Ball-and-Stick Models ChemCatalyst
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1 I-9: New Smells, New Ideas Ball-and-Stick Models ChemCatalyst Do you think any of these molecules will smell similar? What evidence do you have to support your prediction? citronellol, C 10 H 20 O menthol, C 10 H 20 O geraniol, C 10 H 18 O
2 I-9: New Smells, New Ideas Ball-and-Stick Models Key Question What three-dimensional features of a molecule are important in predicting smell?
3 You will be able to: I-9: New Smells, New Ideas Ball-and-Stick Models visually interpret three-dimensional ball-and-stick molecular representations translate between molecular models, molecular formulas, and structural formulas describe connections between molecular properties and molecular structure
4 I-9: New Smells, New Ideas Ball-and-Stick Models Results Vial I Vial J Vial K Vial L Vial M Each molecule in the activity has a hydroxyl group ( OH) and is an alcohol, but the molecules do not all smell the same. There are a number of similarities among those alcohols that smell similar.
5 I-9: New Smells, New Ideas Ball-and-Stick Models Ball-and-stick model: A three-dimensional representation of a molecule that uses sticks to represent bonds and color-coded balls to represent atoms. It is hard to tell at this point whether the shape of a molecule is related to its smell.
6 I-9: New Smells, New Ideas Ball-and-Stick Models What three-dimensional features of a molecule are important in predicting smell? Molecular formula and functional group are not always sufficient information to predict the smell of a molecule accurately.
7 I-10: Two s Company Electron Domains ChemCatalyst Examine the structural formula of ethanol. Which is the correct ball-and-stick model for ethanol? Explain your reasoning.
8 Predict the smells of these molecules. 1. Propyl butyrate 2. C 6 H 14 O 3. I-9: New Smells, New Ideas Ball-and-Stick Models Review
9 You will be able to: I-10: Two s Company Electron Domains determine the shapes of small molecules explain how lone pairs of electrons influence molecular shape describe electron domain theory and how it relates to molecular shape
10 I-10: Two s Company Electron Domains This area is an electron domain Incorrect models electron pairs are not equally distant. Correct models All angles between bonds are the same.
11 I-10: Two s Company Electron Domains Even though the molecules you created today have different numbers of atoms, they all have a similar underlying shape. CH 4 NH 3 H 2 O HF Ne
12 I-10: Two s Company Electron Domains Most molecular models do not include lone pair paddles in their representations.
13 I-10: Two s Company Electron Domains Electron domains represent the space occupied by bonded electrons or a lone pair. Electron Domain Theory: electron domains are located as far apart from one another as possible.
14 I-10: Two s Company Electron Domains The 3 dimensional shape of a molecule is determined by both bonding electrons and lone pairs of electrons.
15 I-10: Two s Company Electron Domains Build a model for ethanol. Be sure to use lone pairs to help you with your overall structure. H H H C C O H H H
16 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape ChemCatalyst 1. What is the structural formula of formaldehyde, CH 2 O? 2. Draw the Lewis dot structure. Electron domains represent the space occupied by bonded electrons or a lone pair. 3. How many electron domains does the carbon in the molecule have? Oxygen? Explain your reasoning. Review: What are the names of these shapes?
17 You will be able to: I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape predict and explain molecular shape, including in molecules with multiple bonds
18 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape How can you predict the shape of a molecule? What is the Lewis dot structure of formaldehyde, CH 2 O?
19 Formaldehyde CH 2 O I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape
20 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape # of electron domains around central atom # of lone pairs Shape (name) Molecular formula Sketch
21 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape # of electron domains around central atom # of lone pairs Shape (name) Molecular formula Sketch
22 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape # of electron domains around central atom # of lone pairs Shape (name) Molecular formula Sketch
23 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape # of electron domains around central atom # of lone pairs Shape (name) Molecular formula Sketch H O H
24 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape # of electron domains around central atom # of lone pairs Shape (name) Molecular formula Sketch O C O
25 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape # of electron domains around central atom # of lone pairs Shape (name) Molecular formula Sketch CH 3 NH 2
26 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape # of electron domains around central atom # of lone pairs Shape (name) Molecular formula Sketch C 2 H 4
27 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape How can you predict the shape of a molecule? Knowing the Lewis dot structure of a molecule allows one to predict its 3-dimensional shape. The presence of double or triple bonds changes the number of electron domains. The shape of large molecules is determined by the smaller shapes around individual atoms.
28 I-11: Let s Build It Molecular Shape What is the shape of the following molecule? Explain your reasoning. H 2 S
29 I-15: Attractive Molecules Attractions Between Molecules You will be able to: describe the behavior of polar molecules explain the general difference between a polar and a nonpolar molecule describe basic intermolecular attractions define a partial charge
30 I-15: Attractive Molecules Attractions Between Molecules What causes molecules to stick? Attract Repel No Response
31 I-15: Attractive Molecules Attractions Between Molecules Polar Molecules: Molecules that have a slight charge on opposite ends of the molecule. Examples: water, acetic acid (vinegar) isopropanol H 2 O water CH 3 COOH acetic acid CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH isopropanol
32 I-15: Attractive Molecules Attractions Between Molecules Nonpolar Molecules: Molecules that have no charge. Examples: hexane, oil, gasoline CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 hexane mineral oil CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Gasoline (octane)
33 I-15: Attractive Molecules Attractions Between Molecules Intermolecular interactions: The attraction that happens between individual polar covalent molecules. Note: All molecules interact with each other but the attractions between the polar molecules tend to be stronger. They stick together and tend to be liquids. Nonpolar molecules tend to be gases.
34 I-15: Attractive Molecules Attractions Between Molecules The partial charges on polar molecules cause individual molecules to be attracted to each other.
35 I-15: Attractive Molecules Attractions Between Molecules What causes molecules to stick? Polar molecules have partial charges on parts of the molecule. Polar molecules are attracted to a charge wand. Polar molecules are attracted to each other. These intermolecular interactions account for many observable properties.
36 I-15: Attractive Molecules Attractions Between Molecules Acetone is polar. Name two other things that are probably true about acetone.
37 I-16: Polar Bears and Penguins Electronegativity and Polarity Consider this illustration: 1. If the penguin represents a hydrogen atom and the polar bear represents a chlorine atom, what does the ice cream represent in the drawing? What do you think the picture is trying to illustrate? 2. Would HCl be attracted to a charged wand? Explain your thinking.
38 I-16: Polar Bears and Penguins Electronegativity and Polarity Why are some molecules polar?
39 I-16: Polar Bears and Penguins Electronegativity and Polarity You will be able to: explain what causes polarity and polar molecules describe the different types of bonding that correspond to different combinations of electronegative atoms predict the general direction and strength of a dipole for any two atoms, using the periodic table
40 I-16: Polar Bears and Penguins Electronegativity and Polarity Consider hydrogen iodide, HI. 1. Is HI a polar molecule? Explain your reasoning. 2. How would the atoms be portrayed in the comic strip as polar bears, penguins, or both? Explain.
41 I-16: Polar Bears and Penguins Electronegativity and Polarity What makes a molecule polar? Polarity in a molecule is caused by unequal sharing of electrons between atoms. Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons. Anytime two atoms with different electronegativity values share electrons, there will be a partial negative charge on one atom and a partial positive charge on the other atom.
42 I-16: Polar Bears and Penguins Electronegativity and Polarity Bonds that involve sharing or transferring electrons fall into three categories. Bonds are classified as (1), (2), and (3) as the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in the bond or.
43 I-16: Polar Bears and Penguins Electronegativity and Polarity Polar molecules are also called dipoles. The arrow points in the direction of the partial negative ( ) end. The crossed end of the arrow indicates the partial positive (+) end of the polar bond.
44 I-16: Polar Bears and Penguins Electronegativity and Polarity Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons shared between two atoms.
45 What is the relationship between the two?
46 I-17: Thinking (Electro)Negatively Electronegativity Scale
47 I-17: Thinking (Electro)Negatively Electronegativity Scale Atoms with different electronegativities will not share the bonding electrons equally. An atom that strongly attracts the shared electrons is considered highly electronegative. An atom with lower electronegativity ends up with a partial positive charge. The result is a polar bond!
48 Is this molecule polar? Look at each bond individually and determine it s dipole. Then determine the overall dipole of the entire molecule CO 2
49 H 2 O Is this molecule polar? Look at each bond individually and determine it s dipole. Then determine the overall dipole of the entire molecule
50 I-17: Thinking (Electro)Negatively Electronegativity Scale Is the bond in potassium chloride, KCl, nonpolar, polar or ionic? Explain your thinking. To what degree do the K and Cl atoms in KCl, potassium chloride, share electrons?
51 I-17: Thinking (Electro)Negatively Electronegativity Scale What does electronegativity have to do with bonding? Electronegativity measures how strongly an atom will attract shared electrons. The greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more polar the bond will be. In the case of an ionic bond, the electronegativities between two atoms are so greatly different that the electron(s) of one atom is(are) completely given up to the other atom.
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