultural Science 1B Principles & Processes in Agriculture Mike Wheatland (m.wheatland@physics.usyd.edu.au) Outline - Lectures weeks 9-12 Chapter 6: Balance in nature - description of energy balance

More information

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Rheology S.C. BAYNE, 1 J.Y. Thompson 2 1 University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078 sbayne@umich.edu 2 Nova Southeastern College of Dental Medicine, Ft.

More information

Lecture 7: Rheology and milli microfluidic

Lecture 7: Rheology and milli microfluidic 1 and milli microfluidic Introduction In this chapter, we come back to the notion of viscosity, introduced in its simplest form in the chapter 2. We saw that the deformation of a Newtonian fluid under

More information

Contents. Preface XIII. 1 General Introduction 1 References 6

Contents. Preface XIII. 1 General Introduction 1 References 6 VII Contents Preface XIII 1 General Introduction 1 References 6 2 Interparticle Interactions and Their Combination 7 2.1 Hard-Sphere Interaction 7 2.2 Soft or Electrostatic Interaction 7 2.3 Steric Interaction

More information

Tensile stress strain curves for different materials. Shows in figure below

Tensile stress strain curves for different materials. Shows in figure below Tensile stress strain curves for different materials. Shows in figure below Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity of several materials effected by increasing temperature, as is shown in Figure Asst. Lecturer

More information

Rheology and Constitutive Equations. Rheology = Greek verb to flow. Rheology is the study of the flow and deformation of materials.

Rheology and Constitutive Equations. Rheology = Greek verb to flow. Rheology is the study of the flow and deformation of materials. Rheology and Constitutive Equations Rheology = Greek verb to flow Rheology is the study of the flow and deformation of materials. The focus of rheology is primarily on the study of fundamental, or constitutive,

More information

The principals of rheology In pharmaceutical technology

The principals of rheology In pharmaceutical technology The principals of rheology In pharmaceutical technology Dr. Aleksandar Széchenyi University of Pécs Gyógyszertechnológiai és Biofarmáciai Intézet Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy

More information

NORMAL STRESS. The simplest form of stress is normal stress/direct stress, which is the stress perpendicular to the surface on which it acts.

NORMAL STRESS. The simplest form of stress is normal stress/direct stress, which is the stress perpendicular to the surface on which it acts. NORMAL STRESS The simplest form of stress is normal stress/direct stress, which is the stress perpendicular to the surface on which it acts. σ = force/area = P/A where σ = the normal stress P = the centric

More information

Chapter 3 Non-Newtonian fluid

Chapter 3 Non-Newtonian fluid Chapter 3 Non-Newtonian fluid 3-1. Introduction: The study of the deformation of flowing fluids is called rheology; the rheological behavior of various fluids is sketchen Figure 3-1. Newtonian fluids,

More information

ME 2570 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

ME 2570 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS ME 2570 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Chapter III. Mechanical Properties of Materials 1 Tension and Compression Test The strength of a material depends on its ability to sustain a load without undue deformation

More information

Chapter 7. Highlights:

Chapter 7. Highlights: Chapter 7 Highlights: 1. Understand the basic concepts of engineering stress and strain, yield strength, tensile strength, Young's(elastic) modulus, ductility, toughness, resilience, true stress and true

More information

Stress-Strain Behavior

Stress-Strain Behavior Stress-Strain Behavior 6.3 A specimen of aluminum having a rectangular cross section 10 mm 1.7 mm (0.4 in. 0.5 in.) is pulled in tension with 35,500 N (8000 lb f ) force, producing only elastic deformation.

More information

Introduction to Marine Hydrodynamics

Introduction to Marine Hydrodynamics 1896 1920 1987 2006 Introduction to Marine Hydrodynamics (NA235) Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering First Assignment The first

More information

MECE 3321 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS CHAPTER 3

MECE 3321 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS CHAPTER 3 MECE 3321 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS CHAPTER 3 Samantha Ramirez TENSION AND COMPRESSION TESTS Tension and compression tests are used primarily to determine the relationship between σ avg and ε avg in any material.

More information

Applied physical pharmacy 10. Rheology

Applied physical pharmacy 10. Rheology Applied physical pharmacy 10. Rheology Sungkyunkwan University, School of Pharmacy Physical Pharmacy Lab Gyoung Won Kim CONTENTS Introduction Newtonian system Non - Newtonian system Thixotropy Viscoelasticity

More information

1. Introduction, fluid properties (1.1, 2.8, 4.1, and handouts)

1. Introduction, fluid properties (1.1, 2.8, 4.1, and handouts) 1. Introduction, fluid properties (1.1, 2.8, 4.1, and handouts) Introduction, general information Course overview Fluids as a continuum Density Compressibility Viscosity Exercises: A1 Fluid mechanics Fluid

More information

Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000. Dr. Coates

Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000. Dr. Coates Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2 Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Metals Dr. Coates 6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain tension compression shear torsion Tension Tests The specimen is deformed

More information

Chapter 6 Molten State

Chapter 6 Molten State Chapter 6 Molten State Rheology ( 流變學 ) study of flow and deformation of (liquid) fluids constitutive (stress-strain) relation of fluids shear flow shear rate ~ dγ/dt ~ velocity gradient dv 1 = dx 1 /dt

More information

CHAPTER 1 Fluids and their Properties

CHAPTER 1 Fluids and their Properties FLUID MECHANICS Gaza CHAPTER 1 Fluids and their Properties Dr. Khalil Mahmoud ALASTAL Objectives of this Chapter: Define the nature of a fluid. Show where fluid mechanics concepts are common with those

More information

9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS Deforming force Deforming force is the force which changes the shape or size of a body. Restoring force Restoring force is the internal force developed inside the body

More information

BFC FLUID MECHANICS BFC NOOR ALIZA AHMAD

BFC FLUID MECHANICS BFC NOOR ALIZA AHMAD BFC 10403 FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER 1.0: Principles of Fluid 1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 1.2 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid: Density, specific weight, specific gravity, viscocity (kelikatan)berat

More information

Viscoelasticity. Basic Notions & Examples. Formalism for Linear Viscoelasticity. Simple Models & Mechanical Analogies. Non-linear behavior

Viscoelasticity. Basic Notions & Examples. Formalism for Linear Viscoelasticity. Simple Models & Mechanical Analogies. Non-linear behavior Viscoelasticity Basic Notions & Examples Formalism for Linear Viscoelasticity Simple Models & Mechanical Analogies Non-linear behavior Viscoelastic Behavior Generic Viscoelasticity: exhibition of both

More information

Lecture 3. Properties of Fluids 11/01/2017. There are thermodynamic properties of fluids like:

Lecture 3. Properties of Fluids 11/01/2017. There are thermodynamic properties of fluids like: 11/01/2017 Lecture 3 Properties of Fluids There are thermodynamic properties of fluids like: Pressure, p (N/m 2 ) or [ML -1 T -2 ], Density, ρ (kg/m 3 ) or [ML -3 ], Specific weight, γ = ρg (N/m 3 ) or

More information

Colloidal Suspension Rheology Chapter 1 Study Questions

Colloidal Suspension Rheology Chapter 1 Study Questions Colloidal Suspension Rheology Chapter 1 Study Questions 1. What forces act on a single colloidal particle suspended in a flowing fluid? Discuss the dependence of these forces on particle radius. 2. What

More information

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Pressure in Solids: Pressure in Liquids: Pressure = force area (P = F A ) 1 Pressure = height density gravity (P = hρg) 2 Deriving Pressure in a Liquid Recall that:

More information

MATERIALS. Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle?

MATERIALS. Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle? MATERIALS Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle? What is toughness? strength? brittleness? Elemental material atoms: A. Composition

More information

Mechanical Properties of Polymers. Scope. MSE 383, Unit 3-1. Joshua U. Otaigbe Iowa State University Materials Science & Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Properties of Polymers. Scope. MSE 383, Unit 3-1. Joshua U. Otaigbe Iowa State University Materials Science & Engineering Dept. Mechanical Properties of Polymers Scope MSE 383, Unit 3-1 Joshua U. Otaigbe Iowa State University Materials Science & Engineering Dept. Structure - mechanical properties relations Time-dependent mechanical

More information

Chapter 13 ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Chapter 13 ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Physics Including Human Applications 280 Chapter 13 ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS GOALS When you have mastered the contents of this chapter, you will be able to achieve the following goals: Definitions

More information

Johns Hopkins University What is Engineering? M. Karweit MATERIALS

Johns Hopkins University What is Engineering? M. Karweit MATERIALS Why do things break? Why are some materials stronger than others? Why is steel tough? Why is glass brittle? What is toughness? strength? brittleness? Elemental material atoms: MATERIALS A. Composition

More information

We may have a general idea that a solid is hard and a fluid is soft. This is not satisfactory from

We may have a general idea that a solid is hard and a fluid is soft. This is not satisfactory from Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids We may have a general idea that a solid is hard and a fluid is soft. This is not satisfactory from scientific or engineering point of view. In

More information

Course: US01CPHY01 UNIT 1 ELASTICITY I Introduction:

Course: US01CPHY01 UNIT 1 ELASTICITY I Introduction: Course: US0CPHY0 UNIT ELASTICITY I Introduction: If the distance between any two points in a body remains invariable, the body is said to be a rigid body. In practice it is not possible to have a perfectly

More information

Geology 229 Engineering Geology. Lecture 5. Engineering Properties of Rocks (West, Ch. 6)

Geology 229 Engineering Geology. Lecture 5. Engineering Properties of Rocks (West, Ch. 6) Geology 229 Engineering Geology Lecture 5 Engineering Properties of Rocks (West, Ch. 6) Common mechanic properties: Density; Elastic properties: - elastic modulii Outline of this Lecture 1. Uniaxial rock

More information

Contents. Preface XIII

Contents. Preface XIII V Contents Preface XIII 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Fundamental Knowledge Required for Successful Dispersion of Powders into Liquids 1 1.1.1 Wetting of Powder into Liquid 1 1.1.2 Breaking of Aggregates

More information

MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUID

MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUID MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUID Objectives: To measure the viscosity of sample liquids. Apparatus: (i) Glass tube (ii)steel balls, (iii) Retort stand and clamps, (iv) Weighing balance, (v) Screw gauge,

More information

Module-4. Mechanical Properties of Metals

Module-4. Mechanical Properties of Metals Module-4 Mechanical Properties of Metals Contents ) Elastic deformation and Plastic deformation ) Interpretation of tensile stress-strain curves 3) Yielding under multi-axial stress, Yield criteria, Macroscopic

More information

Guideline for Rheological Measurements

Guideline for Rheological Measurements Guideline for Rheological Measurements Typical Measurements, Diagrams and Analyses in Rheology www.anton-paar.com General Information: = Measurement = Diagram = Analysis Important Rheological Variables:

More information

In-depth analysis of viscoelastic properties thanks to Microrheology: non-contact rheology

In-depth analysis of viscoelastic properties thanks to Microrheology: non-contact rheology In-depth analysis of viscoelastic properties thanks to Microrheology: non-contact rheology Application All domains dealing with soft materials (emulsions, suspensions, gels, foams, polymers, etc ) Objective

More information

Stress Strain Elasticity Modulus Young s Modulus Shear Modulus Bulk Modulus. Case study

Stress Strain Elasticity Modulus Young s Modulus Shear Modulus Bulk Modulus. Case study Stress Strain Elasticity Modulus Young s Modulus Shear Modulus Bulk Modulus Case study 2 In field of Physics, it explains how an object deforms under an applied force Real rigid bodies are elastic we can

More information

Quiz 1 Introduction to Polymers

Quiz 1 Introduction to Polymers 090109 Quiz 1 Introduction to Polymers In class we discussed the definition of a polymer first by comparing polymers with metals and ceramics and then by noting certain properties of polymers that distinguish

More information

Introduction to Viscometry and Rheology, Basics, Rotational Testing. Basic Seminar Applied Rheology

Introduction to Viscometry and Rheology, Basics, Rotational Testing. Basic Seminar Applied Rheology Introduction to Viscometry and Rheology, Basics, Rotational Testing Basic Seminar Applied Rheology Contents Definition of basic rheological parameters Viscosity and elasticity Deformation, shear stress

More information

five Mechanics of Materials 1 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN DR. ANNE NICHOLS SUMMER 2017 lecture

five Mechanics of Materials 1 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN DR. ANNE NICHOLS SUMMER 2017 lecture ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN DR. ANNE NICHOLS SUMMER 2017 lecture five mechanics www.carttalk.com of materials Mechanics of Materials 1 Mechanics of Materials MECHANICS MATERIALS

More information

SUMMARY A STUDY OF VISCO-ELASTIC NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOWS. where most of body fluids like blood and mucus are non-newtonian ones.

SUMMARY A STUDY OF VISCO-ELASTIC NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOWS. where most of body fluids like blood and mucus are non-newtonian ones. SUMMARY A STUDY OF VISCO-ELASTIC NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOWS Non-Newtonian fluids abound in many aspects of life. They appear in nature, where most of body fluids like blood and mucus are non-newtonian ones.

More information

ME 243. Mechanics of Solids

ME 243. Mechanics of Solids ME 243 Mechanics of Solids Lecture 2: Stress and Strain Ahmad Shahedi Shakil Lecturer, Dept. of Mechanical Engg, BUET E-mail: sshakil@me.buet.ac.bd, shakil6791@gmail.com Website: teacher.buet.ac.bd/sshakil

More information

Petroleum Engineering Dept. Fluid Mechanics Second Stage Dr. Ahmed K. Alshara

Petroleum Engineering Dept. Fluid Mechanics Second Stage Dr. Ahmed K. Alshara Continents Chapter 1. Fluid Mechanics -Properties of fluids -Density, specific gravity, specific volume and Viscosity -Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids -Surface tension Compressibility -Pressure -Cavitations

More information

Madrid, 8-9 julio 2013

Madrid, 8-9 julio 2013 VI CURSO DE INTRODUCCION A LA REOLOGÍA Madrid, 8-9 julio 2013 NON-LINEAR VISCOELASTICITY Prof. Dr. Críspulo Gallegos Dpto. Ingeniería Química. Universidad de Huelva & Institute of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

More information

Samantha Ramirez, MSE. Stress. The intensity of the internal force acting on a specific plane (area) passing through a point. F 2

Samantha Ramirez, MSE. Stress. The intensity of the internal force acting on a specific plane (area) passing through a point. F 2 Samantha Ramirez, MSE Stress The intensity of the internal force acting on a specific plane (area) passing through a point. Δ ΔA Δ z Δ 1 2 ΔA Δ x Δ y ΔA is an infinitesimal size area with a uniform force

More information

22 Which of the following correctly defines the terms stress, strain and Young modulus? stress strain Young modulus

22 Which of the following correctly defines the terms stress, strain and Young modulus? stress strain Young modulus PhysicsndMathsTutor.com Which of the following correctly defines the terms stress, strain and Young modulus? 97/1/M/J/ stress strain Young modulus () x (area) (extension) x (original length) (stress) /

More information

Chapter 26 Elastic Properties of Materials

Chapter 26 Elastic Properties of Materials Chapter 26 Elastic Properties of Materials 26.1 Introduction... 1 26.2 Stress and Strain in Tension and Compression... 2 26.3 Shear Stress and Strain... 4 Example 26.1: Stretched wire... 5 26.4 Elastic

More information

How materials work. Compression Tension Bending Torsion

How materials work. Compression Tension Bending Torsion Materials How materials work Compression Tension Bending Torsion Elemental material atoms: A. Composition a) Nucleus: protons (+), neutrons (0) b) Electrons (-) B. Neutral charge, i.e., # electrons = #

More information

1. The Properties of Fluids

1. The Properties of Fluids 1. The Properties of Fluids [This material relates predominantly to modules ELP034, ELP035] 1.1 Fluids 1.1 Fluids 1.2 Newton s Law of Viscosity 1.3 Fluids Vs Solids 1.4 Liquids Vs Gases 1.5 Causes of viscosity

More information

Polymer Rheology. P Sunthar. Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Mumbai , India

Polymer Rheology. P Sunthar. Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Mumbai , India Polymer Rheology P Sunthar Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Mumbai 400076, India P.Sunthar@iitb.ac.in 05 Jan 2010 Introduction Phenomenology Modelling Outline of

More information

D : SOLID MECHANICS. Q. 1 Q. 9 carry one mark each. Q.1 Find the force (in kn) in the member BH of the truss shown.

D : SOLID MECHANICS. Q. 1 Q. 9 carry one mark each. Q.1 Find the force (in kn) in the member BH of the truss shown. D : SOLID MECHANICS Q. 1 Q. 9 carry one mark each. Q.1 Find the force (in kn) in the member BH of the truss shown. Q.2 Consider the forces of magnitude F acting on the sides of the regular hexagon having

More information

Micromechanics of Colloidal Suspensions: Dynamics of shear-induced aggregation

Micromechanics of Colloidal Suspensions: Dynamics of shear-induced aggregation : Dynamics of shear-induced aggregation G. Frungieri, J. Debona, M. Vanni Politecnico di Torino Dept. of Applied Science and Technology Lagrangian transport: from complex flows to complex fluids Lecce,

More information

Elastic Properties of Solid Materials. Notes based on those by James Irvine at

Elastic Properties of Solid Materials. Notes based on those by James Irvine at Elastic Properties of Solid Materials Notes based on those by James Irvine at www.antonine-education.co.uk Key Words Density, Elastic, Plastic, Stress, Strain, Young modulus We study how materials behave

More information

Rheology of cellulose solutions. Puu Cellulose Chemistry Michael Hummel

Rheology of cellulose solutions. Puu Cellulose Chemistry Michael Hummel Rheology of cellulose solutions Puu-23.6080 - Cellulose Chemistry Michael Hummel Contents Steady shear tests Viscous flow behavior and viscosity Newton s law Shear thinning (and critical concentration)

More information

6.4 A cylindrical specimen of a titanium alloy having an elastic modulus of 107 GPa ( psi) and

6.4 A cylindrical specimen of a titanium alloy having an elastic modulus of 107 GPa ( psi) and 6.4 A cylindrical specimen of a titanium alloy having an elastic modulus of 107 GPa (15.5 10 6 psi) and an original diameter of 3.8 mm (0.15 in.) will experience only elastic deformation when a tensile

More information

19 Rheology Chapter Objectives At the conclusion of this chapter the student should be able to:

19 Rheology Chapter Objectives At the conclusion of this chapter the student should be able to: 19 Rheology Chapter Objectives At the conclusion of this chapter the student should be able to: 1. Define rheology, provide examples of fluid pharmaceutical products exhibiting various rheologic behaviors,

More information

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS. What are they? AND POLYMERS

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS. What are they? AND POLYMERS NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS What are they? AND POLYMERS VOCABULARY Non-Newtonian Dilatant rigid Thixotropic does NOT follow the laws of physics as described by Newton adding energy (shear force) makes a liquid

More information

Mechanics of Materials Primer

Mechanics of Materials Primer Mechanics of Materials rimer Notation: A = area (net = with holes, bearing = in contact, etc...) b = total width of material at a horizontal section d = diameter of a hole D = symbol for diameter E = modulus

More information

, to obtain a way to calculate stress from the energy function U(r).

, to obtain a way to calculate stress from the energy function U(r). BIOEN 36 014 LECTURE : MOLECULAR BASIS OF ELASTICITY Estimating Young s Modulus from Bond Energies and Structures First we consider solids, which include mostly nonbiological materials, such as metals,

More information

Recap. Transitions from one state into another are initiated by heating/cooling the material. Density is mass per volume: Pressure is force per area:

Recap. Transitions from one state into another are initiated by heating/cooling the material. Density is mass per volume: Pressure is force per area: Recap There are 4 aggregates states of matter: - Solid: Strong interatomic bonds, particles cannot move freely. - Liquid: Weaker bonds, particles move more freely - Gas: No interatomic bonds, particles

More information

Experimental Study on the Rheological Properties of Polymer Solutions and Solid Suspensions

Experimental Study on the Rheological Properties of Polymer Solutions and Solid Suspensions International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 4106, P-ISSN 2347 5161 2015 INPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet Research Article Experimental

More information

MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS Extension Shear δ τ xy l 0 l l 0 θ σ Hooke's law σ = Eε Hooke's law τ = G γ xy xy MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES RHEOLOGICAL

More information

Outline. Tensile-Test Specimen and Machine. Stress-Strain Curve. Review of Mechanical Properties. Mechanical Behaviour

Outline. Tensile-Test Specimen and Machine. Stress-Strain Curve. Review of Mechanical Properties. Mechanical Behaviour Tensile-Test Specimen and Machine Review of Mechanical Properties Outline Tensile test True stress - true strain (flow curve) mechanical properties: - Resilience - Ductility - Toughness - Hardness A standard

More information

Introduction to Geology Spring 2008

Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.001 Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. RHEOLOGICAL MODELS Rheology

More information

Chapter 3 Rheological Studies of Polymer Gel Systems

Chapter 3 Rheological Studies of Polymer Gel Systems Rheological Studies of Polymer Gel Systems CHAPTER 3 RHEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF POLYMER GEL SYSTEMS 3.1. INTRODUCTION The rheological behavior of polymer gel solution is the fundamental parameter for its application

More information

Laboratory 9: The Viscosity of Liquids

Laboratory 9: The Viscosity of Liquids Laboratory 9: The Viscosity of Liquids Introduction The essential difference between solids and fluids lies in the nature of their response to the socalled shearing stress. In solids, an elastic force

More information

MP10: Process Modelling

MP10: Process Modelling MP10: Process Modelling MPhil Materials Modelling Dr James Elliott 0.1 MP10 overview 6 lectures on process modelling of metals and polymers First three lectures by JAE Introduction to polymer rheology

More information

SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 5: COLLOIDS AND FINE PARTICLES

SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 5: COLLOIDS AND FINE PARTICLES SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 5: COLLOIDS AND FINE PARTICLES EXERCISE 5.1: Colloidal particles may be either dispersed or aggregated. (a) What causes the difference between these two cases? Answer in terms of interparticle

More information

University Graz / Austria Institut für Chemie Volker Ribitsch

University Graz / Austria Institut für Chemie Volker Ribitsch University Graz / Austria Institut für Chemie Volker Ribitsch 1 Rheology Oscillatory experiments Dynamic experiments Deformation of materials under non-steady conditions in the linear viscoelastic range

More information

AGITATION AND AERATION

AGITATION AND AERATION AGITATION AND AERATION Although in many aerobic cultures, gas sparging provides the method for both mixing and aeration - it is important that these two aspects of fermenter design be considered separately.

More information

20. Rheology & Linear Elasticity

20. Rheology & Linear Elasticity I Main Topics A Rheology: Macroscopic deformation behavior B Linear elasticity for homogeneous isotropic materials 10/29/18 GG303 1 Viscous (fluid) Behavior http://manoa.hawaii.edu/graduate/content/slide-lava

More information

AN014e. Non-standard geomtries for rheological characterization of complex fluids. A. Franck, TA Instruments Germany

AN014e. Non-standard geomtries for rheological characterization of complex fluids. A. Franck, TA Instruments Germany Non-standard geomtries for rheological characterization of complex fluids A. Franck, TA Instruments Germany AN14e Keywords: systemic rheology, rheo-reactor, s, product formulation, s, bitumen, Couette

More information

, causing the length to increase to l 1 R U M. L Q P l 2 l 1

, causing the length to increase to l 1 R U M. L Q P l 2 l 1 1 1 Which of the following correctly defines the terms stress, strain and oung modulus? stress strain oung modulus (force) x (area) (extension) x (original length) (stress) / (strain) (force) x (area)

More information

Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Metals. Dr. Feras Fraige

Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Metals. Dr. Feras Fraige Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Metals Dr. Feras Fraige Stress and Strain Tension Compression Shear Torsion Elastic deformation Plastic Deformation Yield Strength Tensile Strength Ductility Toughness

More information

VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS

VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS John D. Ferry Professor of Chemistry University of Wisconsin THIRD EDITION JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore Contents 1. The Nature of

More information

Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Hydrogen Peroxide Based Gel Oxidizer

Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Hydrogen Peroxide Based Gel Oxidizer Proceedings of 7 th Asian-Pacific Conference on Aerospace Technology and Science May 23-26, 2013, Taiwan Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Hydrogen Peroxide Based Gel Oxidizer B.V.S.Jyoti

More information

Thixotropy- a review by Howard A. Barnes

Thixotropy- a review by Howard A. Barnes Thixotropy- a review by Howard A. Barnes Giorgia Bettin Hatsopoulos Microfluids Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology http://web.mit.edu/nnf Introduction

More information

The Large Amplitude Oscillatory Strain Response of Aqueous Foam: Strain Localization and Full Stress Fourier Spectrum

The Large Amplitude Oscillatory Strain Response of Aqueous Foam: Strain Localization and Full Stress Fourier Spectrum The Large Amplitude Oscillatory Strain Response of Aqueous Foam: Strain Localization and Full Stress Fourier Spectrum By F. Rouyer, S. Cohen-Addad, R. Höhler, P. Sollich, and S.M. Fielding The European

More information

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Third E CHAPTER 2 Stress MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. John T. DeWolf Lecture Notes: J. Walt Oler Texas Tech University and Strain Axial Loading Contents Stress & Strain:

More information

RHEOLOGY Principles, Measurements, and Applications. Christopher W. Macosko

RHEOLOGY Principles, Measurements, and Applications. Christopher W. Macosko RHEOLOGY Principles, Measurements, and Applications I -56081-5'79~5 1994 VCH Publishers. Inc. New York Part I. CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS 1 1 l Elastic Solid 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 The Stress Tensor 8 1.2.1

More information

Part II Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics By Munson, Young, and Okiishi

Part II Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics By Munson, Young, and Okiishi Part II Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics By Munson, Young, and Okiishi WHAT we will learn I. Characterization of Fluids - What is the fluid? (Physical properties of Fluid) II. Behavior of fluids - Fluid

More information

Arterial Macrocirculatory Hemodynamics

Arterial Macrocirculatory Hemodynamics Arterial Macrocirculatory Hemodynamics 莊漢聲助理教授 Prof. Han Sheng Chuang 9/20/2012 1 Arterial Macrocirculatory Hemodynamics Terminology: Hemodynamics, meaning literally "blood movement" is the study of blood

More information

Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials

Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials MME131: Lecture 13 Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics Deformation of material under the action of a mechanical

More information

Mathematics and Science in Schools in Sub-Saharan Africa

Mathematics and Science in Schools in Sub-Saharan Africa Mathematics and Science in Schools in Sub-Saharan Africa MATERIAL SCIENCE Introduction to Material Properties What Material Scientists Do Physical Properties Melting & Boiling Points Magnetism Color Physical

More information

TENSILE TESTS (ASTM D 638, ISO

TENSILE TESTS (ASTM D 638, ISO MODULE 4 The mechanical properties, among all the properties of plastic materials, are often the most important properties because virtually all service conditions and the majority of end-use applications

More information

(Refer Slide Time: 2:14)

(Refer Slide Time: 2:14) Fluid Dynamics And Turbo Machines. Professor Dr Shamit Bakshi. Department Of Mechanical Engineering. Indian Institute Of Technology Madras. Part A. Module-1. Lecture-3. Introduction To Fluid Flow. (Refer

More information

Rheological properties of polymer micro-gel dispersions

Rheological properties of polymer micro-gel dispersions 294 DOI 10.1007/s12182-009-0047-3 Rheological properties of polymer micro-gel dispersions Dong Zhaoxia, Li Yahua, Lin Meiqin and Li Mingyuan Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Center, China University of Petroleum,

More information

An-Najah National University Civil Engineering Department. Fluid Mechanics. Chapter 1. General Introduction

An-Najah National University Civil Engineering Department. Fluid Mechanics. Chapter 1. General Introduction 1 An-Najah National University Civil Engineering Department Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 General Introduction 2 What is Fluid Mechanics? Mechanics deals with the behavior of both stationary and moving bodies

More information

Modelling of dispersed, multicomponent, multiphase flows in resource industries Section 4: Non-Newtonian fluids and rheometry (PART 1)

Modelling of dispersed, multicomponent, multiphase flows in resource industries Section 4: Non-Newtonian fluids and rheometry (PART 1) Modelling of dispersed, multicomponent, multiphase flows in resource industries Section 4: Non-Newtonian fluids and rheometry (PART 1) Globex Julmester 2017 Lecture #3 05 July 2017 Agenda Lecture #3 Section

More information

Rheological Modelling of Polymeric Systems for Foods: Experiments and Simulations

Rheological Modelling of Polymeric Systems for Foods: Experiments and Simulations Rheological Modelling of Polymeric Systems for Foods: Experiments and Simulations P.H.S. Santos a, M.A. Carignano b, O.H. Campanella a a Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University,

More information

RHEOLOGY AG.02/2005 AG0905

RHEOLOGY AG.02/2005 AG0905 RHEOLOGY Rheology Basics TYPES OF RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR NEWTONIAN FLOW PSEUDOPLASTICITY SHEAR THINNING FLOW (case with Yield Value) THIXOTROPY Yield Value Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Shear Rate. Shear

More information

Chapter 12. Static Equilibrium and Elasticity

Chapter 12. Static Equilibrium and Elasticity Chapter 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity Static Equilibrium Equilibrium implies that the object moves with both constant velocity and constant angular velocity relative to an observer in an inertial

More information