An ion source performs the following two functions:
|
|
- Jasper Hampton
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Ionization The Ion Source An ion source performs the following two functions: 1) converts sample atoms or molecules to ionized particles (ions) in the gas phase (sometimes the task of introducing the atoms or molecules into the gas phase accompanies the ionization process) and 2) accelerates the ions it produces into the mass analyzer in whatever manner is prescribed by the latter Ionization The Ion Source An ion source performs the following two functions: 1) converts sample atoms or molecules to ionized particles (ions) in the gas phase (sometimes the task of introducing the atoms or molecules into the gas phase accompanies the ionization process) and 2) accelerates the ions it produces into the mass analyzer in whatever manner is prescribed by the latter 1
2 Ionization The Ion Source An ion source performs the following two functions: 1) converts sample atoms or molecules to ionized particles (ions) in the gas phase (sometimes the task of introducing the atoms or molecules into the gas phase accompanies the ionization process) and 2) accelerates the ions it produces into the mass analyzer in whatever manner is prescribed by the latter Desirable for an Ion Source High Sensitivity low sample consumption & high ionization efficiency Stability constant ion production Monochromaticity constant ion energy Low background electronic noise chemical noise: memory or matrix Focusing Minimal mass discrimination The ability to adjust these characteristics to suite specific analytes/experiments. 2
3 Desirable for an Ion Source High Sensitivity low sample consumption & high ionization efficiency Stability constant ion production Monochromaticity constant ion energy Low background electronic noise chemical noise: memory or matrix Focusing Minimal mass discrimination The ability to adjust these characteristics to suite specific analytes/experiments. Desirable for an Ion Source High Sensitivity low sample consumption & high ionization efficiency Stability constant ion production Monochromaticity constant ion energy Low background electronic noise chemical noise: memory or matrix Focusing Minimal mass discrimination The ability to adjust these characteristics to suite specific analytes/experiments. 3
4 Desirable for an Ion Source High Sensitivity low sample consumption & high ionization efficiency Stability constant ion production Monochromaticity constant ion energy Low background electronic noise chemical noise: memory or matrix Focusing Minimal mass discrimination The ability to adjust these characteristics to suite specific analytes/experiments. Desirable for an Ion Source High Sensitivity low sample consumption & high ionization efficiency Stability constant ion production Monochromaticity constant ion energy Low background electronic noise chemical noise: memory or matrix Focusing Minimal mass discrimination The ability to adjust these characteristics to suite specific analytes/experiments. 4
5 Desirable for an Ion Source High Sensitivity low sample consumption & high ionization efficiency Stability constant ion production Monochromaticity constant ion energy Low background electronic noise chemical noise: memory or matrix Focusing Minimal mass discrimination The ability to adjust these characteristics to suite specific analytes/experiments. Desirable for an Ion Source High Sensitivity low sample consumption & high ionization efficiency Stability constant ion production Monochromaticity constant ion energy Low background electronic noise chemical noise: memory or matrix Focusing Minimal mass discrimination The ability to adjust these characteristics to suite specific analytes/experiments. 5
6 Some Ion Source Types (more to come) This list is not comprehensive. Ionization: Internal Energy Changes 1. Any ionization processes involves the transfer of energy. This energy is usually greater than the amount necessary to achieve the ionization itself. 2. Also going from the solid/liquid phase to gas-phase requires energy transfer. 3. Practically, this excess energy has to be dealt with. What does this mean for our newborn ion(s)? Does turning the ionization dial up to 11 make sense? 6
7 Electron Impact (EI) Source Filament e - inlet M M.+ gas-phase molecules Anode (+70 V) to mass analyzer M + e - M e - Ionization Processes in EI Elements: R + e R + + 2e R + e R e R + e R n+ + (n+1)e R + e R (electron capture) Molecules: RXY + e RXY + + 2e RXY + e RXY n+ + (n+1)e RXY + e RX + Y + + 2e RXY + e RX + + Y + e RXY + e RXY The actual process or processes that occur depend on the identity of R (or RXY) and the energy of the electrons. 7
8 Electron Impact Ionization Efficiency Curve Ionization Efficiency ~10 ~70 Electron Energy (ev) Why 70 ev? 70 ev is the Standard electron energy utilized: N.I.S.T. library & others are 70eV Balance ion production and dissociation Essentially all atoms and molecules have ionization energies that are < 70eV. 8
9 Electron Impact Ionization Efficiency Curve Ionization Efficiency 70 ev is the Standard electron energy utilized: NIST library & others are 70eV ~10 ~70 Electron Energy (ev) Characteristics of Electron Impact Ionization Positive molecular ions from gases, vapors, or molecular beams from vaporized liquids of solids Very good stability (overall < 0.1%) Low energy spreads (~ ev) Relatively high ion beam intensities ( A) Notable mass discrimination High background sensitivity High levels of fragmentation (sometimes total!) 9
10 Typical Uses of Electron Impact Ionization Isotope abundance measurements Atomic mass measurements Chemical analysis of organic molecules Good for some molecules < 800 g/mol Leak detection (takes advantage of high background sensitivity) Ionization and dissociation studies Electron Ionization Mass Spectrum How What What are fragmentation What is the the is molecular ions the base that produce process peak s ion signal s m/z? the leads m/z? base peak to ions formed with from m/z the 15? 29? molecular ions? 10
11 Examples of Electron Impact spectra M + Caffeine m/z Examples of Electron Impact spectra Nicotine m/z M + 11
12 Examples of Electron Impact spectra O O N M + 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol m/z H O m/z Electron Impact Ionization & Organic MS EI-MS of acetone, C 3 H 6 O m/z M + 58 (M-15) + 43 CH M + What are these peaks things likely to be? 12
13 Identifying what you began with: the [M] + peak 1) [M] + will usually be the highest m/z peak with significant abundance. May still be only 0-20% of largest peak though! 2) Look at intensities of M+1 and M+2 peaks; must be consistent with proposed formula. 3) Losses from [M] + peak should be explainable; not 3-14 or Da. i.e., a significant M - 5 peak is impossible. 4) If a fragment clearly contains 3 atoms of an element then the precursor (i.e., [M] + ) must contain at least this many. 5) Just because you are in the gas-phase does NOT mean normal bonding and reactivity chemistry disappears! Identifying what you began with: the [M] + peak 6) Charge and mass and thus, number of electrons need to be conserved in any fragmentation mechanism. i.e., if we begin with 1 unpaired electron and 1 positive charge with a total nominal mass of 100 u, we need to end each fragmentation mechanism with a charged and neutral which add up to this amount too! So for this analyte we should be able to draw reasonable mechanisms for the formation of each major peak. If you can t, then perhaps your Molecular assignment is wrong. 13
14 Fragmentation from [M] + ions Identifying what you began with: the [M] + peak Beware: Structural isomers can unfortunately produce very similar (sometimes identical) electron ionization mass spectra. 14
15 Nominal mass determination C c H h O o containing compound The nominal mass of a substance is 140. What is its molecular formula? The rule of 13 (From JC s notes): 1. Divide the nominal mass by 13: 140/13 = ; A hydrocarbon with this molecular weight would have 10 C atoms 2. Multiply the remainder by 13: 0.769*13 = or 10; A hydrocarbon with this molecular weight would have (10+10) or 20 H 3. For every O subtract 16 (1C + 4 H or 16 H) = C 9 H 16 O; C 8 H 12 O 2 : C 7 H 8 O 3 ; C 6 H 4 O 4 etc. The nominal mass of a substance is 140. What is its molecular formula? The rule of 13 (From JC s notes): number of C = MW/13 (the digits before the decimal point) number of H = (the number of C atoms and 13*digits after the decimal) Once determining the number of carbons and hydrogens, subtract for each oxygen: 16 (1C+4H; 16 H) for each sulfur : 32 (2C+8H; 32 H) for each nitrogen: 14 (C+2H, 14 H).. 15
16 Using Exact Mass Measurements Suppose you determined the exact mass of an ion by mass spectrometry to be Nominal mass 56 How can you figure out all the possible formulas that add to 56? First use the Rule of 13 Divide the nominal mass by thirteen; the number in front of the decimal is the number of carbons; multiply the number following the decimal by 13 and add it to the number of carbons; this equals the number of hydrogens. a. To add an oxygen: remove a carbon and 4 hydrogens b. To add a nitrogen: remove a carbon and 2 hydrogens c. To add a sulfur: remove two carbons, 6 hydrogens; or 2 oxygens Nominal Mass of 56 56/13 = ; The number of carbons is 4 13* = 4; therefore the number of hydrogens is Therefore the hydrocarbon formula is C 4 H 8 Other possible molecular formulas are: C 4 H 8 -CH 4 = C 3 H 4 O C 4 H 8 -CH 2 = C 3 H 6 N X C 4 H 8-2CH 4 = C 2 O 2 ; C 4 H 8-2CH 4 = C 2 S; C 4 H 8-2CH 2 = C 2 H 4 N 2 C 4 H 8 -CH 4, CH 2 = C 2 H 2 NO X C 4 H 8-3CH 2 = CH 2 N 3 X C 4 H 8 - C = C 3 H 20 X C 4 H 8 -CH 4, 2CH 2 = CN 2 O C 4 H 8-4CH 2 = N 4 X = fails Nitrogen rule; => structurally impossible NITROGEN RULE: All neutral compounds (or [M] + ions) with an odd number of nitrogens must have an odd molecular weight. 16
17 The exact mass of an ion by mass spectrometry was determined to be u Nominal mass 56 exact mass N4 4* CN2 O * CH2 N C2 O C2 H2 NO C2 H4 N C3 H4 O C3 H6 N C4 H Identifying what you began with: the [M±nH] n± peak If you used a different ionization method which instead generated [M±nH] n± ions you need to adjust to the neutral before applying the prior rules! 17
18 For you to do at home: Why does this obviously contain Bromine? Can you explain the fragment M-29? 18
Mass Spectrometry - Background
Mass Spectrometry - Background In mass spectrometry, a substance is bombarded with an electron beam having sufficient energy to fragment the molecule. The positive fragments which are produced (cations
More informationPropose a structure for an alcohol, C4H10O, that has the following
Propose a structure for an alcohol, C4H10O, that has the following 13CNMR spectral data: Broadband _ decoupled 13CNMR: 19.0, 31.7, 69.5 б DEPT _90: 31.7 б DEPT _ 135: positive peak at 19.0 & 31.7 б, negative
More informationMass Spectrometry. Introduction EI-MS and CI-MS Molecular mass & formulas Principles of fragmentation Fragmentation patterns Isotopic effects
Mass Spectrometry Introduction EI-MS and CI-MS Molecular mass & formulas Principles of fragmentation Fragmentation patterns Isotopic effects 1 Introduction to MS Mass spectrometry is the method of analysis
More informationChapter 20. Mass Spectroscopy
Chapter 20 Mass Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry (MS) Mass spectrometry is a technique used for measuring the molecular weight and determining the molecular formula of an organic compound. Mass Spectrometry
More informationCHEMISTRY Topic #3: Using Spectroscopy to Identify Molecules: Radicals and Mass Spectrometry (MS) Spring 2018 Dr.
CHEMISTRY 2600 Topic #3: Using Spectroscopy to Identify Molecules: Radicals and Mass Spectrometry (MS) Spring 2018 Dr. Susan Findlay Mass Spectrometry: How Does It Work? In CHEM 1000, you saw that mass
More informationMass Spectrometry (MS)
Kevin Burgess, February 20, 2017 1 Mass Spectrometry (MS) from chapter(s) in the recommended text A. Introduction Kevin Burgess, February 20, 2017 2 B. Components f Mass Spectrometers mass-to-charge. molecular
More informationFinding Formulas. using mass information about a compound to find its formula
Finding Formulas using mass information about a compound to find its formula Molecular Formula Molecular formula is the actual formula of compounds which form molecules. For example, the molecular formula
More informationsample was a solution that was evaporated in the spectrometer (such as with ESI-MS) ions such as H +, Na +, K +, or NH 4
Introduction to Spectroscopy V: Mass Spectrometry Basic Theory: Unlike other forms of spectroscopy used in structure elucidation of organic molecules mass spectrometry does not involve absorption/emission
More informationORGANIC - BRUICE 8E CH MASS SPECT AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Classical Methods (Wet Chemistry): Chemists needed to run dozens of chemical reactions to determine the type of molecules in a compound.
More informationCHEM 241 UNIT 5: PART A DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC STRUCTURES BY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS [MASS SPECTROMETRY]
CHEM 241 UNIT 5: PART A DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC STRUCTURES BY SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS [MASS SPECTROMETRY] 1 Introduction Outline Mass spectrometry (MS) 2 INTRODUCTION The analysis of the outcome of a reaction
More informationMass Spectrometry (MS)
Mass Spectrometry (MS) MW Molecular formula Structural information GC-MS LC-MS To Do s Read Chapter 7, and complete the endof-chapter problem 7-4. Answer Keys are available in CHB204H MS Principles Molecule
More informationMS Interpretation-1: Introduction + Elemental Composition I
MS Interpretation-1: Introduction + Elemental Composition I CU- Boulder CHEM 5181 Mass Spectrometry & Chromatography Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez A few slides adapted from an earlier version of notes from Dr.
More informationMore information can be found in Chapter 12 in your textbook for CHEM 3750/ 3770 and on pages in your laboratory manual.
CHEM 3780 rganic Chemistry II Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Review More information can be found in Chapter 12 in your textbook for CHEM 3750/ 3770 and on pages 13-28 in your laboratory manual.
More informationHarris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition
Harris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition CHAPTER 21: MASS SPECTROMETRY CHAPTER 21: Opener 21.0 Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry provides information about 1) The elemental composition of
More informationMass Spectroscopy. Dr. Sapna Gupta
Mass Spectroscopy Dr. Sapna Gupta What is Mass Spectroscopy It is an analytical technique for measuring the mass-tocharge ratio (m/z) of ions in the gas phase. Mass spectrometry is our most valuable analytical
More information5. Carbon-13 NMR Symmetry: number of chemically different Carbons Chemical Shift: chemical environment of Carbons (e- rich or e- poor)
Qualitative Analysis of Unknown Compounds 1. Infrared Spectroscopy Identification of functional groups in the unknown All functional groups are fair game (but no anhydride or acid halides, no alkenes or
More informationGet out a sheet of paper to take some notes on.
Bellwork: Get out your old textbook and your ID. Get out a sheet of paper to take some notes on. Solve the following problem. Methyl alcohol, CH 3 OH, is a clean-burning, easily handled fuel. It can be
More informationMass Spectrometry. Electron Ionization and Chemical Ionization
Mass Spectrometry Electron Ionization and Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer All Instruments Have: 1. Sample Inlet 2. Ion Source 3. Mass Analyzer 4. Detector 5. Data System http://www.asms.org Ionization
More information2. Separate the ions based on their mass to charge (m/e) ratio. 3. Measure the relative abundance of the ions that are produced
I. Mass spectrometry: capable of providing both quantitative and qualitative information about samples as small as 100 pg (!) and with molar masses in the 10 4-10 5 kdalton range A. The mass spectrometer
More informationMass spectrometry and elemental analysis
Mass spectrometry and elemental analysis A schematic representation of a single-focusing mass spectrometer with an electron-impact (EI) ionization source. M: + e _ M +. + 2e _ Ionization and fragmentation
More informationChapter 5. Mass spectrometry
ionization and fragmentation Chapter 5. Mass spectrometry which fragmentations? mass and frequency, m/z and count rate Reading: Pavia Chapters 3 and 4 Don t need 3.3 B-D, 3.4 B-D Use the text to clarify
More informationCHEM 121 Introduction to Fundamental Chemistry. Summer Quarter 2008 SCCC. Lecture 2
CHEM 121 Introduction to Fundamental Chemistry Summer Quarter 2008 SCCC Lecture 2 Could Stephanie, Liqingqing, Huong, Sophia and Yumiko see me after class for a few minutes. Thanks. Matter, Measurements
More informationORGANIC - EGE 5E CH UV AND INFRARED MASS SPECTROMETRY
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- FREQUENCIES There are specific absorption frequencies in the functional group region that we should be familiar with EXAMPLE: What are the major IR absorptions
More informationL.7. Mass Spectrum Interpretation
L.7. Mass Spectrum Interpretation Fragmentation reactions Spectrum interpretation Confirmation of ion structural assignment Biomolecule dissociation Fragmentation reactions 1. Fragmentation reactions of
More informationMass Spectrometry. General Principles
General Principles Mass Spectrometer: Converts molecules to ions Separates ions (usually positively charged) on the basis of their mass/charge (m/z) ratio Quantifies how many units of each ion are formed
More informationName AP CHEM / / Chapter 3 Outline Stoichiometry
Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 3 Outline Stoichiometry Atomic Masses The modern system of atomic masses, instituted in 1961, is based on carbon-12. Carbon-12 is assigned the mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units
More informationStructural Determination Of Compounds
EXPERIMENT 10 Mass Spectroscopy Structural Determination Of Compounds. Introduction - In mass spectrometry, a substance is bombarded with an electron beam having sufficient energy to fragment the molecule.
More informationWADA Technical Document TD2003IDCR
IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA FOR QUALITATIVE ASSAYS INCORPORATING CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY The appropriate analytical characteristics must be documented for a particular assay. The Laboratory must
More information20.2 Ion Sources. ions electrospray uses evaporation of a charged liquid stream to transfer high molecular mass compounds into the gas phase as MH n
20.2 Ion Sources electron ionization produces an M + ion and extensive fragmentation chemical ionization produces an M +, MH +, M +, or M - ion with minimal fragmentation MALDI uses laser ablation to transfer
More informationInstrumental Analysis. Mass Spectrometry. Lecturer:! Somsak Sirichai
303351 Instrumental Analysis Mass Spectrometry Lecturer:! Somsak Sirichai Mass Spectrometry What is Mass spectrometry (MS)? An analytic method that employs ionization and mass analysis of compounds in
More information3 Use of Mass Spectra to Obtain Structural Information
3 Use of Mass Spectra to Obtain Structural Information 1 Mass Spectrometry One of the most sensitive and versatile analytical tools More sensitive than other spectroscopic methods (e.g. IR spectroscopy)
More informationWelcome to Organic Chemistry II
Welcome to Organic Chemistry II Erika Bryant, Ph.D. erika.bryant@hccs.edu Class Syllabus 3 CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 4 What is this solution Soda Tea Coffee??? 5 What is this solution Soda Tea
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 34. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 34 From molecular to elemental analysis there are three major techniques used for elemental analysis: Optical spectrometry Mass spectrometry X-ray spectrometry
More informationLecture Interp-3: The Molecular Ion (McLafferty & Turecek 1993, Chapter 3)
Lecture Interp-3: The Molecular Ion (McLafferty & Turecek 1993, Chapter 3) CU- Boulder CHEM-5181 Mass Spectrometry & Chromatography Prof. Jose-Luis Jimenez Last Updated: Oct. 2013 1 Business Items Delinquent
More informationMASS SPECTROSCOPY (MS)
MASS SPECTOSCOPY (MS) Castor seeds icin (toxic protein) INTODUCTION Does not involve absorption of electromagnetic radiation. It is a spectroscopic technique, by virtue of its use in structure elucidation.
More informationLecture 8: Mass Spectrometry
intensity Lecture 8: Mass Spectrometry Relative abundance m/z 1 Ethylbenzene experiment CH 2 CH 3 + m/z = 106 CH 2 + m/z = 91 C 8 H 10 MW = 106 CH + m/z = 77 + 2 2 What information can we get from MS spectrum?
More informationLecture 15: Introduction to mass spectrometry-i
Lecture 15: Introduction to mass spectrometry-i Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass/charge ratio of charged particles in vacuum. Mass spectrometry can determine masse/charge
More informationLecture 8: Mass Spectrometry
intensity Lecture 8: Mass Spectrometry Relative abundance m/z 1 Ethylbenzene CH 2 CH 3 + m/z = 106 CH 2 + m/z = 91 C 8 H 10 MW = 106 CH + m/z = 77 + 2 2 What information can be obtained from a MS spectrum?
More informationAtoms, Ions and Molecules Calculations
Atoms, Ions and Molecules Calculations 1. How do you calculate the atomic mass of an element? Atomic Mass = (% abundance of isotope 1)(mass of isotope 1) + (% abundance of isotope2)(mass of isotope 2)
More informationChemistry 311: Topic 3 - Mass Spectrometry
Mass Spectroscopy: A technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of molecules and atoms. Often characteristic ions produced by an induced unimolecular dissociation of a molecule are measured. These
More informationChemActivity L2: Mass Spectrometry
ChemActivity L2: Mass Spectrometry (How can we determine the mass and molecular formula of an unknown compound?) This activity is designed to be completed in a 1 ½-hour laboratory session or two classroom
More informationMass Spectrometry Instrumentation
Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation A mass spectrometer is composed of an inlet system (which introduces the sample to the instrument and vaporizes the sample) A molecular leak (which produces a steady stream
More informationIonisation energies provide evidence for the arrangement of electrons in atoms. 1s 2... (1) (2)
1 State the relative charge and relative mass of a proton, of a neutron and of an electron. In terms of particles, explain the relationship between two isotopes of the same element. Explain why these isotopes
More informationChemistry Chapter 3. Stoichiometry. (three sections for this chapter)
Chemistry Chapter 3 Stoichiometry (three sections for this chapter) Chemistry Chapter 3 Stoichiometry Section 1 3.1-3.4 Average Atomic Mass The Mole Molar Mass Average Atomic Mass Average mass of objects
More informationelimination of H 2 O
1 L, M, N and P are straight-chain organic compounds containing C, H and O only. The flowchart shows reactions involving these compounds. L elimination of H 2 O N polymer P M r ~ 10,000 H + /Cr 2 O 7 2
More informationIdentification of functional groups in the unknown Will take in lab today
Qualitative Analysis of Unknown Compounds 1. Infrared Spectroscopy Identification of functional groups in the unknown Will take in lab today 2. Elemental Analysis Determination of the Empirical Formula
More informationInterpretation of Organic Spectra. Chem 4361/8361
Interpretation of Organic Spectra Chem 4361/8361 Characteristics of Common Spectrometric Methods H-1 C-13 MS IR/RAMAN UV-VIS ORD/CD X- RAY Radiation type RF RF Not relevant IR UV to visible UV to visible
More informationChapter 12 Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy
Organic Chemistry, 6 th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Chapter 12 Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District 2006, Prentice
More informationMass Spectrometry. 2000, Paul R. Young University of Illinois at Chicago, All Rights Reserved
Mass Spectrometry 2000, Paul R. Young University of Illinois at Chicago, All Rights Reserved Mass Spectrometry When a molecule is bombarded with high-energy electrons, one of the process that can occur
More informationCHAPTER A2 LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION AND MALDI
Back to Basics Section A: Ionization Processes CHAPTER A2 LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION AND MALDI TABLE OF CONTENTS Quick Guide...27 Summary...29 The Ionization Process...31 Other Considerations on Laser
More informationChemistry 6/15/2015. Outline. Why study chemistry? Chemistry is the basis for studying much of biology.
Chemistry Biology 105 Lecture 2 Reading: Chapter 2 (pages 20-29) Outline Why study chemistry??? Elements Atoms Periodic Table Electrons Bonding Bonds Covalent bonds Polarity Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonding
More informationTest Review # 5. Chemistry: Form TR5-8A. Average Atomic Mass. Subatomic particles.
Chemistry: Form TR5-8A REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 5 Subatomic particles. Type of Particle Location Mass Relative Mass Charge Proton Center 1.67 10-27 kg 1 +1 Electron Outside 9.11 10-31 kg 0-1
More informationEXAM 1 Review Session
EXAM 1 Review Session DR. MIOY T. HUYNH YALE UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY 161 FALL 2018 www.mioy.org/chem161 OUTLINE 1. Significant Figures 2. Dimensional Analysis 3. Elements and Atoms 4. Naming Compounds 5.
More informationChapter 5. Complexation of Tholins by 18-crown-6:
5-1 Chapter 5. Complexation of Tholins by 18-crown-6: Identification of Primary Amines 5.1. Introduction Electrospray ionization (ESI) is an excellent technique for the ionization of complex mixtures,
More informationLesson 6: Periodic Table and Atomic Theory
NOTES Name: _ Date: Class: Lesson 6: Periodic Table and Atomic Theory Element: fundamental substance that ; all matter consists of ~100 elements Atom: _ that can exist; smallest unit of an element that
More informationChem 101 General Chemistry Practice Final Exam
Name h = 6.626 x 10-34 J s (Planck s Constant) c = 3.00 x 10 8 m/s (speed of light) R H = 1.097 x 10-7 m -1 (Rydberg Constant) Chem 101 General Chemistry Practice Final Exam Multiple Choice (5 points each)
More informationWelcome!! Chemistry 328N Organic Chemistry for Chemical Engineers. Professor: Grant Willson
Welcome!! - 50750 Organic Chemistry for Chemical Engineers Professor: Grant Willson Teaching Assistants: Ji yeon Kim, Jai Hyun Koh, Paul Meyer, Qingjun Zhu http://willson.cm.utexas.edu January 19,2016
More informationLesson 6: Periodic Table & Atomic Theory
Lesson 6: Periodic Table & Atomic Theory Do Now 7Hg 10.11.18 In CJ, copy info down from board. Keep CJs out and open on your desk. On Do Now page, copy and answer questions below. 1. Name 4 properties
More informationMass Spectrometry: Introduction
Mass Spectrometry: Introduction Chem 8361/4361: Interpretation of Organic Spectra 2009 Andrew Harned & Regents of the University of Minnesota Varying More Mass Spectrometry NOT part of electromagnetic
More informationDetermining Chemical Formulas
Determining Chemical Formulas Scientists estimate that new chemical compounds are being discovered at a rate of two every minute, which is about one million new compounds every year! Many compounds, such
More informationQualitative Analysis of Unknown Compounds
Qualitative Analysis of Unknown Compounds 1. Infrared Spectroscopy Identification of functional groups in the unknown All functional groups are fair game (but no anhydride or acid halides, no alkenes or
More informationQuantitative chemistry Atomic structure Periodicity
IB chemistry Units 1-3 review Quantitative chemistry Significant figures The mole- be able to convert to number of particles and mass Finding empirical and molecular formulas from mass percentage States
More informationCEE 772: Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis
Updated: 10 December 2014 Print version CEE 772: Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis Lecture #22 Mass Spectrometry: Chemical Ionization (Skoog,) (Harris, Chapt.) Mercer/Goodwill CEE 772 #22
More informationExp 08: Organic Molecules
Exp 08: Organic Molecules 109.5 109.5 Exp 08: Organic Molecules Part A: Representing Organic Molecules Part E: Functional Groups Formula to Model Explore different ways to draw and sketch, to represent
More information(2) Read each statement carefully and pick the one that is incorrect in its information.
Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 17: IR and Mass Spectra No. 1 of 10 1. Which statement about infrared spectroscopy is incorrect? (A) IR spectroscopy is a method of structure determination based on the
More informationIntroduction to GC/MS
Why Mass Spectrometry? Introduction to GC/MS A powerful analytical technique used to: 1.Identify unknown compounds 2. Quantify known materials down to trace levels 3. Elucidate the structure of molecules
More informationPractice sheet #6: Molecular Shape, Hybridization, Molecular Orbitals.
CH 101/103 - Practice sheet 3/17/2014 Practice sheet #6: Molecular Shape, Hybridization, Molecular Orbitals. 1. Draw the 3D structures for the following molecules. You can omit the lone pairs on peripheral
More informationChapter 8 : Covalent Bonding. Section 8.1: Molecular Compounds
Chapter 8 : Covalent Bonding Section 8.1: Molecular Compounds What is a molecule? A molecular compound? A molecule is a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds A molecular compound is
More informationCHEM 112 Name: (Last) (First). Section No.: VISUALIZING ORGANIC REACTIONS THROUGH USE OF MOLECULAR MODELS
CHEM 112 Name: (Last) (First). Section No.: VISUALIZING ORGANIC REACTIONS THROUGH USE OF MOLECULAR MODELS 1) HYDROCARBONS: a. Saturated Hydrocarbons: Construct a model for propane, C 3 H 8, using black
More informationA N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O... MASS SPECTROMETRY. A self-study booklet
A N I N T R O D U C T I O N T O... MASS SPECTROMETRY A self-study booklet 2 Mass Spectrometry MASS SPECTROMETRY Introduction Theory A mass spectrum can be thought of as being the record of the damage done
More informationChapter 3 Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry
Chapter 3 Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry 3.1 Chemical Equations 3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity 3.3
More informationChapter 11. Intermolecular forces. Chapter 11 1
Chapter 11 Intermolecular Attractions and the Properties of Liquids and Solids 1 2 Intermolecular forces Forces of attraction between molecules Directly dependent on the distance between the molecules
More informationChapter Intermolecular attractions
Chapter 11 11.2 Intermolecular attractions Intermolecular Attractions and the Properties of Liquids and Solids Intermolecular forces control the physical properties of the substance. Intramolecular forces
More informationMOLECULAR FORMULA AND EMPIRICAL FORMULA
MOLECULAR FORMULA AND EMPIRICAL FORMULA Molecular Formula is a formula indicating the actual number of atoms of each element making up a molecule. The molecular formula must accurately state the exact
More informationPAPER No.12 :Organic Spectroscopy MODULE No.29: Combined problem on UV, IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and Mass - Part I
Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 12: rganic Spectroscopy 29: Combined problem on UV, IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and Mass - Part I CHE_P12_M29 TABLE F CNTENTS 1. Learning utcomes
More informationWelcome! Course 7: Concepts for LC-MS
Welcome! Mass Spectrometry meets Cheminformatics Tobias Kind and Julie Leary UC Davis Course 7: Concepts for LC-MS Class website: CHE 241 - Spring 28 - CRN 16583 Slides: http://fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/staff/kind/teaching/
More informationMASS SPECTRA measure a compound s Mol. Wt. This ionization type is called: electron impact MS
MASS SPECTRA measure a compound s Mol. Wt. p. 213 M + Molecule e - Molecule + 2 e - + + Mole cule + + Mol ecule IONIZATION CHAMBER repellor plate accelerating plates variable field magnet + Mo + lecule
More informationIntroduction to Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry (MS) MS Mass Spectrometry (MS) This is a very powerful analytical tool that can provide information on both molecular mass and molecular structure. Molecules come in all
More informationHarris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition CHAPTER 23: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Harris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Eight Edition CHAPTER 23: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Chapter 23. Gas Chromatography What did they eat in the year 1,000? GC of Cholesterol and other lipids extracted from
More informationUnit 1 review. Chapter 1, chapter , 2.4
Unit 1 review Chapter 1, chapter 2.1-2.2, 2.4 The Organization of Matter Matter Mixtures: a) Homogeneous (Solutions) b) Heterogeneous Pure Substances Elements Compounds Atoms Nucleus Protons Quarks Electrons
More informationCHEMISTRY & YOU What is the difference between the oxygen you breathe and the oxygen in ozone in the atmosphere?
CHEMISTRY & YOU What is the difference between the oxygen you breathe and the oxygen in ozone in the atmosphere? Our atmosphere contains two different molecules that are both made of oxygen atoms. The
More informationTest Review # 4. Chemistry: Form TR4-9A
Chemistry: Form TR4-9A REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 4 Location of electrons. Electrons are in regions of the atom known as orbitals, which are found in subdivisions of the principal energy levels
More informationSectional Solutions Key
Sectional Solutions Key 1. For the equilibrium: 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) + 188 kj, the number of moles of sulfur trioxide will increase if: a. the temperature of the system is increased (at constant
More informationCHM Simple Lewis Structures (r14) Charles Taylor 1/5
CHM 110 - Simple Lewis Structures (r14) - 2014 Charles Taylor 1/5 Introduction In the previous note pack, you learned some about Lewis dot structures, which represent chemical compounds by showing how
More informationMass Spectrometry. Hyphenated Techniques GC-MS LC-MS and MS-MS
Mass Spectrometry Hyphenated Techniques GC-MS LC-MS and MS-MS Reasons for Using Chromatography with MS Mixture analysis by MS alone is difficult Fragmentation from ionization (EI or CI) Fragments from
More informationOAT Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 19: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry
OAT Organic Chemistry - Problem Drill 19: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. Which statement concerning NMR spectroscopy is incorrect? Question #01 (A) Only nuclei
More informationCHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL
*P15* PRE-LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2008 CHEMISTRY HIGHER LEVEL TIME: 3 HOURS 400 MARKS Answer eight questions in all These must include at least two questions from Section A All questions carry
More informationLecture 11 - Stoichiometry. Lecture 11 - Introduction. Lecture 11 - The Mole. Lecture 11 - The Mole. Lecture 11 - The Mole
Chem 103, Section F0F Unit IV - Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations Lecture 11 The concept of a mole, which is a very large group of atoms or molecules Determining the formulas for a compound Stoichiometry
More information12. Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy
12. Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy Determining the Structure of an Organic Compound The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure
More informationMS Interpretation I. Identification of the Molecular Ion
MS Interpretation I Identification of the Molecular Ion Molecular Ion: EI Requirements for the Molecular Ion Must be the highest m/z peak in the spectrum Highest Isotope Cluster Must be an odd-electron
More information(a) (i) Suggest the formulae of two different ions containing only the 16 O isotope, which might be formed in the mass spectrometer.
1 A mass spectrometer was used to analyse a sample of oxygen gas in which the most abundant isotope was 16 O. The oxygen was ionized and the ions were accelerated by an electric field. (a) (i) Suggest
More informationAnswers and Explanations
Answers and Explanations 1. The correct answer is (A). Sodium forms +1 ions in solution, for example NaCl and NaOH. 2. The correct answer is (C). Mercury is the only metal which exists as a liquid in its
More informationChapter 8 Covalent Bonding
Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding 8.1 Molecular Compounds 8.2 The Nature of Covalent Bonding 8.3 Bonding Theories 8.4 Polar Bonds and Molecules 1 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights
More informationStoichiometry (Chapter 3)
Stoichiometry (Chapter 3) Antoine Lavoisier eperimental observations lead to the development of the Law of Conservation of Mass (a.k.a. Law of Conservation of Matter). The updated version of the law of
More information2401 Gas (liquid) Chromatography
2401 Gas (liquid) Chromatography Chromatography Scheme Gas chromatography - specifically gas-liquid chromatography - involves a sample being vaporized and injected onto the head of the chromatographic
More informationWelcome!! Chemistry 328N Organic Chemistry for Chemical Engineers. Professor: Grant Willson
Welcome!! - 50120 Organic Chemistry for Chemical Engineers Professor: Grant Willson Teaching Assistants: Paul Meyer, Qingjun Zhu, Josh Saunders http://willson.cm.utexas.edu January 22,2019 Bureaucracy:
More informationReminder: My Office Hours HELD 104A & CHEM 330. Instructional Assistant (IA)
Reminder: My Office Hours HELD 104A & CHEM 330 Tuesdays & Thursdays, 4:00-5:30 (That s the 90 min. before each class) in HELD 104A. Fridays, 1:30-3:00 in CHEM 330 Other times as available or by appointment.
More informationSIFT-MS. technology overview
SIFT-MS SELECTED ION FLOW TUBE MASS SPECTROMETRY technology overview contents 1. An overview of SIFT-MS 2. Principles of SIFT-MS a. Why chemical ionization? b. Why three reagent ions? c. How does SIFT-MS
More informationAtoms and Periodic Table Unit Notes
1 Atoms and Periodic Table Unit Notes Name: (DO NOT LOSE!) Rutherford s gold foil experiment An Atom is the smallest part of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction 2 The atom consists of
More information15.04.jpg. Mass spectrometry. Electron impact Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry Electron impact Mass spectrometry 70 ev = 1614 kcal/mol - contrast with energy from IR (1-10 kcal/mol) or NMR (0.2 cal/mol) - typical C-C bond = 100 kcal/mol Point: lots of energy in
More information